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Deferoxamine Treatment Improves Antioxidant Cosmeceutical Formulation Protection against Cutaneous Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121928. [PMID: 34943031 PMCID: PMC8750544 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is one of the main targets of the outdoor stressors. Considering that pollution levels are rising progressively, it is not surprising that several cutaneous conditions have been associated with its exposure. Among the pollutants, diesel engine exhaust (DEE) represents one of the most toxic, as it is composed of a mixture of many different noxious chemicals generated during the compression cycle, for ignition rather than an electrical spark as in gasoline engines. The toxic chemicals of most concern in DEE, besides the oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and various hydrocarbons, are metals that can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical application, singularly or in combination, of the iron-chelator deferoxamine and a commercially available formulation, CE Ferulic, in up to 4-day DEE-exposed skin. DEE induced a significant increase in the oxidative marker 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE) and matrix-metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), the loss of cutaneous-barrier-associated proteins (filaggrin and involucrin) and a decrease in collagen-1, while the formulations prevented the cutaneous damage in an additive manner. In conclusion, this study suggests that iron plays a key role in DEE-induced skin damage and its chelation could be an adjuvant strategy to reinforce antioxidant topical formulations.
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Jansová H, Šimůnek T. Cardioprotective Potential of Iron Chelators and Prochelators. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:288-301. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920155439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart is a particularly sensitive organ to iron overload and cardiomyopathy due to the excessive cardiac iron deposition causes most deaths in disorders such as beta-thalassemia major. Free or loosely bound iron ions readily cycle between ferrous and ferric states and catalyze Haber-Weiss reaction that yields highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals. Treatment with iron chelators (desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox) substantially improved cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in iron overloaded patients. Furthermore, iron chelators have been studied in various cardiovascular disorders with known or presumed oxidative stress roles (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury) also in patients with normal body iron contents. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these chelators are critical for effective therapy. For example, the widely clinically used but hydrophilic chelator desferrioxamine suffers from poor plasma membrane permeability, which means that high and clinically unachievable concentrations/doses must be employed to obtain cardioprotection. Therefore, small-molecular and lipophilic chelators with oral availability are more suitable for this purpose, particularly in states without systemic iron overload. Apart from agents that are already used in clinical practice, aroylhydrazone iron chelators, namely salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), have provided promising results. However, the use of classical iron-chelating agents is associated with a risk of toxicity due to indiscriminate iron depletion. Recent studies have therefore focused on "masked" prochelators that have little or no affinity for iron until site-specific activation by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jansová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáś Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Hrušková K, Potůčková E, Opálka L, Hergeselová T, Hašková P, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T, Vávrová K. Structure-Activity Relationships of Nitro-Substituted Aroylhydrazone Iron Chelators with Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:435-446. [PMID: 29766723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aroylhydrazone iron chelators such as salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) protect various cells against oxidative injury and display antineoplastic activities. Previous studies have shown that a nitro-substituted hydrazone, namely, NHAPI, displayed markedly improved plasma stability, selective antitumor activity, and moderate antioxidant properties. In this study, we prepared four series of novel NHAPI derivatives and explored their iron chelation activities, anti- or pro-oxidant effects, protection against model oxidative injury in the H9c2 cell line derived from rat embryonic cardiac myoblasts, cytotoxicities to the corresponding noncancerous H9c2 cells, and antiproliferative activities against the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell lines. Nitro substitution had both negative and positive effects on the examined properties, and we identified new structure-activity relationships. Naphthyl and biphenyl derivatives showed selective antiproliferative action, particularly in the breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line, where they exceeded the selectivity of the parent compound NHAPI. Of particular interest is a compound prepared from 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-nitroacetophenone and biphenyl-4-carbohydrazide, which protected cardiomyoblasts against oxidative injury at 1.8 ± 1.2 μM with 24-fold higher selectivity than SIH. These compounds will serve as leads for further structural optimization and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrušková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Potůčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hergeselová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Akademika Heyrovského 1203 , 500 05 Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
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4
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Grillo AS, SantaMaria AM, Kafina MD, Cioffi AG, Huston NC, Han M, Seo YA, Yien YY, Nardone C, Menon AV, Fan J, Svoboda DC, Anderson JB, Hong JD, Nicolau BG, Subedi K, Gewirth AA, Wessling-Resnick M, Kim J, Paw BH, Burke MD. Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals. Science 2017; 356:608-616. [PMID: 28495746 PMCID: PMC5470741 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple human diseases ensue from a hereditary or acquired deficiency of iron-transporting protein function that diminishes transmembrane iron flux in distinct sites and directions. Because other iron-transport proteins remain active, labile iron gradients build up across the corresponding protein-deficient membranes. Here we report that a small-molecule natural product, hinokitiol, can harness such gradients to restore iron transport into, within, and/or out of cells. The same compound promotes gut iron absorption in DMT1-deficient rats and ferroportin-deficient mice, as well as hemoglobinization in DMT1- and mitoferrin-deficient zebrafish. These findings illuminate a general mechanistic framework for small molecule-mediated site- and direction-selective restoration of iron transport. They also suggest that small molecules that partially mimic the function of missing protein transporters of iron, and possibly other ions, may have potential in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anna M SantaMaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D Kafina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander G Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C Huston
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Murui Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Nardone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Archita V Menon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dillon C Svoboda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob B Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John D Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bruno G Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barry H Paw
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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5
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Hašková P, Jansová H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Jirkovská A, Franz KJ, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T. Cardioprotective effects of iron chelator HAPI and ROS-activated boronate prochelator BHAPI against catecholamine-induced oxidative cellular injury. Toxicology 2016; 371:17-28. [PMID: 27744045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines may undergo iron-promoted oxidation resulting in formation of reactive intermediates (aminochromes) capable of redox cycling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Both of them induce oxidative stress resulting in cellular damage and death. Iron chelation has been recently shown as a suitable tool of cardioprotection with considerable potential to protect cardiac cells against catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity. However, prolonged exposure of cells to classical chelators may interfere with physiological iron homeostasis. Prochelators represent a more advanced approach to decrease oxidative injury by forming a chelating agent only under the disease-specific conditions associated with oxidative stress. Novel prochelator (lacking any iron chelating properties) BHAPI [(E)-Ń-(1-(2-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,2,3-dioxoborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethylidene) isonicotinohydrazide] is converted by ROS to active chelator HAPI with strong iron binding capacity that efficiently inhibits iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radical generation. Our results confirmed redox activity of oxidation products of catecholamines isoprenaline and epinephrine, that were able to activate BHAPI to HAPI that chelates iron ions inside H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Both HAPI and BHAPI were able to efficiently protect the cells against intracellular ROS formation, depletion of reduced glutathione and toxicity induced by catecholamines and their oxidation products. Hence, both HAPI and BHAPI have shown considerable potential to protect cardiac cells by both inhibition of deleterious catecholamine oxidation to reactive intermediates and prevention of ROS-mediated cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Hašková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Hana Jansová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jan Bureš
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, 124 Science Dr., Durham, NC, 22708, USA
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia.
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6
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Jansová H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Roh J, Wang Q, Franz KJ, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T. Characterization of cytoprotective and toxic properties of iron chelator SIH, prochelator BSIH and their degradation products. Toxicology 2016; 350-352:15-24. [PMID: 27046792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Free cellular iron catalyzes the formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals and therefore chelation of iron could be a promising therapeutic approach in pathological states associated with oxidative stress. Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) is a strong intracellular iron chelator with well documented potential to protect against oxidative damage both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the short biological half-life of SIH and risk of toxicity due to iron depletion, boronate prochelator BSIH has been designed. BSIH cannot bind iron until it is activated by certain reactive oxygen species to active chelator SIH. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicity and cytoprotective potential of BSIH, SIH, and their decomposition products against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Using HPLC, we observed that salicylaldehyde was the main decomposition products of SIH and BSIH, although a small amount of salicylic acid was also detected. In the case of BSIH, the concentration of formed salicylaldehyde consistently exceeded that of SIH. Isoniazid and salicylic acid were not toxic nor did they provide any antioxidant protective effect in H9c2 cells. In contrast, salicylaldehyde was able to chelate intracellular iron and significantly preserve cellular viability and mitochondrial inner membrane potential induced by hydrogen peroxide. However it was consistently less effective than SIH. The inherent toxicities of salicylaldehyde and SIH were similar. Hence, although SIH - the active chelating agent formed following the BSIH activation - undergoes rapid hydrolysis, its principal decomposition product salicylaldehyde accounts markedly for both cytoprotective and toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jansová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 22708, USA
| | | | - Petra Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Štěrba M, Popelová O, Vávrová A, Jirkovský E, Kovaříková P, Geršl V, Šimůnek T. Oxidative stress, redox signaling, and metal chelation in anthracycline cardiotoxicity and pharmacological cardioprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:899-929. [PMID: 22794198 PMCID: PMC3557437 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, or epirubicin) rank among the most effective anticancer drugs, but their clinical usefulness is hampered by the risk of cardiotoxicity. The most feared are the chronic forms of cardiotoxicity, characterized by irreversible cardiac damage and congestive heart failure. Although the pathogenesis of anthracycline cardiotoxicity seems to be complex, the pivotal role has been traditionally attributed to the iron-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In clinics, the bisdioxopiperazine agent dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) reduces the risk of anthracycline cardiotoxicity without a significant effect on response to chemotherapy. The prevailing concept describes dexrazoxane as a prodrug undergoing bioactivation to an iron-chelating agent ADR-925, which may inhibit anthracycline-induced ROS formation and oxidative damage to cardiomyocytes. RECENT ADVANCES A considerable body of evidence points to mitochondria as the key targets for anthracycline cardiotoxicity, and therefore it could be also crucial for effective cardioprotection. Numerous antioxidants and several iron chelators have been tested in vitro and in vivo with variable outcomes. None of these compounds have matched or even surpassed the effectiveness of dexrazoxane in chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity settings, despite being stronger chelators and/or antioxidants. CRITICAL ISSUES The interpretation of many findings is complicated by the heterogeneity of experimental models and frequent employment of acute high-dose treatments with limited translatability to clinical practice. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Dexrazoxane may be the key to the enigma of anthracycline cardiotoxicity, and therefore it warrants further investigation, including the search for alternative/complementary modes of cardioprotective action beyond simple iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Štěrba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Popelová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Vávrová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Geršl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Gáll J, Skrha J, Buchal R, Sedláčková E, Verébová K, Pláteník J. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) by micromolar iron: liberation of calcium is more important than NAD(P)H oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1537-49. [PMID: 22634337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) plays an important role in cell death. The MPT is triggered by calcium and promoted by oxidative stress, which is often catalyzed by iron. We investigated the induction of the MPT by physiological concentrations of iron. Isolated rat liver mitochondria were initially stabilized with EDTA and bovine serum albumin and energized by succinate or malate/pyruvate. The MPT was induced by 20μM calcium or ferrous chloride. We measured mitochondrial swelling, the inner membrane potential, NAD(P)H oxidation, iron and calcium in the recording medium. Iron effectively triggered the MPT; this effect differed from non-specific oxidative damage and required some residual EDTA in the recording medium. Evidence in the literature suggested two mechanisms of action for the iron: NAD(P)H oxidation due to loading of the mitochondrial antioxidant defense systems and uptake of iron to the mitochondrial matrix via a calcium uniporter. Both of these events occurred in our experiments but were only marginally involved in the MPT induced by iron. The primary mechanism observed in our experiments was the displacement of adventitious/endogenous calcium from the residual EDTA by iron. Although artificially created, this interplay between iron and calcium can well reflect conditions in vivo and could be considered as an important mechanism of iron toxicity in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Gáll
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hruskova K, Kovarikova P, Bendova P, Haskova P, Mackova E, Stariat J, Vavrova A, Vavrova K, Simunek T. Synthesis and initial in vitro evaluations of novel antioxidant aroylhydrazone iron chelators with increased stability against plasma hydrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:290-302. [PMID: 21214215 DOI: 10.1021/tx100359t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to contribute to a number of cardiovascular pathologies. Free intracellular iron ions participate in the Fenton reaction and therefore substantially contribute to the formation of highly toxic hydroxyl radicals and cellular injury. Earlier work on the intracellular iron chelator salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) has demonstrated its considerable promise as an agent to protect the heart against oxidative injury both in vitro and in vivo. However, the major limitation of SIH is represented by its labile hydrazone bond that makes it prone to plasma hydrolysis. Hence, in order to improve the hydrazone bond stability, nine compounds were prepared by a substitution of salicylaldehyde by the respective methyl- and ethylketone with various electron donors or acceptors in the phenyl ring. All the synthesized aroylhydrazones displayed significant iron-chelating activities and eight chelators showed significantly higher stability in rabbit plasma than SIH. Furthermore, some of these chelators were observed to possess higher cytoprotective activities against oxidative injury and/or lower toxicity as compared to SIH. The results of the present study therefore indicate the possible applicability of several of these novel agents in the prevention and/or treatment of cardiovascular disorders with a known (or presumed) role of oxidative stress. In particular, the methylketone HAPI and nitro group-containing NHAPI merit further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Hruskova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Fillebeen C, Pantopoulos K. Iron inhibits replication of infectious hepatitis C virus in permissive Huh7.5.1 cells. J Hepatol 2010; 53:995-9. [PMID: 20813419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is often associated with elevated hepatic iron levels. Excess iron is known to promote oxidative stress and exacerbate liver disease. Nevertheless, biochemical studies in subgenomic HCV replicon systems showed that iron can also suppress the expression of viral RNA and proteins by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of the RNA polymerase NS5B. To explore the physiological relevance of this response, we evaluated the effects of iron during infection of permissive Huh7.5.1 hepatoma cells with HCV. METHODS We utilized Fe-SIH (iron complexed with salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone), a cell permeable and highly efficient iron donor. RESULTS Treatments of infected cells with Fe-SIH drastically reduced the expression of viral proteins (core and NS3) and RNA, in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was dramatic when Fe-SIH was administered simultaneously with the HCV inoculum or early afterwards, while pre-treatment of cells with Fe-SIH before infection failed to elicit antiviral responses. Iron chelation with SIH did not significantly alter the expression of viral proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our data establish a critical role of hepatic iron concentration on the progression of HCV infection, and are consistent with iron-mediated inactivation of NS5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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Bendova P, Mackova E, Haskova P, Vavrova A, Jirkovsky E, Sterba M, Popelova O, Kalinowski DS, Kovarikova P, Vavrova K, Richardson DR, Simunek T. Comparison of Clinically Used and Experimental Iron Chelators for Protection against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1105-14. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100125t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bendova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Eliska Mackova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Pavlina Haskova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Anna Vavrova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Eduard Jirkovsky
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Martin Sterba
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Olga Popelova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Petra Kovarikova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Katerina Vavrova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Tomas Simunek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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12
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Yu Y, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Siafakas AR, Jansson PJ, Stefani C, Lovejoy DB, Sharpe PC, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR. Thiosemicarbazones from the old to new: iron chelators that are more than just ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5271-94. [PMID: 19601577 DOI: 10.1021/jm900552r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Simůnek T, Stérba M, Popelová O, Adamcová M, Hrdina R, Gersl V. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:154-71. [PMID: 19307704 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiotoxicity is the most serious drawback to the clinical usefulness of anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics, which include doxorubicin (adriamycin), daunorubicin or epirubicin. Nevertheless, these compounds remain among the most widely used anticancer drugs. The molecular pathogenesis of anthracycline cardiotoxicity remains highly controversial, although the oxidative stress-based hypothesis involving intramyocardial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has gained the widest acceptance. Anthracyclines may promote the formation of ROS through redox cycling of their aglycones as well as their anthracycline-iron complexes. This proposed mechanism has become particularly popular in light of the high cardioprotective efficacy of dexrazoxane (ICRF-187). The mechanism of action of this drug has been attributed to its hydrolytic transformation into the iron-chelating metabolite ADR-925, which may act by displacing iron from anthracycline-iron complexes or by chelating free or loosely bound cellular iron, thus preventing site-specific iron-catalyzed ROS damage. However, during the last decade, calls for the critical reassessment of this "ROS and iron" hypothesis have emerged. Numerous antioxidants, although efficient in cellular or acute animal experiments, have failed to alleviate anthracycline cardiotoxicity in clinically relevant chronic animal models or clinical trials. In addition, studies with chelators that are stronger and more selective for iron than ADR-925 have also yielded negative or, at best, mixed outcomes. Hence, several lines of evidence suggest that mechanisms other than the traditionally emphasized "ROS and iron" hypothesis are involved in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and that these alternative mechanisms may be better bases for designing approaches to achieve efficient and safe cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Simůnek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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14
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Simůnek T, Sterba M, Popelová O, Kaiserová H, Adamcová M, Hroch M, Hasková P, Ponka P, Gersl V. Anthracycline toxicity to cardiomyocytes or cancer cells is differently affected by iron chelation with salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:138-48. [PMID: 18536744 PMCID: PMC2527851 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical utility of anthracycline antineoplastic drugs is limited by the risk of cardiotoxicity, which has been traditionally attributed to iron-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The aims of this study were to examine the strongly lipophilic iron chelator, salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), for its ability to protect rat isolated cardiomyocytes against the toxicity of daunorubicin (DAU) and to investigate the effects of SIH on DAU-induced inhibition of proliferation in a leukaemic cell line. Cell toxicity was measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase and staining with Hoechst 33342 or propidium iodide and lipid peroxidation by malonaldehyde formation. KEY RESULTS SIH fully protected cardiomyocytes against model oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide exposure. SIH also significantly but only partially and with no apparent dose-dependency, reduced DAU-induced cardiomyocyte death. However, the observed protection was not accompanied by decreased lipid peroxidation. In the HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukaemia cell line, SIH did not blunt the antiproliferative efficacy of DAU. Instead, at concentrations that reduced DAU toxicity to cardiomyocytes, SIH enhanced the tumoricidal action of DAU. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that iron is most likely involved in anthracycline cardiotoxicity and that iron chelation has protective potential, but apparently through mechanism(s) other than by inhibition of ROS-induced injury. In addition to cardioprotection, iron chelation may have considerable potential to improve the therapeutic action of anthracyclines by enhancing their anticancer efficiency and this potential warrants further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehydes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytoprotection
- Daunorubicin/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrazones/pharmacology
- Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Malondialdehyde/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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15
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Kovaříková P, Vávrová K, Tomalová K, Schöngut M, Hrušková K, Hašková P, Klimeš J. HPLC-DAD and MS/MS analysis of novel drug candidates from the group of aromatic hydrazones revealing the presence of geometric isomers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Kovaříková P, Mrkvičková Z, Klimeš J. Investigation of the stability of aromatic hydrazones in plasma and related biological material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:360-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Szuber N, Buss JL, Soe-Lin S, Felfly H, Trudel M, Ponka P. Alternative treatment paradigm for thalassemia using iron chelators. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:773-85. [PMID: 18456387 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE beta-thalassemia major, or Cooley's anemia, is a red blood cell disorder requiring lifelong blood transfusions for survival. Erythrocytes accumulate toxic iron at their membranes, triggering an oxidative cascade that leads to their premature destruction in high numbers. We hypothesized that removing this proximate iron compartment as a primary treatment, using standard and alternative orally active iron chelators, could prevent hastened red cell removal and, clinically, perhaps alleviate the need for transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Iron chelators of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone family (pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and its analog pyridoxal ortho-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone) were evaluated in addition to the present mainstay, desferrioxamine and deferiprone, in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Treatment of human beta-thalassemic erythrocytes with chelators resulted in significant depletion of membrane-associated iron and reduction of oxidative stress, as evaluated by methemoglobin levels. When administered to beta-thalassemic mice, iron chelators mobilized erythrocyte membrane iron, reduced cellular oxidation, and prolonged erythrocyte half-life. The treated thalassemic mice also showed improved hematological abnormalities. Remarkably, a beneficial effect as early as the erythroid precursor stage was manifested by normalized proportions of mature vs immature reticulocytes. All four compounds were also found to mitigate iron accumulation in target organs, a critical determinant for patient survival. In this respect, pyridoxal ortho-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone displayed higher activity relative to other chelators tested, further diminishing iron in liver and spleen by up to approximately fivefold and twofold, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the ability of iron chelators to improve several of the fundamental pathological disturbances of thalassemia, and reveals their potential for clinical use in diminishing requirement for transfusion when administered early in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Szuber
- Department of Physiology, Medicine, and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Sterba M, Popelová O, Simůnek T, Mazurová Y, Potácová A, Adamcová M, Guncová I, Kaiserová H, Palicka V, Ponka P, Gersl V. Iron chelation-afforded cardioprotection against chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity: A study of salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH). Toxicology 2007; 235:150-66. [PMID: 17459556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-derived aroylhydrazone iron chelators have been previously shown as effective cardioprotectants against chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity. In this study we focused on a novel salicylaldehyde analogue (salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone, SIH), which has been recently demonstrated to possess marked and dose-dependent protective effects against oxidative injury of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, in the present study the cardioprotective potential of SIH against daunorubicin (DAU) cardiotoxicity was assessed in vitro (isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes; DAU 10 microM, 48 h exposure) as well as in vivo (chronic DAU-induced cardiomyopathy in rabbits; DAU 3mg/kg, i.v. weekly, 10 weeks). In vitro, SIH (3-100 microM) was able to partially, but significantly decrease the LDH leakage from cardiomyocytes. In vivo, SIH co-administration was capable to reduce (SIH dose of 0.5mg/kg, i.v.) or even to completely prevent (1.0mg/kg, i.v.) the DAU-induced mortality. Moreover, the latter dose of the chelator significantly improved the left ventricular function (LV dP/dt(max)=1185+/-80 kPa/s versus 783+/-53 kPa/s in the DAU group; P<0.05) and decreased the severity of the myocardial morphological changes as well as the plasma levels of cardiac troponin T. Unfortunately, further escalation of the SIH dose (to 2.5mg/kg) resulted in a nearly complete reversal of the protective effects as judged by the overall mortality, functional, morphological as well as biochemical examinations. Hence, this study points out that aroylhydrazone iron chelators can induce a significant cardioprotection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity; however, they share the curious dose-response relationship which is unrelated to the chemical structure or the route of the administration of the chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sterba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 38, Czech Republic.
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19
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Mrkvicková Z, Kovaríková P, Klimes J, Kalinowski D, Richardson DR. Development and validation of HPLC-DAD methods for the analysis of two novel iron chelators with potent anti-cancer activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1343-51. [PMID: 17166684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-pyridylketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PKIH) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) novel iron chelators which possess marked anti-cancer activity in vivo. However, further progress in the development of these drug candidates requires precise and convenient methods for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate HPLC methods suitable for the purity and stability evaluation of Dp44mT and PKIH and subsequently to employ these methods in stress tests addressing their chemical stability. The chromatographic analyses of both chelators were accomplished via HPLC using a Discovery HSF5 column (25 cm x 4 mm; 5 microm). For separation of Dp44mT and its synthetic precursors, the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of 2 mM EDTA and acetonitrile in a ratio 60:40 (v/v). A desirable separation of PKIH from its synthetic precursors was achieved with a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), methanol and acetonitrile in a ratio of 65:21:14 (v/v/v) with the addition of EDTA (2 mM). In order to confirm the utility of these HPLC methods for measuring these drugs and their stability, Dp44mT and PKIH were subjected to chemical stress tests. These experiments showed that Dp44mT was relatively stable against hydrolytic degradation, but quite sensitive to oxidation. On the other hand, PKIH was slightly sensitive to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, but it was relatively stable under other tested conditions. Furthermore, these studies confirmed the utility of these methods not only for appropriate evaluation of purity but also stability. The analytical methods developed and validated in this study, as well as the basic data on the chemical stability, should further support the development of both these novel anti-cancer chelators as promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Mrkvicková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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20
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Kovaríková P, Klimes J, Sterba M, Popelová O, Gersl V, Ponka P. HPLC determination of a novel aroylhydrazone iron chelator (o-108) in rabbit plasma and its application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 838:107-12. [PMID: 16725389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a biocompatible iron chelator, pyridoxal 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (o-108), in rabbit plasma was developed and validated. The separation was achieved on a C18 column with the mobile phase composed of a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6) with the addition of EDTA (2 mM), methanol and acetonitrile (42:24:14; v/v/v). The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity (0.8-150 microg/mL), intra- and inter-day variability and stability. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the samples obtained from a pilot pharmacokinetic experiment, in which the chelator was administered intravenously to rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kovaríková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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21
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Sterba M, Simůnek T, Mazurová Y, Adamcová M, Popelová O, Kaplanova J, Ponka P, Gersl V. Safety and tolerability of repeated administration of pyridoxal 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone in rabbits. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 24:581-9. [PMID: 16323575 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht571oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, pyridoxal 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (o-108) has been identified as an effective iron chelator [Link et al., Blood 2003; 101: 4172-79]. Since chronic treatment would be necessary in its potential indications, in the present study, the safety and tolerability of this agent after repeated administration was determined. Three doses of o-108 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, in 10% Cremophor EL) were administered intraperitoneally, once weekly, for 10 weeks to three groups (n=5 each) of Chinchilla male rabbits. The effects on biochemical, haematological and cardiovascular parameters were examined during the experiment; histopathological examination was performed at the end of the experiment. Results were compared with control (saline 2 mL/kg, n=11) and vehicle groups (10% Cremophor EL, 2 mL/kg, n=12). No premature deaths occurred; the well-being of animals was evidenced by their body weight gain, although lower gain was observed with the highest dose (100 mg/kg). Significant elevations of cardiac troponin T plasma concentrations were observed with the highest dose of o-108, but no abnormalities were found in the cardiovascular function and only minor and inconsistent changes in haematological and biochemical parameters were observed. Histopathological examinations of selected organs revealed only weak and reversible changes through all studied groups. Thus, the data from this study suggest that o-108 remains a promising drug from the standpoint of the possibility of its repeated administration and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sterba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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22
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Kovaríková P, Mokrý M, Klimes J, Vávrová K. HPLC study on stability of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:105-12. [PMID: 16061341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible iron chelators are currently under extensive investigation as promising drug candidates. Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is a lead compound of the aroylhydrazone group of novel iron chelating agents. In this study, the precise and accurate HPLC analytical methods were used for the stability evaluation of water-soluble PIH salt (PIH x 2HCl) in aqueous media of different pH (2.0, 3.9, 7.0, 9.0 and 12.0) as well as in two selected pharmaceutical co-solvents at both laboratory and elevated (40 degrees C) temperatures. The susceptibility of PIH x 2HCl to oxidative decomposition was studied in the solutions of hydrogen peroxide (3 and 30%). Furthermore, the solid substance of PIH x 2HCl was exposed to UV, dry and wet heat. Our experiments revealed that PIH was considerably sensitive to hydrolytic decomposition in aqueous media, resulting in the splitting of the hydrazone bond. The elevated temperature significantly accelerated the hydrolytic reaction. The lowest rate of hydrolysis of PIH was observed in the phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 and in the pharmaceutical co-solvents (30% PEG-300 and 10% Cremophor EL). No special degradation products were detected in the samples exposed to either hydrogen peroxide or co-solvents. The solid substance of PIH x 2HCl was stable when exposed to UV, dry or wet heat for 33 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kovaríková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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23
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Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. The Evolution of Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Iron Overload Disease and Cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:547-83. [PMID: 16382108 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of iron chelators from a range of primordial siderophores and aromatic heterocyclic ligands has lead to the formation of a new generation of potent and efficient iron chelators. For example, various siderophore analogs and synthetic ligands, including ICL670A [4-[3,5-bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid], 4'-hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin, and Triapine, have been developed from predecessors and illustrate potent iron-mobilizing or antineoplastic activities. This review focuses on the evolution of iron chelators from initial lead compounds through to the development of novel chelating agents, many of which show great potential to be clinically applied in the treatment of iron overload disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta S Kalinowski
- The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Bernhardt PV, Chin P, Sharpe PC, Wang JYC, Richardson DR. Novel diaroylhydrazine ligands as iron chelators: coordination chemistry and biological activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:761-77. [PMID: 16193304 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The search for orally effective drugs for the treatment of iron overload disorders is an important goal in improving the health of patients suffering diseases such as beta-thalassemia major. Herein, we report the syntheses and characterization of some new members of a series of N-aroyl-N'-picolinoyl hydrazine chelators (the H2IPH analogs). Both 1:1 and 1:2 Fe(III):L complexes were isolated and the crystal structures of Fe(HPPH)Cl2, Fe(4BBPH)Cl2, Fe(HAPH)(APH) and Fe(H3BBPH)(3BBPH) were determined (H2PPH=N,N'-bis-picolinoyl hydrazine; H2APH=N-4-aminobenzoyl-N'-picolinoyl hydrazine, H23BBPH=N-3-bromobenzoyl-N'-picolinoylhydrazine and H24BBPH=N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N'-(picolinoyl)hydrazine). In each case, a tridentate N,N,O coordination mode of each chelator with Fe was observed. The Fe(III) complexes of these ligands have been synthesized and their structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization are reported. Five of these new chelators, namely H2BPH (N-(benzoyl)-N'-(picolinoyl)hydrazine), H2TPH (N-(2-thienyl)-N'-(picolinoyl)-hydrazine), H2PPH, H23BBPH and H24BBPH, showed high efficacy at mobilizing 59Fe from cells and inhibiting 59Fe uptake from the serum Fe transport protein, transferrin (Tf). Indeed, their activity was much greater than that found for the chelator in current clinical use, desferrioxamine (DFO), and similar to that observed for the orally active chelator, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (H2PIH). The ability of the chelators to inhibit 59Fe uptake could not be accounted for by direct chelation of 59Fe from 59Fe-Tf. The most effective chelators also showed low antiproliferative activity which was similar to or less than that observed with DFO, which is important in terms of their potential use as agents to treat Fe-overload disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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25
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Simůnek T, Klimtová I, Kaplanová J, Sterba M, Mazurová Y, Adamcová M, Hrdina R, Gersl V, Ponka P. Study of daunorubicin cardiotoxicity prevention with pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone in rabbits. Pharmacol Res 2005; 51:223-31. [PMID: 15661572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Risk of cardiotoxicity is the most serious drawback of the clinical usefulness of anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics, which however, remain among the most powerful and widely employed anticancer drugs. In this study we have used daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rabbits as a model to investigate possible cardioprotective effects of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH)-a principal representative of a novel group of aroylhydrazone iron chelators. Three groups of animals were used: a control group (n=11; i.v. saline), daunorubicin-treated animals (n=11; 3mg/kg, i.v.), and animals pretreated with PIH (n=9, 25 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min before daunorubicin administration. All substances were administered once weekly for 10 weeks. Repeated administration of daunorubicin caused premature death in four animals and induced conspicuous histopathological changes in the myocardium, progressive and significant impairment of systolic heart function (a decrease in left ventricular dP/dt(max), ejection fraction, an increase in the pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time index), and a gradual increase in cardiac troponin T plasma concentrations. On the contrary, all the PIH-treated animals have survived all daunorubicin applications. Furthermore, in this group, the daunorubicin-induced cardiac changes were in most functional, biochemical as well as morphological parameters less pronounced than in the group receiving daunorubicin alone. Hence, PIH and other aroylhydrazones merit further investigation as potentially protective agents against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simůnek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Kovaríková P, Mokrý M, Klime J, Vávrová K. Chromatographic methods for the separation of biocompatible iron chelators from their synthetic precursors and iron chelates. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1503-10. [PMID: 15638159 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic methods have been developed for the separation of the three novel biocompatible iron chelators pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH), salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), and pyridoxal 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (o-108) from their synthetic precursors and iron chelates. The chromatographic analyses were achieved using analytical columns packed with 5 microm Nucleosil 120-5 C18. For the evaluation of all chelators in the presence of the synthetic precursors, EDTA was added to the mobile phase at a concentration of 2 mM. The best separation of PIH and its synthetic precursors was achieved using a mixture of phosphate buffer (0.01 M NaH2PO4, 5 mM 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt; pH 3.0) and methanol (55:45, v/v). For separation of SIH and its synthetic precursors, the mobile phase was composed of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and methanol (60:40, v/v). o-108 was analyzed employing a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), methanol, and acetonitrile (60:20:20, v/v/v). These mobile phases were slightly modified to separate each chelator from its iron chelate. Furthermore, a RP-TLC method has also been developed for fast separation of all compounds. The chromatographic methods described herein could be applied in the evaluation of purity and stability of these drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kovaríková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskéhó 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Le NTV, Richardson DR. Iron chelators with high antiproliferative activity up-regulate the expression of a growth inhibitory and metastasis suppressor gene: a link between iron metabolism and proliferation. Blood 2004; 104:2967-75. [PMID: 15251988 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIron (Fe) is critical for proliferation, but its precise role in cell cycle progression remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanisms involved by assessing the effects of Fe chelators on the expression of molecules that play key roles in this process. In initial studies, gene arrays were used to assess gene expression after incubating cells with 2 Fe chelators, namely, desferrioxamine (DFO) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (311), or the DNA-damaging agent, actinomycin D. From the genes assessed, only the N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (Ndrg1) was specifically up-regulated by Fe chelation. Although the function of Ndrg1 is unclear, previous studies showed it markedly slows tumor growth and acts as a potent metastasis suppressor. Incubation of cells with chelators markedly increased Ndrg1 mRNA and protein expression, but this was not found with their Fe complexes or when the Fe-binding site had been inactivated. Increased Ndrg1 expression following Fe chelation was related to the permeability and antiproliferative activity of chelators and could be reversed by Fe repletion. Moreover, Ndrg1 up-regulation after chelation occurred at the transcriptional level and was mediated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our investigation suggests Ndrg1 is a novel link between Fe metabolism and the control of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia T V Le
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, PO Box 81, High St, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031 Australia
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Fonseca AM, Pereira CF, Porto G, Arosa FA. Red blood cells upregulate cytoprotective proteins and the labile iron pool in dividing human T cells despite a reduction in oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1404-16. [PMID: 14642388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that red blood cells (RBC) promote T cell growth and survival by inhibiting activation-induced T cell death. In the present study, we have examined parameters of oxidative stress and intracellular iron in activated T cells and correlated these data with the expression of ferritin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the transferrin receptor CD71. T cells growing in the presence of RBC had reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidatively modified proteins, suggesting that RBC efficiently counteracted ROS production on the activated T cells. Flow cytometry and immunodetection demonstrated that T cells dividing in the presence of RBC had increased levels of intracellular ferritin rich in L-subunits and HO-1 along with a downmodulation in CD71 expression. Finally, using the fluorescent iron indicator calcein and flow cytometry analysis, we were able to show that a relative amount of the labile iron pool (LIP) was upregulated in T cells growing in the presence of RBC. These findings are consistent with a typical response to iron overload. However, neither heme compounds nor ferric iron reproduced the levels of expansion and survival of T cells induced by intact RBC. Altogether, these data suggest that RBC inhibit apoptosis of activated T cells by a combination of ROS scavenging and upregulation of cytoprotective proteins such as ferritin and HO-1, which may counteract a possible toxic effect of the increased intracellular free iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Fonseca
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
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