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Guglielmo A, Zengarini C, Agostinelli C, Motta G, Sabattini E, Pileri A. The Role of Cytokines in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma: A Focus on the State of the Art and Possible Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2024; 13:584. [PMID: 38607023 PMCID: PMC11012008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs), encompassing mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), present a complex landscape influenced by cytokines and cellular responses. In this work, the intricate relationship between these inflammatory proteins and disease pathogenesis is examined, focusing on what is known at the clinical and therapeutic levels regarding the most well-known inflammatory mediators. An in-depth look is given to their possible alterations caused by novel immunomodulatory drugs and how they may alter disease progression. From this narrative review of the actual scientific landscape, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) emerges as a central player, demonstrating a dual role in both promoting and inhibiting cancer immunity, but the work navigates through all the major interleukins known in inflammatory environments. Immunotherapeutic perspectives are elucidated, highlighting the crucial role of the cutaneous microenvironment in shaping dysfunctional cell trafficking, antitumor immunity, and angiogenesis in MF, showcasing advancements in understanding and targeting the immune phenotype in CTCL. In summary, this manuscript aims to comprehensively explore the multifaceted aspects of CTCL, from the immunopathogenesis and cytokine dynamics centred around TNF-α and IFN-γ to evolving therapeutic modalities. Including all the major known and studied cytokines in this analysis broadens our understanding of the intricate interplay influencing CTCL, paving the way for improved management of this complex lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Guglielmo
- Institute of Dermatology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zengarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Lee JY, Lee K, Koh B. Identification of new IL-7Rα small-molecule agonists: a multi-computational approach. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:719-729. [PMID: 34431428 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1969684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine that acts as a potent growth factor of T-cells and supports the growth of B-cell precursors. IL-7 binds to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of an IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) and the common gamma chain receptor (γc) which is shared with IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. The discovery of small-molecule agonists of cytokines would be of great pharmaceutical interest with the increasing scientific rationale. In this study, a series of molecular modelling methods, including field-based pharmacophore virtual screening, protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulations, led to the identification of two compounds (i.e. 1 and 2) of different classes that exhibit enhanced agonistic effects by activating the IL-7 signalling cascade. One of these compounds was selected as a hit and represents the first small-molecule agonist of IL-7Rα with single-digit micromolar activity. Moreover, the prediction model of the active compound to the IL-7Rα/γc interaction complex provides insight into the binding of a small-molecule agonist to its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - K Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - B Koh
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Krinner S, Heitzer AP, Diermeier SD, Obermeier I, Längst G, Wagner R. CpG domains downstream of TSSs promote high levels of gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3551-64. [PMID: 24413563 PMCID: PMC3973331 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG dinucleotides are known to play a crucial role in regulatory domains, affecting gene expression in their natural context. Here, we demonstrate that intragenic CpG frequency and distribution impacts transgene and genomic gene expression levels in mammalian cells. As shown for the Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α, de novo RNA synthesis correlates with the number of CpG dinucleotides, whereas RNA splicing, stability, nuclear export and translation are not affected by the sequence modification. Differences in chromatin accessibility in vivo and altered nucleosome positioning in vitro suggest that increased CpG levels destabilize the chromatin structure. Moreover, enriched CpG levels correlate with increased RNA polymerase II elongation rates in vivo. Interestingly, elevated CpG levels particularly at the 5′ end of the gene promote efficient transcription. We show that this is a genome-wide feature of highly expressed genes, by identifying a domain of ∼700 bp with high CpG content downstream of the transcription start site, correlating with high levels of transcription. We suggest that these 5′ CpG domains are required to distort the chromatin structure and to increase gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krinner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Gene Therapy, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Department of Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Martins PNA, Tullius SG, Markmann JF. Immunosenescence and immune response in organ transplantation. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:162-73. [PMID: 24127845 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system undergoes a complex and continuous remodeling with aging. Immunosenescence results into both quantitative and qualitative changes of specific cellular subpopulations that have major impact on allorecognition and alloresponse, and consequently on graft rejection and tolerance. Here, we are going to review the immunological changes associated with the aging process relevant for transplantation. Interventions to selectively target changes associated with the senescence process seem promising therapeutic strategies to improve transplantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ney Aguiar Martins
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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5
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El-Kassar N, Flomerfelt FA, Choudhury B, Hugar LA, Chua KS, Kapoor V, Lucas PJ, Gress RE. High levels of IL-7 cause dysregulation of thymocyte development. Int Immunol 2012; 24:661-71. [PMID: 22899673 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-7 signaling is required for thymocyte development and its loss has a severe deleterious effect on thymus function. Thymocyte-stromal cell interactions and other mechanisms tightly regulate IL-7 expression. We show that disruption of that regulation by over-expression of IL-7 inhibits T-cell development and promotes extensive B-cell lymphopoiesis in the thymus. Our data reveal that high levels of IL-7 negate Notch-1 function in thymocytes found in IL-7 transgenic mice and in co-culture with OP9-DL1 cells. While high levels of IL-7R are present on thymocytes, increased suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression blunts IL-7 downstream signaling, resulting in hypo-phosphorylation of proteins in the PI3K-Akt pathway. Consequently, GSK3β remains active and inhibits Notch-1 signaling as observed by decreased Hes-1 and Deltex expression in thymic progenitors. This is the first demonstration that high levels of IL-7 antagonize Notch-1 signaling and suggest that IL-7 may affect T- versus B-lineage choice in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed El-Kassar
- Experimental Immunology and Transplantation Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Broughton SE, Hercus TR, Lopez AF, Parker MW. Cytokine receptor activation at the cell surface. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:350-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Wang NX, Bazdar DA, Sieg SF, von Recum HA. Microparticle delivery of Interleukin-7 to boost T-cell proliferation and survival. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Venet F, Lepape A, Monneret G. Clinical review: flow cytometry perspectives in the ICU - from diagnosis of infection to monitoring of injury-induced immune dysfunctions. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:231. [PMID: 22017882 PMCID: PMC3334725 DOI: 10.1186/cc10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Septic syndromes represent a major healthcare problem worldwide. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that septic patients rapidly present with numerous compromised immune functions. Although flow cytometry remains a relatively confidential diagnostic tool, it could be useful at every step of ICU patient management. Indeed, neutrophil CD64 expression is a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis of sepsis in adults, neonates and children. Diminished monocyte HLA-DR expression is a reliable marker for the development of monocyte anergy, prediction of secondary nosocomial infection and death in critically ill patients. Finally, the measurement of an increased CD4+CD25+CD127low regulatory T-cell percentage may represent a reliable marker for the diagnosis of lymphocyte dysfunctions in these patients. Ideally, these biomarkers should be part of a panel helping to define ICU patients' immune status. The potential of flow cytometry is further illustrated by use of the biomarkers listed above as stratification tools in preliminary clinical studies. Importantly, many other markers of immune dysfunctions are currently under development that could further enable the administration of targeted individualized therapy in ICU patients. The next critical step would be to use these standardized flow cytometry protocols in large multicentric clinical trials testing individualized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital E, Herriot, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon cedex 03, France
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Signaling thresholds govern heterogeneity in IL-7-receptor-mediated responses of naïve CD8(+) T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:581-94. [PMID: 21339767 PMCID: PMC3342499 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Variable sensitivity to T-cell-receptor (TCR)- and IL-7-receptor (IL-7R)-mediated homeostatic signals among naïve T cells has thus far been largely attributed to differences in TCR specificity. We show here that even when withdrawn from self-peptide-induced TCR stimulation, CD8+ T cells exhibit heterogeneous responses to interleukin-7 (IL-7) that are mechanistically associated with IL-7R expression differences that correlate with relative CD5 expression. Whereas CD5hi and CD5lo T cells survive equivalently in the presence of saturating IL-7 levels in vitro, CD5hi T cells proliferate more robustly. Conversely, CD5lo T cells exhibit prolonged survival when withdrawn from homeostatic stimuli. Through quantitative experimental analysis of signaling downstream of IL-7R, we find that the enhanced IL-7 responsiveness of CD5hi T cells is directly related to their greater surface IL-7R expression. Further, we identify a quantitative threshold in IL-7R-mediated signaling capacity required for proliferation that lies well above an analogous threshold requirement for survival. These distinct thresholds allow subtle differences in IL-7R expression between CD5lo and CD5hi T cells to give rise to significant variations in their respective IL-7-induced proliferation, without altering survival. Heterogeneous IL-7 responsiveness is observed similarly in vivo, with CD5hi naïve T cells proliferating preferentially in lymphopenic mice or lymphoreplete mice administered with exogenous IL-7. However, IL-7 in lymphoreplete mice appears to be maintained at an effective level for preserving homeostasis, such that neither CD5hi IL-7Rhi nor CD5lo IL-7Rlo T cells proliferate or survive preferentially. Our findings indicate that IL-7R-mediated signaling not only maintains the size but also impacts the diversity of the naïve T-cell repertoire.
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Venet F, Guignant C, Monneret G. Flow cytometry developments and perspectives in clinical studies: examples in ICU patients. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 761:261-275. [PMID: 21755455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-182-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Septic syndromes represent a major, although largely under-recognized, healthcare problem worldwide accounting for thousands of deaths every year. Although flow cytometry (FCM) remains a relatively confidential diagnostic tool, it is useful at every step of intensive care unit (ICU) patients' management. This review will focus on biomarkers measurable by FCM on a routine standardized basis and usable for the diagnosis of sepsis and for prediction of adverse outcome, occurrence of secondary nosocomial infections or guidance of putative immunotherapy relative to innate and adaptive immune dysfunctions in ICU patients. Regarding early diagnosis of infection, neutrophil CD64 has been shown to be a highly sensitive and specific marker for systemic infection and sepsis in adults, neonates, and children. A diminished monocyte HLA-DR expression is a reliable marker for the development of monocyte anergy, secondary nosocomial infection, and death in critically ill patients. Finally, the measurement of an increased CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) regulatory T cell percentage may represent a reliable marker for the diagnosis of lymphocyte dysfunctions in these patients. These stainings can be performed using lyse-no-wash methods and results are available within 1 h. Ideally, these biomarkers should be part of a panel helping to define ICU patients' immune status. In the specific clinical context of ICU patients' monitoring, the increasing potential of FCM is further illustrated by the use of the biomarkers listed above as stratification tools in preliminary clinical studies. The next critical step is to use these standardized FCM protocols in large multicentric clinical trials testing individualized immunotherapy. Importantly, many other markers of immune dysfunction are currently under development that could further enable the administration of targeted individualized therapy in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hopital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69437, Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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11
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Abstract
Lymphoid differentiation and activation critically depend on cytokine stimulation and the interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling in particular. Although it has been demonstrated that IL-7 may play a role in natural killer (NK) cell maturation, the effect of IL-7 stimulation on mature human NK cells has not been studied. We, therefore, investigated the expression and functional activity of IL-7Ralpha on mature NK populations from adult blood. In this article, we demonstrate that IL-7Ralpha is specifically expressed in the CD56bright noncytotoxic cytokine-producing NK subset. Importantly, this expression is thymus independent, contrary to what is observed in mice. In addition, we show that IL-7Ralpha is expressed at higher levels on NKG2A+CD56bright NK cells. In contrast to IL-15 stimulation, IL-7 does not increase NK cell cytotoxicity, interferon-gamma production, or the expression of activation markers, indicating that these cytokines play different functions in NK homeostasis and activation. However, IL-7 promotes the survival of the CD56bright NK subset and inhibits apoptosis by increasing BCL2 expression. These data should be taken into account when considering the clinical use of IL-7, particularly after stem cell transplantation.
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Marino JH, Tan C, Taylor AA, Bentley C, Van De Wiele CJ, Ranne R, Paliotta M, Broughan TA, Teague TK. Differential IL-7 responses in developing human thymocytes. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:329-33. [PMID: 20074604 PMCID: PMC2896073 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is a factor essential for mouse and human thymopoiesis. Mouse thymocytes have altered sensitivities to IL-7 at different developmental stages. CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) mouse thymocytes are shielded from the influence of IL-7 because of loss of CD127 (IL-7Ralpha). In this study, we assessed IL-7 receptor expression and IL-7 signaling in human thymocytes. We found human DP cells to be severely limited in their ability to phosphorylate STAT-5 in response to IL-7. The relative expression levels of the IL-7-inducible proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were also lower in human DP cells, consistent with a stage-specific decrease in IL-7 responsiveness. IL-7 responses were restored in a subset of cells that matured past the DP stage. Unlike the regulation of IL-7 signaling in mouse thymocytes, loss of IL-7 signaling in human DP cells was not due to absence of CD127, but instead correlated with downregulation of CD132 (common gamma chain).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Child, Preschool
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Mice
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/drug effects
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Cao S, Cripps A, Wei MQ. New strategies for cancer gene therapy: progress and opportunities. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:108-14. [PMID: 19671071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. To date, cancer persists as one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. Problems such as metastasis and tumour resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy have seriously limited the therapeutic effects of existing clinical treatments. 2. To address these problems, cancer gene therapy has been developing over the past two decades, specifically designed to deliver therapeutic genes to treat cancers using vector systems. So far, a number of genes and delivery vehicles have been evaluated and significant progress has been made with several gene therapy modalities in clinical trials. However, the lack of an ideal gene delivery system remains a major obstacle for the successful translation of regimen to the clinic. 3. Recent understanding of hypoxic and necrotic regions within solid tumours and rapid development of recombinant DNA technology have reignited the idea of using anaerobic bacteria as novel gene delivery systems. These bacterial vectors have unique advantages over other delivery systems and are likely to become the vector of choice for cancer gene therapy in the near future. 4. Meanwhile, complicated tumour pathophysiology and associated metastasis make it hard to rely on a single therapeutic modality for complete tumour eradication. Therefore, the combination of cancer gene therapy with other conventional treatments has become paramount. 5. The present review introduces important cancer gene therapy strategies and major vector systems that have been studied so far with an emphasis on bacteria-mediated cancer gene therapy. In addition, exemplary combined therapies are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Cao
- Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is required for the development and survival of T cells and plays a critical role in modulating T-cell homeostasis. This review will address current understanding of IL-7 biology, review recent clinical experiences and discuss potential future clinical applications of IL-7, or IL-7 blockade, in the setting of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Capitini
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Alahmad Y, Thuy Tran N, Duboeuf J, Grégoire A, Rancé I, Taverna M. CZE for glycoform profiling and quality assessment of recombinant human interleukin-7. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2347-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sakaguchi M, Kataoka K, Abarzua F, Tanimoto R, Watanabe M, Murata H, Than SS, Kurose K, Kashiwakura Y, Ochiai K, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Huh NH. Overexpression of REIC/Dkk-3 in normal fibroblasts suppresses tumor growth via induction of interleukin-7. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14236-44. [PMID: 19279003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the tumor suppressor gene REIC/Dkk-3, when overexpressed by an adenovirus (Ad-REIC), exhibited a dramatic therapeutic effect on human cancers through a mechanism triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Adenovirus vectors show no target cell specificity and thus may elicit unfavorable side effects through infection of normal cells even upon intra-tumoral injection. In this study, we examined possible effects of Ad-REIC on normal cells. We found that infection of normal human fibroblasts (NHF) did not cause apoptosis but induced production of interleukin (IL)-7. The induction was triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated through IRE1alpha, ASK1, p38, and IRF-1. When Ad-REIC-infected NHF were transplanted in a mixture with untreated human prostate cancer cells, the growth of the cancer cells was significantly suppressed. Injection of an IL-7 antibody partially abrogated the suppressive effect of Ad-REIC-infected NHF. These results indicate that Ad-REIC has another arm against human cancer, an indirect host-mediated effect because of overproduction of IL-7 by mis-targeted NHF, in addition to its direct effect on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatachou, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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McElroy CA, Dohm JA, Walsh STR. Structural and biophysical studies of the human IL-7/IL-7Ralpha complex. Structure 2009; 17:54-65. [PMID: 19141282 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 and IL-7Ralpha bind the gamma(c) receptor, forming a complex crucial to several signaling cascades leading to the development and homeostasis of T and B cells. We report that the IL-7Ralpha ectodomain uses glycosylation to modulate its binding constants to IL-7, unlike the other receptors in the gamma(c) family. IL-7 binds glycosylated IL-7Ralpha 300-fold more tightly than unglycosylated IL-7Ralpha, and the enhanced affinity is attributed primarily to an accelerated on rate. Structural comparison of IL-7 in complex to both forms of IL-7Ralpha reveals that glycosylation does not participate directly in the binding interface. The SCID mutations of IL-7Ralpha locate outside the binding interface with IL-7, suggesting that the expressed mutations cause protein folding defects in IL-7Ralpha. The IL-7/IL-7Ralpha structures provide a window into the molecular recognition events of the IL-7 signaling cascade and provide sites to target for designing new therapeutics to treat IL-7-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A McElroy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 467 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Boyman O, Ramsey C, Kim DM, Sprent J, Surh CD. IL-7/Anti-IL-7 mAb Complexes Restore T Cell Development and Induce Homeostatic T Cell Expansion without Lymphopenia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7265-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Cook RF, Cook SJ, Even DL, Schaffer C, Issel CJ. Full-length and internally deleted forms of interleukin-7 are present in horse (Equus caballus) lymph node tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:126-34. [PMID: 18573542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Horse IL-7 (HIL-7) cDNA was isolated from adult lymph node tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using oligonucleotide primers based on horse genomic sequences (The Broad Institute). In addition, to the full-length (FL) 531bp reading frame encoding 176 amino acids, shorter open-reading frames of 477, 396 and 264bp were also amplified. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these RT-PCR products demonstrated they were homologous except the shorter species were missing internal sequences consistent with multiple RNA splicing events. Consequently, the shorter open-reading frames were re-named splice variant (SV) 1 (477bp), 2 (396bp) and 3 (264bp). Organization of the horse IL-7 is predicted to be similar to that in humans with exon 5 deleted from SV1, exons 3, 5 deleted from SV2 and exons 3, 4, and 5 missing from SV3. Each of these open-reading frames has the potential to be stably expressed as demonstrated using a polyclonal antiserum against human IL-7 to visualize the protein products produced when the FL HIL-7 and each SV were molecularly cloned into pCI and transfected in brefeldin A treated HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, addition of supernatants to horse PBMC from HEK cells transfected (without brefeldin A treatment) with pCI HIL-7 FL, pCI HIL-7SV1, pCI HIL-7SV2 and pCI IL-7SV3 all induced significant incorporation of (3)H-thymidine in the presence of sub-stimulatory amounts of concanavalin A compared to supernatants from mock-transfected cells. Therefore, all isoforms of horse IL-7 described in this report have the ability to stimulate proliferative responses in ex vivo horse PBMC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frank Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Tesselaar K, Miedema F. Growth hormone resurrects adult human thymus during HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:844-7. [PMID: 18292816 DOI: 10.1172/jci35112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In conditions of severe T cell depletion, such as HIV-1 infection, limited T cell production by the thymus can thwart the immune response, putting individuals at increased risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens. In this issue of the JCI, Napolitano et al. report, in a prospective, randomized study, that treatment of HIV-1-infected adults with growth hormone may reverse thymic atrophy, as reflected by increased de novo thymic T cell production accompanied by increased peripheral T cell production (see the related article beginning on page 1085). While the long-term immunological and clinical benefits of growth hormone treatment remain unclear, the data suggest a way in which to enhance thymopoiesis and peripheral T cell production in immunodeficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiki Tesselaar
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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