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Li L, Huang D, Hu Y, Rudling NM, Canniffe DP, Wang F, Wang Y. Globally distributed Myxococcota with photosynthesis gene clusters illuminate the origin and evolution of a potentially chimeric lifestyle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6450. [PMID: 37833297 PMCID: PMC10576062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental biogeochemical process, thought to be restricted to a few bacterial and eukaryotic phyla. However, understanding the origin and evolution of phototrophic organisms can be impeded and biased by the difficulties of cultivation. Here, we analyzed metagenomic datasets and found potential photosynthetic abilities encoded in the genomes of uncultivated bacteria within the phylum Myxococcota. A putative photosynthesis gene cluster encoding a type-II reaction center appears in at least six Myxococcota families from three classes, suggesting vertical inheritance of these genes from an early common ancestor, with multiple independent losses in other lineages. Analysis of metatranscriptomic datasets indicate that the putative myxococcotal photosynthesis genes are actively expressed in various natural environments. Furthermore, heterologous expression of myxococcotal pigment biosynthesis genes in a purple bacterium supports that the genes can drive photosynthetic processes. Given that predatory abilities are thought to be widespread across Myxococcota, our results suggest the intriguing possibility of a chimeric lifestyle (combining predatory and photosynthetic abilities) in members of this phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Danyue Huang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yaoxun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nicola M Rudling
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Daniel P Canniffe
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Fengping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yinzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Suresh G, Kumari P, Venkata Mohan S. Light-dependent biohydrogen production: Progress and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129007. [PMID: 37061171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution anticipates energy to be sustainable, renewable and green. Hydrogen (H2) is one of the green forms of energy and is deemed a possible solution to climate change. Light-dependent H2 production is a promising method derived from nature's most copious resources: solar energy, water and biomass. Reduced environmental impacts, absorption of carbon dioxide, relative efficiency, and cost economics made it an eye-catching approach. However, low light conversion efficiency, limited ability to utilize complex carbohydrates, and the O2 sensitivity of enzymes result in low yield. Isolation of efficient H2 producers, development of microbial consortia having a synergistic impact, genetically improved strains, regulating bidirectional hydrogenase activity, physiological parameters, immobilization, novel photobioreactors, and additive strategies are summarized for their possibilities to augment the processes of bio-photolysis and photo-fermentation. The challenges and future perspectives have been addressed to explore a sustainable way forward in a bio-refinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Suresh
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Mark Mondol S, Das D, Priom DM, Shaminur Rahman M, Rafiul Islam M, Rahaman MM. In Silico Identification and Characterization of a Hypothetical Protein From Rhodobacter capsulatus Revealing S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methyltransferase Activity. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322221094236. [PMID: 35478993 PMCID: PMC9036352 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221094236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodobacter capsulatus is a purple non-sulfur bacteria widely used as a model organism to study bacterial photosynthesis. It exhibits extensive metabolic activities and demonstrates other distinctive characteristics such as pleomorphism and nitrogen-fixing capability. It can act as a gene transfer agent (GTA). The commercial importance relies on producing polyester polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), extracellular nucleic acids, and commercially critical single-cell proteins. These diverse features make the organism an exciting and environmentally and industrially important one to study. This study was aimed to characterize, model, and annotate the function of a hypothetical protein (Accession no. CAA71016.1) of R capsulatus through computational analysis. The urf7 gene encodes the protein. The tertiary structure was predicted through MODELLER and energy minimization and refinement by YASARA Energy Minimization Server and GalaxyRefine tools. Analysis of sequence similarity, evolutionary relationship, and exploration of domain, family, and superfamily inferred that the protein has S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase activity. This was further verified by active site prediction by CASTp server and molecular docking analysis through Autodock Vina tool and PatchDock server of the predicted tertiary structure of the protein with its ligands (SAM and SAH). Normally, as a part of the gene product of photosynthetic gene cluster (PGC), the established roles of SAM-dependent methyltransferases are bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. But the STRING database unveiled its association with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I). The assembly and regulation of this Complex I is mediated by the gene products of the nuo operon. As a part of this operon, the urf7 gene encodes SAM-dependent methyltransferase. As a consequence of these findings, it is reasonable to propose that the hypothetical protein of interest in this study is a SAM-dependent methyltransferase associated with bacterial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase assembly. Due to conservation of Complex I from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, R capsulatus can be a model organism of study to understand the common disorders which are linked to the dysfunctions of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Depro Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - M Shaminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh.,M Shaminur Rahman is now affiliated to Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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4
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Microbial Community Composition during a Bloom of Purple Bacteria in Intertidal Sediments in Vigo (Northwest Spain). Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0123821. [PMID: 34704815 PMCID: PMC8549741 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01238-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In summer 2019, a large, bright pink microbial mat was visible on top of macroalgal deposits in muddy sediments of an urban beach (Playa do Adro, Vigo). In order to characterize the dominant organisms in these colored mats, results from microscopic observations, photosynthetic pigments, and molecular analysis were gathered. Light microscopy examination revealed pinkish microbial aggregates with minor contributions of larger protists and cyanobacteria. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigment analysis documented the dominance of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids whose spectra were compatible with those described in photosynthetic purple bacteria. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing confirmed that the vast majority of reads belonged to Proteobacteria (73.5%), and among them, nearly 88% of those reads belonged to purple sulfur bacteria (Gammaproteobacteria). A single family, Chromatiaceae, constituted the bulk of this assemblage, including the genera Thiohalocapsa (32%), Marichromatium (12.5%), Phaeochromatium (5%), and Halocromatium (2%) as main contributors. Nonetheless, a considerable number of sequences could not be assigned to a particular genus, stressing the large biological diversity in these microbial mats and the potential presence of novel taxa of purple sulfur bacteria. IMPORTANCE Urban beaches are valuable recreational areas particularly vulnerable to human disturbance. In these areas, the intertidal sediments harbor a diverse community of microorganisms, including virus, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. In this sense, pollution events can introduce pathogenic allochthonous microbes which may constitute a human health risk. Visual and sensory observations, such as a weird color or bad smell, are usually appreciated as a warning by beachgoers and authorities, as indeed was the case at do Adro beach in 2019. The observed proliferation seems to be common in summertime, but its dimension alerted beachgoers and media. The obtained results allowed for the identification of purple sulfur bacteria as responsible for the pink-violet top layer staining the intertidal zone. These blooms have never been associated with public health risks. Beyond solving the sanitary concern, other important findings were its diversity and large proportion of novel taxa, illustrating the complexity of these ecosystems.
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Cho SH, Jeong Y, Lee E, Ko SR, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Cho BK, Cho S. Assessment of Erythrobacter Species Diversity through Pan-Genome Analysis with Newly Isolated Erythrobacter sp. 3-20A1M. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:601-609. [PMID: 33526758 PMCID: PMC9723273 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythrobacter species are extensively studied marine bacteria that produce various carotenoids. Due to their photoheterotrophic ability, it has been suggested that they play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. It is essential to identify the genome sequence and the genes of the species to predict their role in the marine ecosystem. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the marine bacterium Erythrobacter sp. 3-20A1M. The genome size was 3.1 Mbp and its GC content was 64.8%. In total, 2998 genetic features were annotated, of which 2882 were annotated as functional coding genes. Using the genetic information of Erythrobacter sp. 3-20A1M, we performed pangenome analysis with other Erythrobacter species. This revealed highly conserved secondary metabolite biosynthesis-related COG functions across Erythrobacter species. Through subsequent secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster prediction and KEGG analysis, the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway was proven conserved in all Erythrobacter species, except for the spheroidene and spirilloxanthin pathways, which are only found in photosynthetic Erythrobacter species. The presence of virulence genes, especially the plant-algae cell wall degrading genes, revealed that Erythrobacter sp. 3-20A1M is a potential marine plant-algae scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyeok Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Ko
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,
B.-K. Cho E-mail:
| | - Suhyung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S. Cho Phone: +82-42-350-2660 Fax: +82-42-350-5620 E-mail:
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Setiyono E, Heriyanto, Pringgenies D, Shioi Y, Kanesaki Y, Awai K, Brotosudarmo THP. Sulfur-Containing Carotenoids from A Marine Coral Symbiont Erythrobacter flavus Strain KJ5. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E349. [PMID: 31212714 PMCID: PMC6627997 DOI: 10.3390/md17060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 (formerly called Erythrobacter sp. strain KJ5) is a yellowish marine bacterium that was isolated from a hard coral Acropora nasuta in the Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. The complete genome sequence of the bacterium has been reported recently. In this study, we examined the carotenoid composition of this bacterium using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS/MS. We found that the bacterium produced sulfur-containing carotenoids, i.e., caloxanthin sulfate and nostoxanthin sulfate, as the most abundant carotenoids. A new carotenoid zeaxanthin sulfate was detected based on its ESI-MS/MS spectrum. The unique presence of sulfated carotenoids found among the currently known species of the Erythrobacter genus were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Setiyono
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Heriyanto
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Delianis Pringgenies
- Department of Coastal Resource Management, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedarto Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Yuzo Shioi
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Koichiro Awai
- Department of Biological Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
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7
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Makhneva ZK, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. Quenchers Protect BChl850 from Action of Singlet Oxygen in the Membranes of a Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacterium Allochromatium vinosum Strain MSU. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Su A, Chi S, Li Y, Tan S, Qiang S, Chen Z, Meng Y. Metabolic Redesign of Rhodobacter sphaeroides for Lycopene Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5879-5885. [PMID: 29806774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene plays an important role as an antioxidative and anticancer agent, and is an increasingly valuable commodity in the global market. Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a carotenogenic and phototrophic bacterium, is an efficient and practical host for carotenoid production. Herein, we explored the potential of metabolically engineered Rb. sphaeroides as a novel platform to produce lycopene. The basal lycopene-producing strain was generated by introducing an exogenous crtI4 from Rhodospirillum rubrum to replace the native crtI3 and deleting crtC in Rb. sphaeroides. Furthermore, knocking out zwf blocked the competitive pentose phosphate pathway and improved the lycopene content by 88%. Finally, the methylerythritol phosphate pathway was reinforced by integration of dxs combined with zwf deletion, which further increased the lycopene content. The final engineered strain produced lycopene to 10.32 mg/g dry cell weight. This study describes a new lycopene producer and provides insight into a photosynthetic bacterium as a host for lycopene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Su
- Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Food Green Processing and Security Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , 620 West Chang'an Avenue , Chang'an, Xi'an 710119 , P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Tan
- Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Food Green Processing and Security Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , 620 West Chang'an Avenue , Chang'an, Xi'an 710119 , P.R. China
| | - Shan Qiang
- Xi'an Healthful Biotechnology Co., Ltd., HangTuo Road , Chang'an, Xi'an 710100 , P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Meng
- Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Food Green Processing and Security Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , 620 West Chang'an Avenue , Chang'an, Xi'an 710119 , P.R. China
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Thiel V, Tank M, Bryant DA. Diversity of Chlorophototrophic Bacteria Revealed in the Omics Era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:21-49. [PMID: 29505738 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of recent advances in omics methodologies, knowledge of chlorophototrophy (i.e., chlorophyll-based phototrophy) in bacteria has rapidly increased. Chlorophototrophs currently are known to occur in seven bacterial phyla: Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes. Other organisms that can produce chlorophylls and photochemical reaction centers may still be undiscovered. Here we summarize the current status of the taxonomy and phylogeny of chlorophototrophic bacteria as revealed by genomic methods. In specific cases, we briefly describe important ecophysiological and metabolic insights that have been gained from the application of genomic methods to these bacteria. In the 20 years since the completion of the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome in 1996, approximately 1,100 genomes have been sequenced, which represents nearly the complete diversity of known chlorophototrophic bacteria. These data are leading to new insights into many important processes, including photosynthesis, nitrogen and carbon fixation, cellular differentiation and development, symbiosis, and ecosystem functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Thiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; ,
| | - Marcus Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; ,
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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11
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Siddaramappa S, Viswanathan V, Thiyagarajan S, Narjala A. Genomewide characterisation of the genetic diversity of carotenogenesis in bacteria of the order Sphingomonadales. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29620507 PMCID: PMC5989583 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Sphingomonadales is a taxon of bacteria with a variety of physiological features and carotenoid pigments. Some of the coloured strains within this order are known to be aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that contain characteristic photosynthesis gene clusters (PGCs). Previous work has shown that majority of the ORFs putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C40 carotenoids are located outside the PGCs in these strains. The main purpose of this study was to understand the genetic basis for the various colour/carotenoid phenotypes of the strains of Sphingomonadales. Comparative analyses of the genomes of 41 strains of this order revealed that there were different patterns of clustering of carotenoid biosynthesis (crt) ORFs, with four ORF clusters being the most common. The analyses also revealed that co-occurrence of crtY and crtI is an evolutionarily conserved feature in Sphingomonadales and other carotenogenic bacteria. The comparisons facilitated the categorisation of bacteria of this order into four groups based on the presence of different crt ORFs. Yellow coloured strains most likely accumulate nostoxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group I: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG). Orange coloured strains may produce adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and erythroxanthin, and contain seven ORFs (group II: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG, crtW). Red coloured strains may accumulate astaxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group III: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtW). Non-pigmented strains may contain a smaller subset of crt ORFs, and thus fail to produce any carotenoids (group IV). The functions of many of these ORFs remain to be characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumara Siddaramappa
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Viswanathan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India.,2Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Anushree Narjala
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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12
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Bol’shakov MA, Ashikhmin AA, Makhneva ZK, Moskalenko AA. Spirilloxanthin incorporation into the LH2 and LH1-RC pigment-protein complexes from a purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium minutissimum. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Kumka JE, Schindel H, Fang M, Zappa S, Bauer CE. Transcriptomic analysis of aerobic respiratory and anaerobic photosynthetic states in Rhodobacter capsulatus and their modulation by global redox regulators RegA, FnrL and CrtJ. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000125. [PMID: 29114403 PMCID: PMC5643017 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoxygenicphotosynthetic prokaryotes have simplified photosystems that represent ancient lineages that predate the more complex oxygen evolving photosystems present in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. These organisms thrive under illuminated anaerobic photosynthetic conditions, but also have the ability to grow under dark aerobic respiratory conditions. This study provides a detailed snapshot of transcription ground states of both dark aerobic and anaerobic photosynthetic growth modes in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobactercapsulatus. Using 18 biological replicates for aerobic and photosynthetic states, we observed that 1834 genes (53 % of the genome) exhibited altered expression between aerobic and anaerobic growth. In comparison with aerobically grown cells, photosynthetically grown anaerobic cells showed decreased transcription of genes for cobalamin biosynthesis (-45 %), iron transport and homeostasis (-42 %), motility (-32 %), and glycolysis (-34 %). Conversely and more intuitively, the expression of genes involved in carbon fixation (547 %), bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis (162 %) and carotenogenesis (114 %) were induced. We also analysed the relative contributions of known global redox transcription factors RegA, FnrL and CrtJ in regulating aerobic and anaerobic growth. Approximately 50 % of differentially expressed genes (913 of 1834) were affected by a deletion of RegA, while 33 % (598 out of 1834) were affected by FnrL, and just 7 % (136 out of 1834) by CrtJ. Numerous genes were also shown to be controlled by more than one redox responding regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kumka
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Heidi Schindel
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Mingxu Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Sebastien Zappa
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Carl E. Bauer
- Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Simon Hall MSB, 212 S Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, USA
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14
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Liu S, Li X, Zhang G, Zhang J. Effect of magnesium ion on crt gene expression in improving carotenoid yield of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:1101-8. [PMID: 26371061 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at increasing carotenoid yield of Rhodobacter sphaeroides in wastewater treatment by adding magnesium ion (Mg(2+)). Results showed that Mg(2+) could improve R. sphaeroides biomass and carotenoid yield effectively. The highest carotenoid yield of 4.83 ± 0.14 mg/g biomass and biomass production of 3900 ± 180 mg/L were achieved at optimal Mg(2+) concentration of 15 mmol/L. Mechanism analysis revealed that Mg(2+) could promote carotenoid production by regulating the expressions of crt genes. Up-regulation of crtBDA genes improved carotenoid biosynthesis of R. sphaeroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Xiangkun Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Harbin, 150090, China. .,School of Environment and Resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Huanghe Road 73, Harbin, 150090, China.
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15
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Takaichi S, Maoka T. Identification and spectroscopic characterization of neurosporene. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2027-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Brotosudarmo THP, Limantara L, Heriyanto, Prihastyanti MNU. Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Unit of Purple Bacteria to Changes of Light Illumination Intensities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Ashikhmin A, Makhneva Z, Bolshakov M, Moskalenko A. Distribution of colored carotenoids between light-harvesting complexes in the process of recovering carotenoid biosynthesis in Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Magdaong N, LaFountain AM, Greco JA, Gardiner AT, Carey AM, Cogdell RJ, Gibson GN, Birge RR, Frank HA. High efficiency light harvesting by carotenoids in the LH2 complex from photosynthetic bacteria: unique adaptation to growth under low-light conditions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11172-89. [PMID: 25171303 PMCID: PMC4174993 DOI: 10.1021/jp5070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopin, rhodopinal, and their glucoside derivatives are carotenoids that accumulate in different amounts in the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodoblastus (Rbl.) acidophilus strain 7050, depending on the intensity of the light under which the organism is grown. The different growth conditions also have a profound effect on the spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) pigments that assemble in the major LH2 light-harvesting pigment-protein complex. Under high-light conditions the well-characterized B800-850 LH2 complex is formed and accumulates rhodopin and rhodopin glucoside as the primary carotenoids. Under low-light conditions, a variant LH2, denoted B800-820, is formed, and rhodopinal and rhodopinal glucoside are the most abundant carotenoids. The present investigation compares and contrasts the spectral properties and dynamics of the excited states of rhodopin and rhodopinal in solution. In addition, the systematic differences in pigment composition and structure of the chromophores in the LH2 complexes provide an opportunity to explore the effect of these factors on the rate and efficiency of carotenoid-to-BChl energy transfer. It is found that the enzymatic conversion of rhodopin to rhodopinal by Rbl. acidophilus 7050 grown under low-light conditions results in nearly 100% carotenoid-to-BChl energy transfer efficiency in the LH2 complex. This comparative analysis provides insight into how photosynthetic systems are able to adapt and survive under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki
M. Magdaong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Amy M. LaFountain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jordan A. Greco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alastair T. Gardiner
- Institute
of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Anne-Marie Carey
- Institute
of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Richard J. Cogdell
- Institute
of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - George N. Gibson
- Department
of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Robert R. Birge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Harry A. Frank
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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19
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Functional type 2 photosynthetic reaction centers found in the rare bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7795-800. [PMID: 24821787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400295111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic bacteria emerged on Earth more than 3 Gyr ago. To date, despite a long evolutionary history, species containing (bacterio)chlorophyll-based reaction centers have been reported in only 6 out of more than 30 formally described bacterial phyla: Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. Here we describe a bacteriochlorophyll a-producing isolate AP64 that belongs to the poorly characterized phylum Gemmatimonadetes. This red-pigmented semiaerobic strain was isolated from a freshwater lake in the western Gobi Desert. It contains fully functional type 2 (pheophytin-quinone) photosynthetic reaction centers but does not assimilate inorganic carbon, suggesting that it performs a photoheterotrophic lifestyle. Full genome sequencing revealed the presence of a 42.3-kb-long photosynthesis gene cluster (PGC) in its genome. The organization and phylogeny of its photosynthesis genes suggests an ancient acquisition of PGC via horizontal transfer from purple phototrophic bacteria. The data presented here document that Gemmatimonadetes is the seventh bacterial phylum containing (bacterio)chlorophyll-based phototrophic species. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence that (bacterio)chlorophyll-based phototrophy can be transferred between distant bacterial phyla, providing new insights into the evolution of bacterial photosynthesis.
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20
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Ashikhmin AA, Makhneva ZK, Erokhin YE, Moskalenko AA. Interdependence of carotenoid biosynthesis and assembly of pigment-protein complexes in Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila cells. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 454:25-8. [PMID: 24633608 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672914010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Ashikhmin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Institutskaya 2, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290, Russia
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21
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Takaichi S, Mochimaru M, Uchida H, Murakami A, Hirose E, Maoka T, Tsuchiya T, Mimuro M. Opposite chirality of α-carotene in unusual cyanobacteria with unique chlorophylls, Acaryochloris and Prochlorococcus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1881-8. [PMID: 22968452 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Among all photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic prokaryotes, only cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Acaryochloris and Prochlorococcus have been reported to synthesize α-carotene. We reviewed the carotenoids, including their chirality, in unusual cyanobacteria containing diverse Chls. Predominantly Chl d-containing Acaryochloris (two strains) and divinyl-Chl a and divinyl-Chl b-containing Prochlorococcus (three strains) contained β-carotene and zeaxanthin as well as α-carotene, whereas Chl b-containing Prochlorothrix (one strain) and Prochloron (three isolates) contained only β-carotene and zeaxanthin but no α-carotene as in other cyanobacteria. Thus, the capability to synthesize α-carotene seemed to have been acquired only by Acaryochloris and Prochlorococcus. In addition, we unexpectedly found that α-carotene in both cyanobacteria had the opposite chirality at C-6': (6'S)-chirality in Acaryochloris and normal (6'R)-chirality in Prochlorococcus, as reported in some green algae and land plants. The results represent the first evidence for the natural occurrence and biosynthesis of (6'S)-α-carotene. All the zeaxanthins in these species were of the usual (3R,3'R)-chirality. Therefore, based on the identification of the carotenoids and genome sequence data, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids, particularly α-carotene, including the participating genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, 211-0063 Japan.
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22
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High-level production of the industrial product lycopene by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7205-15. [PMID: 22865070 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00545-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the major carotenoid spirilloxanthin by the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum is thought to occur via a linear pathway proceeding through phytoene and, later, lycopene as intermediates. This assumption is based solely on early chemical evidence (B. H. Davies, Biochem. J. 116:93-99, 1970). In most purple bacteria, the desaturation of phytoene, catalyzed by the enzyme phytoene desaturase (CrtI), leads to neurosporene, involving only three dehydrogenation steps and not four as in the case of lycopene. We show here that the chromosomal insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette into the crtC-crtD region of the partial carotenoid gene cluster, whose gene products are responsible for the downstream processing of lycopene, leads to the accumulation of the latter as the major carotenoid. We provide spectroscopic and biochemical evidence that in vivo, lycopene is incorporated into the light-harvesting complex 1 as efficiently as the methoxylated carotenoids spirilloxanthin (in the wild type) and 3,4,3',4'-tetrahydrospirilloxanthin (in a crtD mutant), both under semiaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and photosynthetic, anaerobic conditions. Quantitative growth experiments conducted in dark, semiaerobic conditions, using a growth medium for high cell density and high intracellular membrane levels, which are suitable for the conventional industrial production in the absence of light, yielded lycopene at up to 2 mg/g (dry weight) of cells or up to 15 mg/liter of culture. These values are comparable to those of many previously described Escherichia coli strains engineered for lycopene production. This study provides the first genetic proof that the R. rubrum CrtI produces lycopene exclusively as an end product.
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23
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Carotenoids in Rhodoplanes Species: Variation of Compositions and Substrate Specificity of Predicted Carotenogenesis Enzymes. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:150-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) mainly occur in anoxic aquatic and benthic environments, where they play important roles in cycling carbon and sulfur. Many PSB characteristically produce the unique keto-carotenoid, okenone, which is important not only for its light absorption and photoprotection properties but also because of its diagenesis product, okenane, which is a biomarker for ancient sediments derived from anoxic environments. The specific methylation pattern of the χ-ring of okenane is unlikely to be formed by diagenetic processes and should therefore reflect an enzymatic activity from okenone biosynthesis. This study describes two enzymes that produce the χ-ring of okenone, the only structural element of okenone preserved in okenane. Genes encoding enzymes of carotenogenesis were identified in the draft genome sequence of an okenone-producing PSB, Thiodictyon sp. strain CAD16. Two divergently transcribed genes encoded a CrtY-type lycopene cyclase and a CrtU/CruE-type γ-carotene desaturase/methyltransferase. Expression of crtY in Escherichia coli showed that this gene encoded a lycopene cyclase that produced γ-carotene as the only product. Although the sequence of the γ-carotene desaturase/methyltransferase was more similar to CrtU sequences of green sulfur bacteria than to CruE sequences of cyanobacteria, expression of the crtU gene in Chlorobaculum tepidum showed that the enzyme produced carotenoids with χ-rings rather than φ-rings. Phylogenetic analysis of the carotene desaturase/methyltransferases revealed that enzymes capable of converting β-rings to χ-rings have independently evolved at least two times. These results indicate that it probably will not be possible to deduce the activity of carotene desaturase/methyltransferases solely from sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vogl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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25
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Genus specific unusual carotenoids in purple bacteria, Phaeospirillum and Roseospira: structures and biosyntheses. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:75-80. [PMID: 21547544 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phototrophic bacteria necessarily contain carotenoids for photosynthesis, and a few phototrophic purple bacteria accumulate unusual carotenoids. The carotenoids in the genera Phaeospirillum and Roseospira were identified using spectroscopic methods. All species of the genus Phaeospirillum contained characteristic polar carotenoids in addition to lycopene and hydroxylycopene (rhodopin); hydroxylycopene glucoside, dihydroxylycopene, and its mono- and/or diglucosides. From the structures of these carotenoids, their accumulation was suggested to be due to absence of CrtD (acyclic carotenoid C-3,4 desaturase) and to possession of glucosyltransferase. Species of the genus Roseospira have been reported to have unusual absorption spectra in acetone extract, and they were found to accumulate 3,4-didehydrorhodopin as a major carotenoid. This may be due to low activity of CrtF (acyclic 1-hydroxycarotenoid methyltransferase). The study concludes in identifying genus specific unusual carotenoids, which is probably due to characteristic nature of some carotenogenesis enzymes.
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26
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Takaichi S, Maoka T, Takasaki K, Hanada S. Carotenoids of Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (Gemmatimonadetes): identification of a novel carotenoid, deoxyoscillol 2-rhamnoside, and proposed biosynthetic pathway of oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:757-763. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.034249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemmatimonas aurantiaca strain T-27T is an orange-coloured, Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating bacterium belonging to a recently proposed phylum, Gemmatimonadetes. We purified its pigments and identified them as carotenoids and their glycoside derivatives using spectral data. The major carotenoid was (2S,2′S)-oscillol 2,2′-di-(α-l-rhamnoside), and the minor carotenoids were (2S)-deoxyoscillol 2-(α-l-rhamnoside) and didemethylspirilloxanthin. Deoxyoscillol2-rhamnoside is a novel carotenoid. Oscillol 2,2′-diglycosides have hitherto only been reported in a limited number of cyanobacteria, and this is believed to be the first finding of such carotenoids in another bacterial phylum. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes. We propose the involvement of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CrtE), phytoene synthase (CrtB) and phytoene desaturase (CrtI) for lycopene synthesis; and of carotenoid1,2-hydratase (CruF) and carotenoid 2-O-rhamnosyltransferase (CruG) for oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside synthesis. Further, isopentenyl pyrophosphate could be synthesized by a non-mevalonate pathway (DXP pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho2, Nakahara, Kawasaki 211-0063, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takasaki
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hanada
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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27
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Rählert N, Fraser PD, Sandmann G. AcrtA-related gene fromFlavobacteriumP99-3 encodes a novel carotenoid 2-hydroxylase involved in myxol biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1605-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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