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Djihinto OY, Meacci D, Medjigodo AA, Bernardini F, Djogbénou LS. Relative expression of key genes involved in nucleic acids methylation in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:754-766. [PMID: 37417368 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, enzymes responsible for DNA methylation, one of the epigenetic mechanisms, are encoded by genes falling into the cytosine methyltransferases genes family (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a,b and Dnmt3L). However, in Diptera, only the methyltransferase Dnmt2 was found, suggesting that DNA methylation might act differently for species in this order. Moreover, genes involved in epigenetic dynamics, such as Ten-eleven Translocation dioxygenases (TET) and Methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBDs), present in vertebrates, might play a role in insects. This work aimed at investigating nucleic acids methylation in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) by analysing the expression of Dnmt2, TET2 and MBDs genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at pre-immature stages and in reproductive tissues of adult mosquitoes. In addition, the effect of two DNA methylation inhibitors on larval survival was evaluated. The qPCR results showed an overall low expression of Dnmt2 at all developmental stages and in adult reproductive tissues. In contrast, MBD and TET2 showed an overall higher expression. In adult mosquito reproductive tissues, the expression level of the three genes in males' testes was significantly higher than that in females' ovaries. The chemical treatments did not affect larval survival. The findings suggest that mechanisms other than DNA methylation underlie epigenetic regulation in An. gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Dario Meacci
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Adandé A Medjigodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Federica Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique (IRSP), University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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2
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Zhang X, Cong Y, Chu Z, Shi L, Zheng Y, Zhao Q, Geng S, Guo K. Aberrant epigenetic regulation of RARβ by TET2 is involved in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma resistance to retinoic acid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106190. [PMID: 35248720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the growing incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), the treatment-resistant invasive CSCC should be taken seriously. Retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) functions as a tumor suppressor gene and is associated with the proliferation inhibition to retinoic acid. Demethylase TET2 directed epigenetic landscape contributes to cell malignant transform and is involved in therapeutic resistance in tumors. Whether aberrant TET2 participated in the deficient RARβ remains largely unknown. Hereby, we identified the aberrant-TET2 directed epigenetic landscape contribute to the deficient RARβ in CSCC. METHODS The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of RARβ and TET2. The bisulfite sequencing PCR was used to detect the RARβ promoter methylation. Plasmid transfection was used to upregulate TET2 in CSCC cells. Stable overxpressed TET2 cells were used to detect the effect of TET2 on RARβ and drug sensitivity in the CCSC. RESULTS We observed RARβ decreased with promoter hypermethylation in CSCC and aberrant TET2 associated with deficient RARβ. We upregulated TET2 could reverse promoter hypermethylation and showed a significantly increased expression of RARβ, which enhanced the sensitivity of tumor cells to retinoic acid treatment. CONCLUSION Aberrant TET2 leaded to the hypermethylation of RARβ promoter, which contributed to the deficient RARβ in CSCC. While reversing the hypermethylation of the RARβ promoter by recovering the TET2 could enhance tumor cells to be sensitive to retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yan Cong
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhaowei Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Linjing Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
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3
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Shirvani-Farsani Z, Maloum Z, Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z, Vilor-Tejedor N, Sadeghi I. DNA methylation signature as a biomarker of major neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:34-49. [PMID: 34171761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a broadly-investigated epigenetic modification that has been considered as a heritable and reversible change. Previous findings have indicated that DNA methylation regulates gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS). Also, disturbance of DNA methylation patterns has been associated with destructive consequences that lead to human brain diseases such as neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). In this review, we comprehensively discuss the mechanism and function of DNA methylation and its most recent associations with the pathology of NPDs-including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), and attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We also discuss how heterogeneous findings demand further investigations. Finally, based on the recent studies we conclude that DNA methylation status may have implications in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics as a potential epigenetic biomarker of NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shirvani-Farsani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Zahra Maloum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Carrer Wellington 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Iman Sadeghi
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Carrer Wellington 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Zhang H, Song M, Guo J, Ma J, Qiu M, Yang Z. The function of non-coding RNAs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:481-490. [PMID: 33817326 PMCID: PMC8005778 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of RNA molecules that are mostly not translated into proteins after transcription, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with longer than 200 nucleotides non-coding transcripts and microRNAs (miRNAs) which are only 18–22 nucleotides. As families of evolutionarily conserved ncRNAs, lncRNAs activate and repress genes via a variety of mechanisms at both transcriptional and translational levels, whereas miRNAs regulate protein-coding gene expression mainly through mRNA silencing. ncRNAs are widely involved in biological functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with a poor prognosis. The etiology of IPF is still unclear. Increasing evidence shows the close correlations between the development of IPF and aberrant expressions of ncRNAs than thought previously. In this study, we provide an overview of ncRNAs participated in pathobiology of IPF, seeking the early diagnosis biomarker and aiming for potential therapeutic applications for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Miao Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianing Guo
- Comfort Medical Center, Central hospital of Ulanqab, Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junbing Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Li L, Xu K, Ma Z, Chow HM, Herrup K, Li J. Selective loss of 5hmC promotes neurodegeneration in the mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:16364-16382. [PMID: 33058355 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001271r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an intermediate stage of DNA de-methylation. Its location in the genome also serves as an important regulatory signal for many biological processes and its levels change significantly with the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In keeping with this relationship, the TET family of enzymes which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC are responsive to the presence of Aβ. Using hMeDIP-seq, we show that there is a genome-wide reduction of 5hmC that is found in neurons but not in astrocytes from 3xTg mice (an AD mouse model). Decreased TET enzymatic activities in the brains of persons who died with AD suggest that this reduction is the main cause for the loss of 5hmC. Overexpression of human TET catalytic domains (hTETCDs) from the TET family members, especially for hTET3CD, significantly attenuates the neurodegenerative process, including reduced Aβ accumulation as well as tau hyperphosphorylation, and improve synaptic dysfunction in 3xTg mouse brain. Our findings define a crucial role of deregulated 5hmC epigenetics in the events leading to AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanshan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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6
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Pol β gap filling, DNA ligation and substrate-product channeling during base excision repair opposite oxidized 5-methylcytosine modifications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102945. [PMID: 32853828 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation on cytosine in CpG islands generates 5-methylcytosine (5mC), and further modification of 5mC can result in the oxidized variants 5-hydroxymethyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC), and 5-carboxy (5caC). Base excision repair (BER) is crucial for both genome maintenance and active DNA demethylation of modified cytosine products and involves substrate-product channeling from nucleotide insertion by DNA polymerase (pol) β to the subsequent ligation step. Here, we report that, in contrast to the pol β mismatch insertion products (dCTP, dATP, and dTTP), the nicked products after pol β dGTP insertion can be ligated by DNA ligase I or DNA ligase III/XRCC1 complex when a 5mC oxidation modification is present opposite in the template position in vitro. A Pol β K280A mutation, which perturbates the stabilization of these base modifications within the active site, hinders the BER ligases. Moreover, the nicked repair intermediates that mimic pol β mismatch insertion products, i.e., with 3'-preinserted dGMP or dTMP opposite templating 5hmC, 5fC or 5caC, can be efficiently ligated, whereas preinserted 3'-dAMP or dCMP mismatches result in failed ligation reactions. These findings herein contribute to our understanding of the insertion tendencies of pol β opposite different cytosine base forms, the ligation properties of DNA ligase I and DNA ligase III/XRCC1 complex in the context of gapped and nicked damage-containing repair intermediates, and the efficiency and fidelity of substrate channeling during the final steps of BER in situations involving oxidative 5mC base modifications in the template strand.
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7
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Blanquart C, Linot C, Cartron PF, Tomaselli D, Mai A, Bertrand P. Epigenetic Metalloenzymes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2748-2785. [PMID: 29984644 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics controls the expression of genes and is responsible for cellular phenotypes. The fundamental basis of these mechanisms involves in part the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DNA and proteins, in particular, the nuclear histones. DNA can be methylated or demethylated on cytosine. Histones are marked by several modifications including acetylation and/or methylation, and of particular importance are the covalent modifications of lysine. There exists a balance between addition and removal of these PTMs, leading to three groups of enzymes involved in these processes: the writers adding marks, the erasers removing them, and the readers able to detect these marks and participating in the recruitment of transcription factors. The stimulation or the repression in the expression of genes is thus the result of a subtle equilibrium between all the possibilities coming from the combinations of these PTMs. Indeed, these mechanisms can be deregulated and then participate in the appearance, development and maintenance of various human diseases, including cancers, neurological and metabolic disorders. Some of the key players in epigenetics are metalloenzymes, belonging mostly to the group of erasers: the zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), the iron-dependent lysine demethylases of the Jumonji family (JMJ or KDM) and for DNA the iron-dependent ten-eleven-translocation enzymes (TET) responsible for the oxidation of methylcytosine prior to the demethylation of DNA. This review presents these metalloenzymes, their importance in human disease and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanquart
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Camille Linot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Daniela Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France.,Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, B27, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
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8
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Stratton MS, Farina FM, Elia L. Epigenetics and vascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:148-163. [PMID: 31211956 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death and disability worldwide despite significant improvements in diagnosis, prevention, and early intervention efforts. There is an urgent need for improved understanding of cardiovascular processes responsible for disease development in order to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. Recent knowledge gleaned from the study of epigenetic mechanisms in the vasculature has uncovered new potential targets for intervention. Herein, we provide an overview of epigenetic mechanism, and review recent findings related to epigenetics in vascular diseases, highlighting classical epigenetic mechanism such as DNA methylation and histone modification as well as the newly discovered non-coding RNA mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Stratton
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Floriana Maria Farina
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Elia
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
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9
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Huang G, Zhu H, Wu S, Cui M, Xu T. Long Noncoding RNA Can Be a Probable Mechanism and a Novel Target for Diagnosis and Therapy in Fragile X Syndrome. Front Genet 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31191598 PMCID: PMC6541098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common congenital hereditary disease of low intelligence after Down syndrome. Its main pathogenic gene is fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene associated with intellectual disability, autism, and fragile X-related primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). FMR1 gene transcription leads to the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). How to relieve or cure disorders associated with FXS has also become a clinically disturbing problem. Previous studies have recently shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis. And it has been identified that several lncRNAs including FMR4, FMR5, and FMR6 contribute to developing FXPOI/FXTAS, originating from the FMR1 gene locus. FMR4 is a product of RNA polymerase II and can regulate the expression of relevant genes during differentiation of human neural precursor cells. FMR5 is a sense-oriented transcript while FMR6 is an antisense lncRNA produced by the 3' UTR of FMR1. FMR6 is likely to contribute to developing FXPOI, and it overlaps exons 15-17 of FMR1 as well as two microRNA binding sites. Additionally, BC1 can bind FMRP to form an inhibitory complex and lncRNA TUG1 also can control axonal development by directly interacting with FMRP through modulating SnoN-Ccd1 pathway. Therefore, these lncRNAs provide pharmaceutical targets and novel biomarkers. This review will: (1) describe the clinical manifestations and traditional pathogenesis of FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI; (2) summarize what is known about the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI; and (3) provide an outlook of potential effects and future directions of lncRNAs in FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Wu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Mollica PA, Zamponi M, Reid JA, Sharma DK, White AE, Ogle RC, Bruno RD, Sachs PC. Epigenetic alterations mediate iPSC-induced normalization of DNA repair gene expression and TNR stability in Huntington's disease cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215343. [PMID: 29898922 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion within the HTT gene. The mechanisms underlying HD-associated cellular dysfunction in pluripotency and neurodevelopment are poorly understood. We had previously identified downregulation of selected DNA repair genes in HD fibroblasts relative to wild-type fibroblasts, as a result of promoter hypermethylation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hypomethylation during cellular reprogramming to the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state leads to upregulation of DNA repair genes and stabilization of TNRs in HD cells. We sought to determine how the HD TNR region is affected by global epigenetic changes through cellular reprogramming and early neurodifferentiation. We find that early stage HD-affected neural stem cells (HD-NSCs) contain increased levels of global 5-hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) and normalized DNA repair gene expression. We confirm TNR stability is induced in iPSCs, and maintained in HD-NSCs. We also identify that upregulation of 5-hmC increases ten-eleven translocation 1 and 2 (TET1/2) protein levels, and show their knockdown leads to a corresponding decrease in the expression of select DNA repair genes. We further confirm decreased expression of TET1/2-regulating miR-29 family members in HD-NSCs. Our findings demonstrate that mechanisms associated with pluripotency induction lead to a recovery in the expression of select DNA repair gene and stabilize pathogenic TNRs in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Mollica
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Martina Zamponi
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - John A Reid
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Deepak K Sharma
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Alyson E White
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Roy C Ogle
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Robert D Bruno
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Patrick C Sachs
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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11
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The Progress of Methylation Regulation in Gene Expression of Cervical Cancer. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:8260652. [PMID: 29850477 PMCID: PMC5926518 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8260652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological tumors in females, which is closely related to high-rate HPV infection. Methylation alteration is a type of epigenetic decoration that regulates the expression of genes without changing the DNA sequence, and it is essential for the progression of cervical cancer in pathogenesis while reflecting the prognosis and therapeutic sensitivity in clinical practice. Hydroxymethylation has been discovered in recent years, thus making 5-hmC, the more stable marker, attract more attention in the field of methylation research. As markers of methylation, 5-hmC and 5-mC together with 5-foC and 5-caC draw the outline of the reversible cycle, and 6-mA takes part in the methylation of RNA, especially mRNA. Furthermore, methylation modification participates in ncRNA regulation and histone decoration. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of methylation regulation in the process of cervical cancer, as well as HPV and CIN, to identify the significant impact on the prospect of overcoming cervical cancer.
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12
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Zhu Y, Lu H, Zhang D, Li M, Sun X, Wan L, Yu D, Tian Y, Jin H, Lin A, Gao F, Lai M. Integrated analyses of multi-omics reveal global patterns of methylation and hydroxymethylation and screen the tumor suppressive roles of HADHB in colorectal cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:30. [PMID: 29507648 PMCID: PMC5833094 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification, associated with gene expression. 5-Methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine are two epigenetic hallmarks that maintain the equilibrium of epigenetic reprogramming. Disequilibrium in genomic methylation leads to carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Methods Genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in six paired colorectal tumor tissues and corresponding normal tissues were determined using immunoprecipitation and sequencing. Transcriptional expression was determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Groupwise differential methylation regions (DMR), differential hydroxymethylation regions (DhMR), and differentially expressed gene (DEG) regions were identified. Epigenetic biomarkers were screened by integrating DMR, DhMR, and DEGs and confirmed using functional analysis. Results We identified a genome-wide distinct hydroxymethylation pattern that could be used as an epigenetic biomarker for clearly differentiating colorectal tumor tissues from normal tissues. We identified 59,249 DMRs, 187,172 DhMRs, and 948 DEGs by comparing between tumors and normal tissues. After cross-matching genes containing DMRs or DhMRs with DEGs, we screened seven genes that were aberrantly regulated by DNA methylation in tumors. Furthermore, hypermethylation of the HADHB gene was persistently found to be correlated with downregulation of its transcription in colorectal cancer (CRC). These findings were confirmed in other patients of colorectal cancer. Tumor functional analysis indicated that HADHB reduced cancer cell migration and invasiveness. These findings suggested its possible role as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Conclusion This study reveals the global patterns of methylation and hydroxymethylation in CRC. Several CRC-associated genes were screened with multi-omic analysis. Aberrant methylation and hydroxymethylation were found to be in the carcinogenesis of CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0458-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhu
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hanlin Lu
- 2BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,3Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- 4Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Meiyan Li
- 2BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ledong Wan
- 4Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Dan Yu
- 4Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yiping Tian
- 4Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- 5Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Provincial Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aifen Lin
- Human Tissue Bank/Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000 China
| | - Fei Gao
- 2BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,3Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Maode Lai
- 4Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China.,7Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310058 China
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Wei S, Hua HR, Chen QQ, Zhang Y, Chen F, Li SQ, Li F, Li JL. Dynamic changes in DNA demethylation in the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis) brain during postnatal development and aging. Zool Res 2018; 38:96-102. [PMID: 28409505 PMCID: PMC5396032 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development and aging are associated with alterations in multiple epigenetic systems, including DNA methylation and demethylation patterns. Here, we observed that the levels of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme-mediated active DNA demethylation products were dynamically changed and involved in postnatal brain development and aging in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). The levels of 5hmC in multiple anatomic structures showed a gradual increase throughout postnatal development, whereas a significant decrease in 5hmC was found in several brain regions in aged tree shrews, including in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but not the cerebellum. Active changes in Tet mRNA levels indicated that TET2 and TET3 predominantly contributed to the changes in 5hmC levels. Our findings provide new insight into the dynamic changes in 5hmC levels in tree shrew brains during postnatal development and aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hai-Rong Hua
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qian-Quan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shu-Qing Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Ryu YS, Kang HK, Chang WY, Keum YS, Hyun JW. Interaction of DNA demethylase and histone methyltransferase upregulates Nrf2 in 5-fluorouracil-resistant colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40594-40620. [PMID: 27259240 PMCID: PMC5130030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that DNA demethylase ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) upregulates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in 5-fluorouracil-resistant colon cancer cells (SNUC5/5-FUR). In the present study, we examined the effect of histone modifications on Nrf2 transcriptional activation. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) were respectively decreased and increased in SNUC5/5-FUR cells as compared to non-resistant parent cells. Mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL), a histone methyltransferase, was upregulated, leading to increased trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4, while G9a was downregulated, leading to decreased dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9. siRNA-mediated MLL knockdown decreased levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 to a greater extent than did silencing HAT1. Host cell factor 1 (HCF1) was upregulated in SNUC5/5-FUR cells, and we observed interaction between HCF1 and MLL. Upregulation of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an activator of HCF1, was also associated with HCF1-MLL interaction. In SNUC5/5-FUR cells, a larger fraction of OGT was bound to TET1, which recruits OGT to the Nrf2 promoter region, than in SNUC5 cells. These findings indicate that SNUC5/5-FUR cells are under oxidative stress, which induces expression of histone methylation-related proteins as well as DNA demethylase, leading to upregulation of Nrf2 and 5-FU resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Seong Ryu
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Young Chang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Keum
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Wang KC, Kang CH, Tsai CY, Chou NH, Tu YT, Li GC, Lam HC, Liu SI, Chang PM, Lin YH, Tsai KW. Ten-eleven translocation 1 dysfunction reduces 5-hydroxymethylcytosine expression levels in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:278-284. [PMID: 29285192 PMCID: PMC5738697 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A sixth base, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), is formed by the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) via the catalysis of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family in cells. Expression levels of 5hmC are frequently depleted during carcinogenesis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the depletion of 5hmC expression in gastric cancer cells remains unclear, and further research is required. The present study examined the expression levels of 5mC and 5hmC and the expression levels of TET1 and TET2 in gastric cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that 5hmC expression levels were markedly lower in gastric cancer tissues compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, a decrease in 5hmC expression levels was associated with a decrease in TET1 protein expression levels in gastric cancer tissues. The ectopic expression level of TET1 may increase the 5hmC expression level in gastric cancer cells. In addition, the results revealed that TET1 protein expression was markedly different in regards to subcellular localization, and mislocalization was significantly associated with the depletion of 5hmC expression levels in gastric cancer. Together, the results of the present study indicated that TET1 dysfunction reduces 5hmC expression levels, and this phenomenon may serve a crucial role in gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chiang Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Hsiang Kang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Yu Tsai
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nan-Hua Chou
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Guan-Cheng Li
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hing-Chung Lam
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shiuh-Inn Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Min Chang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Hwai Lin
- Laboratory Medicine Division, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chemical Biology, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung 900, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Amodio N, D'Aquila P, Passarino G, Tassone P, Bellizzi D. Epigenetic modifications in multiple myeloma: recent advances on the role of DNA and histone methylation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:91-101. [PMID: 27892767 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1266339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a clonal late B-cell disorder accounting for about 13% of hematological cancers and 1% of all neoplastic diseases. Recent studies on the molecular pathogenesis and biology of MM have highlighted a complex epigenomic landscape contributing to MM onset, prognosis and high individual variability. Areas covered: We describe here the current knowledge on epigenetic events characterizing MM initiation and progression, focusing on the role of DNA and histone methylation and on the most promising epi-therapeutic approaches targeting the methylation pathway. Expert opinion: Data published so far indicate that alterations of the epigenetic framework, which include aberrant global or gene/non-coding RNA specific methylation profiles, feature prominently in the pathobiology of MM. Indeed, the aberrant expression of components of the epigenetic machinery as well as the reversibility of the epigenetic marks make this pathway druggable, providing the basis for the design of epigenetic therapies against this still fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Amodio
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Aquila
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy.,c Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , US
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
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A Tox21 Approach to Altered Epigenetic Landscapes: Assessing Epigenetic Toxicity Pathways Leading to Altered Gene Expression and Oncogenic Transformation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061179. [PMID: 28587163 PMCID: PMC5486002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century foresees in vitro assays assuming the leading role in testing for chemical hazards, including testing for carcinogenicity. Toxicity will be determined by monitoring key steps in functionally validated molecular pathways, using tests designed to reveal chemically-induced perturbations that lead to adverse phenotypic endpoints in cultured human cells. Risk assessments would subsequently be derived from the causal in vitro endpoints and concentration vs. effect data extrapolated to human in vivo concentrations. Much direct experimental evidence now shows that disruption of epigenetic processes by chemicals is a carcinogenic mode of action that leads to altered gene functions playing causal roles in cancer initiation and progression. In assessing chemical safety, it would therefore be advantageous to consider an emerging class of carcinogens, the epigenotoxicants, with the ability to change chromatin and/or DNA marks by direct or indirect effects on the activities of enzymes (writers, erasers/editors, remodelers and readers) that convey the epigenetic information. Evidence is reviewed supporting a strategy for in vitro hazard identification of carcinogens that induce toxicity through disturbance of functional epigenetic pathways in human somatic cells, leading to inactivated tumour suppressor genes and carcinogenesis. In the context of human cell transformation models, these in vitro pathway measurements ensure high biological relevance to the apical endpoint of cancer. Four causal mechanisms participating in pathways to persistent epigenetic gene silencing were considered: covalent histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, non-coding RNA interaction and DNA methylation. Within these four interacting mechanisms, 25 epigenetic toxicity pathway components (SET1, MLL1, KDM5, G9A, SUV39H1, SETDB1, EZH2, JMJD3, CBX7, CBX8, BMI, SUZ12, HP1, MPP8, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, TET1, MeCP2, SETDB2, BAZ2A, UHRF1, CTCF, HOTAIR and ANRIL) were found to have experimental evidence showing that functional perturbations played “driver” roles in human cellular transformation. Measurement of epigenotoxicants presents challenges for short-term carcinogenicity testing, especially in the high-throughput modes emphasized in the Tox21 chemicals testing approach. There is need to develop and validate in vitro tests to detect both, locus-specific, and genome-wide, epigenetic alterations with causal links to oncogenic cellular phenotypes. Some recent examples of cell-based high throughput chemical screening assays are presented that have been applied or have shown potential for application to epigenetic endpoints.
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18
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Environmental Toxicants: Epigenetics as an Underlying Mechanism. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:7526592. [PMID: 28567415 PMCID: PMC5439185 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7526592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), calls for more research into the identification of etiologic and risk factors. The Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesizes that the environment during fetal and childhood development affects the risk for many chronic diseases in later stages of life, including neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetics, a term describing mechanisms that cause changes in the chromosome state without affecting DNA sequences, is suggested to be the underlying mechanism, according to the DOHaD hypothesis. Moreover, many neurodevelopmental disorders are also related to epigenetic abnormalities. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to prenatal environmental toxicants is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, there is also evidence that environmental toxicants can result in epigenetic alterations, notably DNA methylation. In this review, we first focus on the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and environmental toxicants, in particular maternal smoking, plastic-derived chemicals (bisphenol A and phthalates), persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals. We then review studies showing the epigenetic effects of those environmental factors in humans that may affect normal neurodevelopment.
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Liu Y, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Yue C, Zhu N, Yang L, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Zhang LW. Autophagy associated cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanisms of bismuth nanoparticles in human kidney cells. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:39-48. [PMID: 28445739 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth compounds have been used for treatment of bacterial infection, and recently bismuth nanoparticles (BiNP) were synthesized for imaging and diagnostic purpose, while safety concern of bismuth cannot be ignored. Here, we prepared ultrasmall BiNP and showed an enhanced tumor imaging, but BiNP revealed a differentiated cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) compared to other cell types. For the first time, we found that BiNP can induce autophagy, shown as the increase of monodansylcadaverine fluorescence staining and the amount of LC3II that can be inhibited by 3-MA. BiNP were capable of entering cells in a dose and time dependent manner by fluorescence and element detection methods BiNP were found to be localized in the cytoplasm observed by transmission electron microscopy and intracellular bismuth element confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Using endocytic inhibitors, BiNP were found to require ATP and endosomal trafficking pathways for their cellular uptake. Internalized BiNP did not co-localize with EEA1, but co-localized with Lysotracker/LAMP1/LAMP2 at late time points, indicating BiNP may be retained in the non-early endosomal vacuoles and late endosomes. With our novel finding of bismuth induced autophagy and endocytic mechanisms, potential approaches may be applied to reduce the toxicity by bismuth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Cong Yue
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Institute of Chinese MateriaMedica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liecheng Yang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
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The effects of methionine on TCE-induced DNA methylation and mRNA expression changes in mouse liver. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Epigenetic Guardian: A Review of the DNA Methyltransferase DNMT3A in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia and Clonal Haematopoiesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5473197. [PMID: 28286768 PMCID: PMC5329657 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5473197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a haematological malignancy characterized by clonal stem cell proliferation and aberrant block in differentiation. Dysfunction of epigenetic modifiers contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AML. One frequently mutated gene involved in epigenetic modification is DNMT3A (DNA methyltransferase-3-alpha), a DNA methyltransferase that alters gene expression by de novo methylation of cytosine bases at CpG dinucleotides. Approximately 22% of AML and 36% of cytogenetically normal AML cases carry DNMT3A mutations and around 60% of these mutations affect the R882 codon. These mutations have been associated with poor prognosis and adverse survival outcomes for AML patients. Advances in whole-exome sequencing techniques have recently identified a large number of DNMT3A mutations present in clonal cells in normal elderly individuals with no features of haematological malignancy. Categorically distinct from other preleukaemic conditions, this disorder has been termed clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Further insight into the mutational landscape of CHIP may illustrate the consequence of particular mutations found in DNMT3A and identify specific “founder” mutations responsible for clonal expansion that may contribute to leukaemogenesis. This review will focus on current research and understanding of DNMT3A mutations in both AML and CHIP.
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Bhagat TD, Zou Y, Huang S, Park J, Palmer MB, Hu C, Li W, Shenoy N, Giricz O, Choudhary G, Yu Y, Ko YA, Izquierdo MC, Park ASD, Vallumsetla N, Laurence R, Lopez R, Suzuki M, Pullman J, Kaner J, Gartrell B, Hakimi AA, Greally JM, Patel B, Benhadji K, Pradhan K, Verma A, Susztak K. Notch Pathway Is Activated via Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations and Is a Therapeutic Target in Clear Cell Renal Cancer. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:837-846. [PMID: 27909050 PMCID: PMC5247657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is an incurable malignancy in advanced stages and needs newer therapeutic targets. Transcriptomic analysis of CCRCCs and matched microdissected renal tubular controls revealed overexpression of NOTCH ligands and receptors in tumor tissues. Examination of the TCGA RNA-seq data set also revealed widespread activation of NOTCH pathway in a large cohort of CCRCC samples. Samples with NOTCH pathway activation were also clinically distinct and were associated with better overall survival. Parallel DNA methylation and copy number analysis demonstrated that both genetic and epigenetic alterations led to NOTCH pathway activation in CCRCC. NOTCH ligand JAGGED1 was overexpressed and associated with loss of CpG methylation of H3K4me1-associated enhancer regions. JAGGED2 was also overexpressed and associated with gene amplification in distinct CCRCC samples. Transgenic expression of intracellular NOTCH1 in mice with tubule-specific deletion of VHL led to dysplastic hyperproliferation of tubular epithelial cells, confirming the procarcinogenic role of NOTCH in vivo Alteration of cell cycle pathways was seen in murine renal tubular cells with NOTCH overexpression, and molecular similarity to human tumors was observed, demonstrating that human CCRCC recapitulates features and gene expression changes observed in mice with transgenic overexpression of the Notch intracellular domain. Treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor LY3039478 led to inhibition of CCRCC cells in vitro and in vivo In summary, these data reveal the mechanistic basis of NOTCH pathway activation in CCRCC and demonstrate this pathway to a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar D Bhagat
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Yiyu Zou
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Shizheng Huang
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jihwan Park
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Matthew B Palmer
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Caroline Hu
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Weijuan Li
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Niraj Shenoy
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Orsolya Giricz
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Yiting Yu
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Yi-An Ko
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - María C Izquierdo
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ae Seo Deok Park
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Remi Laurence
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Robert Lopez
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Masako Suzuki
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - James Pullman
- the Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467
| | - Justin Kaner
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - A Ari Hakimi
- the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - John M Greally
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | | | - Kith Pradhan
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Amit Verma
- From the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
| | - Katalin Susztak
- the Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,
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Cadet JL. Epigenetics of Stress, Addiction, and Resilience: Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:545-560. [PMID: 25502297 PMCID: PMC4703633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent. SUDs involve vicious cycles of binges followed by occasional periods of abstinence with recurrent relapses despite treatment and adverse medical and psychosocial consequences. There is convincing evidence that early and adult stressful life events are risks factors for the development of addiction and serve as cues that trigger relapses. Nevertheless, the fact that not all individuals who face traumatic events develop addiction to licit or illicit drugs suggests the existence of individual and/or familial resilient factors that protect these mentally healthy individuals. Here, I give a brief overview of the epigenetic bases of responses to stressful events and of epigenetic changes associated with the administration of drugs of abuse. I also discuss the psychobiology of resilience and alterations in epigenetic markers that have been observed in models of resilience. Finally, I suggest the possibility that treatment of addiction should involve cognitive and pharmacological approaches that enhance resilience in at risk individuals. Similar approaches should also be used with patients who have already succumbed to the nefarious effects of addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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25
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Neary R, Watson CJ, Baugh JA. Epigenetics and the overhealing wound: the role of DNA methylation in fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 26435749 PMCID: PMC4591063 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a progressive and potentially fatal process that can occur in numerous organ systems. Characterised by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens and fibronectin, fibrosis affects normal tissue architecture and impedes organ function. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, current therapeutic options do not directly target the pro-fibrotic process. As a result, there is a clear unmet clinical need to develop new agents. Novel findings implicate a role for epigenetic modifications contributing to the progression of fibrosis by alteration of gene expression profiles. This review will focus on DNA methylation; its association with fibroblast differentiation and activation and the consequent buildup of fibrotic scar tissue. The potential use of therapies that modulate this epigenetic pathway for the treatment of fibrosis in several organ systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin Neary
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Chris J Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John A Baugh
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
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26
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Langie SAS, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, Charles AK, Chen T, Colacci A, Darroudi F, Forte S, Gonzalez L, Hamid RA, Knudsen LE, Leyns L, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Memeo L, Mondello C, Mothersill C, Olsen AK, Pavanello S, Raju J, Rojas E, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Van Schooten FJ, Valverde M, Woodrick J, Zhang L, van Larebeke N, Kirsch-Volders M, Collins AR. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S61-88. [PMID: 26106144 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelia K Charles
- Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | | | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD, PO Box 61, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Laboratory for Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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27
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Tsai KW, Li GC, Chen CH, Yeh MH, Huang JS, Tseng HH, Fu TY, Liou HH, Pan HW, Huang SF, Chen CC, Chang HY, Ger LP, Chang HT. Reduction of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer patients, especially for an ER/PR-negative subtype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:219-34. [PMID: 26253945 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation at the 5 position of cytosine (5 mC) is an epigenetic hallmark in cancer. The 5 mC can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) through a ten-eleven-translocation (TET). We investigated the impact of 5 mC, 5 hmC, TET1, and TET2 on tumorigenesis and prognosis of breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of 5 mC, 5 hmC, TET1, and TET2 in the corresponding tumor adjacent normal (n = 309), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, n = 120), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC, n = 309) tissues for 309 breast ductal carcinoma patients. 5 mC, 5 hmC, TET1-n, and TET2-n were significantly decreased during DCIS and IDC progression. In IDC, the decrease of 5 hmC was correlated with the cytoplasmic mislocalization of TET1 (p < 0.001) as well as poor disease-specific survival (DSS) (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.95, p = 0.003) and disease-free survival (DFS) (AHR 1.91, p = 0.006). The combined decrease of 5 mC and 5 hmC was correlated with worse DSS (AHR 2.19, p = 0.008) and DFS (AHR 1.99, p = 0.036). Stratification analysis revealed that the low level of 5 mC was associated with poor DSS (AHR 1.89, p = 0.044) and DFS (AHR 2.02, p = 0.035) for the ER/PR-positive subtype. Conversely, the low level of 5 hmC was associated with worse DSS (AHR 2.77, p = 0.002) and DFS (AHR 2.69, p = 0.006) for the ER/PR-negative subtype. The decreases of 5 mC, 5 hmC, TET1-n, and TET2-n were biomarkers of tumor development. The global reduction of 5 hmC was a poor prognostic factor for IDC, especially for ER/PR-negative subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Road, 81362, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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28
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Ciccarone F, Valentini E, Bacalini MG, Zampieri M, Calabrese R, Guastafierro T, Mariano G, Reale A, Franceschi C, Caiafa P. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the epigenetic control of TET1 gene transcription. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10356-67. [PMID: 24939750 PMCID: PMC4279378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TET enzymes are the epigenetic factors involved in the formation of the sixth DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, whose deregulation has been associated with tumorigenesis. In particular, TET1 acts as tumor suppressor preventing cell proliferation and tumor metastasis and it has frequently been found down-regulated in cancer. Thus, considering the importance of a tight control of TET1 expression, the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of TET1 gene are here investigated. The involvement of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the control of DNA and histone methylation on TET1 gene was examined. PARP activity is able to positively regulate TET1 expression maintaining a permissive chromatin state characterized by DNA hypomethylation of TET1 CpG island as well as high levels of H3K4 trimethylation. These epigenetic modifications were affected by PAR depletion causing TET1 down-regulation and in turn reduced recruitment of TET1 protein on HOXA9 target gene. In conclusion, this work shows that PARP activity is a transcriptional regulator of TET1 gene through the control of epigenetic events and it suggests that deregulation of these mechanisms could account for TET1 repression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Valentini
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bacalini
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Zampieri
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Calabrese
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Guastafierro
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Germano Mariano
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Reale
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Caiafa
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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29
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Clermont PL, Lin D, Crea F, Wu R, Xue H, Wang Y, Thu KL, Lam WL, Collins CC, Wang Y, Helgason CD. Polycomb-mediated silencing in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:40. [PMID: 25859291 PMCID: PMC4391120 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer (PCa) for which the median survival remains less than a year. Current treatments are only palliative in nature, and the lack of suitable pre-clinical models has hampered previous efforts to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Addressing this need, we have recently established the first in vivo model of complete neuroendocrine transdifferentiation using patient-derived xenografts. Few genetic differences were observed between parental PCa and relapsed NEPC, suggesting that NEPC likely results from alterations that are epigenetic in nature. Thus, we sought to identify targetable epigenetic regulators whose expression was elevated in NEPC using genome-wide profiling of patient-derived xenografts and clinical samples. Results Our data indicate that multiple members of the polycomb group (PcG) family of transcriptional repressors were selectively upregulated in NEPC. Notably, CBX2 and EZH2 were consistently the most highly overexpressed epigenetic regulators across multiple datasets from clinical and xenograft tumor tissues. Given the striking upregulation of PcG genes and other transcriptional repressors, we derived a 185-gene list termed ‘neuroendocrine-associated repression signature’ (NEARS) by overlapping transcripts downregulated across multiple in vivo NEPC models. In line with the striking upregulation of PcG family members, NEARS was preferentially enriched with PcG target genes, suggesting a driving role for PcG silencing in NEPC. Importantly, NEARS was significantly associated with high-grade tumors, metastatic progression, and poor outcome in multiple clinical datasets, consistent with extensive literature linking PcG genes and aggressive disease progression. Conclusions We have explored the epigenetic landscape of NEPC and provided evidence of increased PcG-mediated silencing associated with aberrant transcriptional regulation of key differentiation genes. Our results position CBX2 and EZH2 as potential therapeutic targets in NEPC, providing opportunities to explore novel strategies aimed at reversing epigenetic alterations driving this lethal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0074-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Luc Clermont
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Vancouver Prostate Centre, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada
| | - Francesco Crea
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Vancouver Prostate Centre, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada ; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Kelsie L Thu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Genetics Unit, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Department of Integrative Oncology, Genetics Unit, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada ; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Vancouver Prostate Centre, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada ; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 M9 Canada
| | - Cheryl D Helgason
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1 L3 Canada ; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 910 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3 Canada
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30
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Li J, Jiang D. The role of epigenomics in the neurodegeneration of ataxia-telangiectasia. Epigenomics 2015; 7:137-41. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models & Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Dewei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models & Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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31
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Tanase C, Albulescu R, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Enciu AM, Cruceru ML, Popa AC, Neagu AI, Necula LG, Mambet C, Neagu M. Circulating biomarker panels for targeted therapy in brain tumors. Future Oncol 2015; 11:511-24. [PMID: 25241806 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An important goal of oncology is the development of cancer risk-identifier biomarkers that aid early detection and target therapy. High-throughput profiling represents a major concern for cancer research, including brain tumors. A promising approach for efficacious monitoring of disease progression and therapy could be circulating biomarker panels using molecular proteomic patterns. Tailoring treatment by targeting specific protein-protein interactions and signaling networks, microRNA and cancer stem cell signaling in accordance with tumor phenotype or patient clustering based on biomarker panels represents the future of personalized medicine for brain tumors. Gathering current data regarding biomarker candidates, we address the major challenges surrounding the biomarker field of this devastating tumor type, exploring potential perspectives for the development of more effective predictive biomarker panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, no 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Sector 5 Bucharest, Romania
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Bryzgunova O, Laktionov P. Generation of blood circulating DNA: the sources, peculiarities of circulation and structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:409-26. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156104409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleic acids (exNA) were described in blood of both healthy and illness people as early as in 1948, but staied overlooked until middle 60-th. Starting from the beginning of new millennium and mainly in the last 5 years exNA are intensively studied. Main attention is directed to investigation of exNA as the source of diagnostic material whereas the mechanisms of their generation, as well as mechanisms to providing long-term circulation of exNA in the bloodstream are not established unambiguously. According to some authors, the main source of circulating nucleic acids in blood are the processes of apoptosis and necrosis, while others refer to the possible nucleic acid secretion by healthy and tumor cells. Circulating DNA were found to be stable in the blood for a long time, escaping from the action of DNA hydrolyzing enzymes and are apparently packed in different supramolecular complexes. This review presents the opinions of various authors and evidence in favor of all the theories describingappearance of extracellular DNA, the features of the circulation and structure of the extracellular DNA and factors affecting the time of DNA circulation in blood
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Affiliation(s)
- O.E. Bryzgunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P.P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Trichloroethylene-induced gene expression and DNA methylation changes in B6C3F1 mouse liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116179. [PMID: 25549359 PMCID: PMC4280179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), widely used as an organic solvent in the industry, is a common contaminant in air, soil, and water. Chronic TCE exposure induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, and occupational exposure in humans was suggested to be associated with liver cancer. To understand the role of non-genotoxic mechanism(s) for TCE action, we examined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in the liver of B6C3F1 mice orally administered with TCE (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. per day) for 5 days. After 5 days TCE treatment at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg b.w., a total of 431 differentially expressed genes were identified in mouse liver by microarray, of which 291 were up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. The expression changed genes were involved in key signal pathways including PPAR, proliferation, apoptosis and homologous recombination. Notably, the expression level of a number of vital genes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation, such as Utrf1, Tet2, DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, were dysregulated. Although global DNA methylation change was not detected in the liver of mice exposed to TCE, the promoter regions of Cdkn1a and Ihh were found to be hypo- and hypermethylated respectively, which correlated negatively with their mRNA expression changes. Furthermore, the gene expression and DNA methylation changes induced by TCE were dose dependent. The overall data indicate that TCE exposure leads to aberrant DNA methylation changes, which might alter the expression of genes involved in the TCE-induced liver tumorgenesis.
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Tong J, Chen T. Trichloroethylene-induced gene expression and DNA methylation changes in B6C3F1 mouse liver. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25549359 DOI: 10.1371/-journal.pone.0116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), widely used as an organic solvent in the industry, is a common contaminant in air, soil, and water. Chronic TCE exposure induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, and occupational exposure in humans was suggested to be associated with liver cancer. To understand the role of non-genotoxic mechanism(s) for TCE action, we examined the gene expression and DNA methylation changes in the liver of B6C3F1 mice orally administered with TCE (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. per day) for 5 days. After 5 days TCE treatment at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg b.w., a total of 431 differentially expressed genes were identified in mouse liver by microarray, of which 291 were up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. The expression changed genes were involved in key signal pathways including PPAR, proliferation, apoptosis and homologous recombination. Notably, the expression level of a number of vital genes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation, such as Utrf1, Tet2, DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, were dysregulated. Although global DNA methylation change was not detected in the liver of mice exposed to TCE, the promoter regions of Cdkn1a and Ihh were found to be hypo- and hypermethylated respectively, which correlated negatively with their mRNA expression changes. Furthermore, the gene expression and DNA methylation changes induced by TCE were dose dependent. The overall data indicate that TCE exposure leads to aberrant DNA methylation changes, which might alter the expression of genes involved in the TCE-induced liver tumorgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Tong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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DNA methylation alterations in response to prenatal exposure of maternal cigarette smoking: A persistent epigenetic impact on health from maternal lifestyle? Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:231-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gambichler T, Terras S, Kreuter A, Skrygan M. Altered global methylation and hydroxymethylation status in vulvar lichen sclerosus: further support for epigenetic mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:687-93. [PMID: 24164308 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics refers to functionally relevant changes in the genome other than those of DNA sequence that can lead to changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype. There is evidence that epigenetics is relevant in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS), as well as in cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, which is frequently associated with VLS. OBJECTIVES To study the global methylation and hydroxymethylation status in healthy controls and VLS lesions before and after long-term ultraviolet (UV)A1 treatment. METHODS We studied 12 controls and 10 patients with VLS who were treated with medium-dose UVA1 four times weekly for 3 months. Immunohistochemistry and mutation analyses (polymerase chain reaction) were performed for 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) and the ten-eleven translocation (TET)2 enzyme. RESULTS After 3 months of treatment, 5mC was significantly increased in VLS compared with baseline and controls. However, compared with controls 5hmC levels were significantly reduced in baseline VLS, but normalized after UVA1 treatment. Compared with controls, IDH1 expression was significantly higher in both treated and baseline VLS. By contrast, IDH2 levels were significantly reduced in baseline VLS compared with controls and UVA1-treated VLS. However, gene sequencing of the IDH1, IDH2 and TET2 genes did not reveal evidence of mutations. CONCLUSIONS VLS is associated with altered expression of IDH enzymes and aberrant hydroxymethylation, indicating an epigenetic background for the pathogenesis of VLS. UVA1 phototherapy may cause normalization of 5hmC patterns, but also global DNA hypermethylation in VLS lesions, raising concerns with respect to an increased risk of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstraße 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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O'Brien EC, Brewin J, Chevassut T. DNMT3A: the DioNysian MonsTer of acute myeloid leukaemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2014; 5:187-96. [PMID: 25469209 DOI: 10.1177/2040620714554538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mythology of Ancient Greece, there was often a creative tension between the opposing forces of the gods Apollo and Dionysius, the two sons of Zeus. The Apollonian force was considered to be rational and lifegiving, whilst Dionysian forces were chaotic and elemental. Acute myeloid leukaemia is characterised by the clash of these forces: the chaotic proliferation of immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow overcomes the normal, orderly production of healthy blood cells. DNMT3A mutations occur early in the leukaemogenic process and may even act as "founder" mutations - the first step in a pathway towards malignant transformation. As such, these mutations may represent a Dionysian agent of disorder, inciting the chaotic myeloid proliferation and arrest of differentiation which are hallmarks of AML. This review will focus on the role of DNMT3A mutations in leukaemia pathogenesis, their influence on prognosis, and the potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Conway O'Brien
- Medical Research Building, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Sussex University, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - John Brewin
- Medical Research Building, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Sussex University, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Timothy Chevassut
- Medical Research Building, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Sussex University, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
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Bryzgunova OE, Laktionov PP. Generation of blood circulating DNAs: Sources, features of struction and circulation. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Frycz BA, Murawa D, Borejsza-Wysocki M, Marciniak R, Murawa P, Drews M, Kołodziejczak A, Tomela K, Jagodziński PP. Decreased expression of ten-eleven translocation 1 protein is associated with some clinicopathological features in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:209-12. [PMID: 24507562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) transcript and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels has recently been demonstrated in primary gastric cancer (GC). However, little is known about TET1 protein levels in gastric tumoral and nontumoral tissue. Therefore, using reverse transcription, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis, we determined the TET1 transcript and protein levels in tumoral and nontumoral tissue from 38 patients with GC. We also assessed the association between the decrease in TET1 transcript and protein levels and some clinicopathological features in primary GC. We found significantly decreased levels of TET1 transcript (P=0.0023) and protein (P=0.00024) in primary tumoral tissues as compared to nontumoral tissues in patients with GC. Moreover, we also observed significantly lower amounts of TET1 transcript (P=0.03) and protein (P=0.00018) in tumoral tissues in patients aged>60. We also found significant lowered TET1 protein levels in male patients (P=0.0014), stomach (P=0.044) and cardia (P=0.013) tumor localization, T3 depth of invasion (P=0.019), N1 (P=0.012) and N3 lymph node metastasis (P=0.013) and G3 histological grade (P=0.0012). There were also significant decreases in TET1 transcript levels in female patients (P=0.042), intestinal histological types (P=0.0079) and T4 depth of invasion (P=0.037). Our results demonstrated that a decrease in TET1 transcript and protein levels is associated with some clinicopathological features in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adam Frycz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Murawa
- First Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Wielkopolska Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Borejsza-Wysocki
- Department of General Surgery, Oncologic Gastroenterological and Plastic Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Marciniak
- Department of General Surgery, Oncologic Gastroenterological and Plastic Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Murawa
- First Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Wielkopolska Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Drews
- Department of General Surgery, Oncologic Gastroenterological and Plastic Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kołodziejczak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tomela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Espada J, Carrasco E, Calvo MI. Standard DNA methylation analysis in mouse epidermis: bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR, and 5-methyl-cytosine (5mC) immunological detection. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1094:221-231. [PMID: 24162991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-706-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, methylation of cytosine C-5 position is a major heritable epigenetic mark on the DNA molecule. Maintenance of proper DNA methylation patterns is a key process during embryo development and in the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The use of experimental procedures based on the chemical modification of cytosine by sodium bisulfite and the development of antibodies recognizing 5mC have essentially contributed to our knowledge on DNA methylation dynamics in normal and disease states. Here we describe standard procedures for bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR, and 5mC immunodetection using mouse skin and the hair follicle stem cell niche as model tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Espada
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Olovnikov AM. Why do primordial germ cells migrate through an embryo and what does it mean for biological evolution? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:1190-9. [PMID: 24237154 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An explanation of the role of primordial germ cell (PGC) migration during embryogenesis is proposed. According to the hypothesis, various PGCs during their migrations through an early embryo are contacting with anlagen of organs and acquiring nonidentical organ specificities. An individual PGC gets such an organ specificity, which corresponds to specificity of the first anlage with which this PGC has the first contact. As a result, the cellular descendants of PGCs (oocytes or spermatocytes) will express nonidentical organ-specific receptors, hence becoming functionally heterogeneous. Therefore, each clone of germ cells becomes capable of recognizing specifically the molecular signals that correspond only to "its" organ of the body. Such signals are produced by the body's organ when it functions in an extreme mode. Signals from the "exercising" organ of the body are delivered to the gonad only via the brain retransmitter, which is composed of neurons grouped as virtual organs of a homunculus. Homunculi are so-called somatotopic maps of the skeletomotor and other parts of the body represented in the brain. Signals, as complexes of regulatory RNAs and proteins, are transported from the "exercising" organ of the body to the corresponding virtual organ of the homunculus where they are processed and then forwarded to the gonad. The organ-specific signal will be selectively recognized by certain gametocytes according to their organ specificity, and then it will initiate the directed epimutation in the gametocyte genome. The nonrandomness of the gene order in chromosomes, that is the synteny and genetic map, is controlled by the so-called creatron that consolidates the soma and germline into a united system, providing the possibility of evolutionary responses of an organism to environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Olovnikov
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125319, Russia.
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Szulwach KE, Jin P. Integrating DNA methylation dynamics into a framework for understanding epigenetic codes. Bioessays 2013; 36:107-17. [PMID: 24242211 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genomic function is dictated by a combination of DNA sequence and the molecular mechanisms controlling access to genetic information. Access to DNA can be determined by the interpretation of covalent modifications that influence the packaging of DNA into chromatin, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. These modifications are believed to be forms of "epigenetic codes" that exist in discernable combinations that reflect cellular phenotype. Although DNA methylation is known to play important roles in gene regulation and genomic function, its contribution to the encoding of epigenetic information is just beginning to emerge. Here we discuss paradigms associated with the various components of DNA methylation/demethylation and recent advances in the understanding of its dynamic regulation in the genome, integrating these mechanisms into a framework to explain how DNA methylation could contribute to epigenetic codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Szulwach
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cartron PF, Nadaradjane A, Lepape F, Lalier L, Gardie B, Vallette FM. Identification of TET1 Partners That Control Its DNA-Demethylating Function. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:235-41. [PMID: 24069510 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913489020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent reports have identified TET1 as the main enzyme modulating DNA methylation and gene transcription via hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine. However, little is known about the protein network that controls TET1 activity. By using a new proximity ligation in situ assay, we identified MeCP2, HDAC1/6/7, EZH2, mSin3A, PCNA, and LSD1 as TET1-interacting proteins. We also discerned that TET1/PCNA acts as a demethylator of the cyclical methylation/demethylation process, the perturbation of which promotes the aberrant methylation hallmarks frequently observed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Cartron
- Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, INSERM U892, Nantes, France ; Département de Recherche en Cancérologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Cadet J, Wagner JR. TET enzymatic oxidation of 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 764-765:18-35. [PMID: 24045206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine and methylated histones have been considered for a long time as stable epigenetic marks of chromatin involved in gene regulation. This concept has been recently revisited with the detection of large amounts of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, now considered as the sixth DNA base, in mouse embryonic stem cells, Purkinje neurons and brain tissues. The dioxygenases that belong to the ten eleven translocation (TET) oxygenase family have been shown to initiate the formation of this methyl oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine that is also generated although far less efficiently by radical reactions involving hydroxyl radical and one-electron oxidants. It was found as additional striking data that iterative TET-mediated oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine gives rise to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. This survey focuses on chemical and biochemical aspects of the enzymatic oxidation reactions of 5-methylcytosine that are likely to be involved in active demethylation pathways through the implication of enzymatic deamination of 5-methylcytosine oxidation products and/or several base excision repair enzymes. The high biological relevance of the latter modified bases explains why major efforts have been devoted to the design of a broad range of assays aimed at measuring globally or at the single base resolution, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and the two other oxidation products in the DNA of cells and tissues. Another critical issue that is addressed in this review article deals with the assessment of the possible role of 5-methylcytosine oxidation products, when present in elevated amounts in cellular DNA, in terms of mutagenesis and interference with key cellular enzymes including DNA and RNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Direction des Sciences de la Matière, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA/Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France; Département de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec JIH 5N4, Canada.
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec JIH 5N4, Canada.
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Prolonged treatment with DNMT inhibitors induces distinct effects in promoters and gene-bodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71099. [PMID: 23940695 PMCID: PMC3735498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the demethylating drugs 5-azacytidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC) is now recognised as an effective therapy for patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), a range of disorders arising in clones of hematopoietic progenitor cells. A variety of cell models have been used to study the effect of these drugs on the methylation of promoter regions of tumour suppressor genes, with recent efforts focusing on the ability of these drugs to inhibit DNA methylation at low doses. However, it is still not clear how nano-molar drug treatment exerts its effects on the methylome. In this study, we have characterised changes in DNA methylation caused by prolonged low-dose treatment in a leukemic cell model (SKM-1), and present a genome-wide analysis of the effects of AZA and DAC. At nano-molar dosages, a one-month continuous treatment halved the total number of hypermethylated probes in leukemic cells and our analysis identified 803 candidate regions with significant demethylation after treatment. Demethylated regions were enriched in promoter sequences whereas gene-body CGIs were more resistant to the demethylation process. CGI methylation in promoters was strongly correlated with gene expression but this correlation was lost after treatment. Our results indicate that CGI demethylation occurs preferentially at promoters, but that it is not generally sufficient to modify expression patterns, and emphasises the roles of other means of maintaining cell state.
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Bian EB, Zhao B, Huang C, Wang H, Meng XM, Wu BM, Ma TT, Zhang L, Lv XW, Li J. New advances of DNA methylation in liver fibrosis, with special emphasis on the crosstalk between microRNAs and DNA methylation machinery. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1837-44. [PMID: 23707524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in the pattern of gene expression that is controlled by a mechanism specifically not due to changes the primary DNA sequence. Well-known epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and RNA-based mechanisms including those controlled by small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modifications orchestrate the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis. In this review we focus on the aberrant methylation of CpG island promoters of select genes is the prominent epigenetic mechanism to effectively silence gene transcription facilitating HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-suppressor miRNA genes by promoter DNA methylation and the interaction of DNA methylation with miRNAs involved in the regulation of HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Recent advances in epigenetics alterations in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and their possible use as new therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Bao Bian
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
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Abstract
The GTC Cancer Summit: Novel Approaches to Drug Discovery was divided into two parallel tracks: the 2nd Cancer Epigenetics Conference, and the Protein Kinases and Drug Design Conference. The 2nd Cancer Epigenetics Conference focused on exciting changes in drug discovery that include an unprecedented private and public collaboration on drug discovery in epigenetics through the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), which has led to several major breakthroughs including: the development of small-molecule inhibitors that interfere with protein interactions, especially bromodomain-containing protein acetylation readers; the indirect but successful targeting of the elusive MYC oncogene; and the identification of epigenetic drugs that are disease-specific. Also reported were the development of clinically useful DNA methylation assays; cell, peptide and protein arrays for testing antibody- and protein-binding specificity; and tools for chromatin capture and DNA modification analysis. Several groups reported on the lack of specificity of some commercial, but unnamed, antibodies used for epigenetic studies.
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D'Aquila P, Rose G, Bellizzi D, Passarino G. Epigenetics and aging. Maturitas 2012; 74:130-6. [PMID: 23245587 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a growing interest on the research of the biological basis of human longevity has emerged, in order to clarify the intricacy of biological and environmental factors affecting (together with stochastic factors) the quality and the rate of human aging. These researches have outlined a complex scenario in which epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and numerous histone modifications, are emerging as important factors of the overall variation in life expectancy. In fact, epigenetic marks, that are responsible of the establishment of specific expression programs and of genome stability, represent a "drawbridge" across genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. In this review we provide an overview on the current knowledge and the general features of the epigenetic modifications characterizing the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D'Aquila
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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