1
|
Aldana BI, Zhang Y, Lihme MF, Bak LK, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Hyttel P, Freude KK, Waagepetersen HS. Characterization of energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in cortical glutamatergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel approach to study metabolism in human neurons. Neurochem Int 2017; 106:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
2
|
Berumen LC, Rodríguez A, Miledi R, García-Alcocer G. Serotonin receptors in hippocampus. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:823493. [PMID: 22629209 PMCID: PMC3353568 DOI: 10.1100/2012/823493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is an ancient molecular signal and a recognized neurotransmitter brainwide distributed with particular presence in hippocampus. Almost all serotonin receptor subtypes are expressed in hippocampus, which implicates an intricate modulating system, considering that they can be localized as autosynaptic, presynaptic, and postsynaptic receptors, even colocalized within the same cell and being target of homo- and heterodimerization. Neurons and glia, including immune cells, integrate a functional network that uses several serotonin receptors to regulate their roles in this particular part of the limbic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristina Berumen
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Audigier S, Guiramand J, Prado-Lourenco L, Conte C, Gonzalez-Herrera IG, Cohen-Solal C, Récasens M, Prats AC. Potent activation of FGF-2 IRES-dependent mechanism of translation during brain development. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:1852-64. [PMID: 18676616 PMCID: PMC2525950 DOI: 10.1261/rna.790608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) plays a fundamental role in brain functions. This role may be partly achieved through the control of its expression at the translational level via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mechanism. Transgenic mice expressing a bicistronic mRNA allowed us to study in vivo and ex vivo where this translational mechanism operates. Along brain development, we identified a stringent spatiotemporal regulation of FGF-2 IRES activity showing a peak at post-natal day 7 in most brain regions, which is concomitant with neuronal maturation. At adult age, this activity remained relatively high in forebrain regions. By the enrichment of this activity in forebrain synaptoneurosomes and by the use of primary cultures of cortical neurons or cocultures with astrocytes, we showed that this activity is indeed localized in neurons, is dependent on their maturation, and correlates with endogenous FGF-2 protein expression. In addition, this activity was regulated by astrocyte factors, including FGF-2, and spontaneous electrical activity. Thus, neuronal IRES-driven translation of the FGF-2 mRNA may be involved in synapse formation and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Audigier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U858, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Metastasis-associated Mts1 (S100A4) protein is selectively expressed in white matter astrocytes and is up-regulated after peripheral nerve or dorsal root injury. Glia 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199909)27:3<249::aid-glia6>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Suárez-Fernández MB, Soldado AB, Sanz-Medel A, Vega JA, Novelli A, Fernández-Sánchez MT. Aluminum-induced degeneration of astrocytes occurs via apoptosis and results in neuronal death. Brain Res 1999; 835:125-36. [PMID: 10415367 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which aluminum interacts with the nervous system are only partly understood. In this study, we used cultured astrocytes and neurons to investigate the effects of long exposures to aluminum (1 mM). We found that aluminum accumulated both in neurons and astrocytes. After 8-12 days exposure, aluminum caused strong changes in the morphology of astrocytes including shrinkage of cell bodies and retraction of processes. Exposures over 15-18 days reduced astrocytes viability by 50%. Aluminum-induced degeneration of astrocytes involved the DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis, and staining of aluminum-treated astrocytes with the DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoeschst 33258 revealed the typical apoptotic condensation and fragmentation of chromatin. Aluminum was also found to be neurotoxic, causing first (4-6 days) abnormal clustering and aggregation, and later (8-12 days) neuronal death. Interestingly, aluminum neurotoxicity occurred in neuroglial cultures containing approximately 10% astrocytes but not in near-pure neuronal cultures containing only 1% astrocytes. Staining of co-cultured cells with Hoeschst 33258 showed apoptotic condensation and fragmentation of chromatin in aluminum-treated astrocytes but not in co-cultured neurons. Our study demonstrates that aluminum can induce the apoptotic degeneration of astrocytes, and that this toxicity is critical in determining neuronal degeneration and death. Aluminum-mediated apoptosis of cultured astrocytes may be also a valuable model system to study the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Suárez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vincent VA, Tilders FJ, Van Dam AM. Production, regulation and role of nitric oxide in glial cells. Mediators Inflamm 1998; 7:239-55. [PMID: 9792334 PMCID: PMC1781853 DOI: 10.1080/09629359890929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V A Vincent
- Research Institute Neurosciences Free University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dalmau I, Castellano B, Pedersen EB, Finsen B, Zimmer J, González B. Reduction of the microglial cell number in rat primary glial cell cultures by exogenous addition of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 70:123-9. [PMID: 8898720 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work examined the effects induced by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dB-cAMP) on microglial cells in primary glial cell cultures from newborn rats. Microglial cells were identified by OX42 immunohistochemistry and nucleoside diphosphatase histochemistry. Double staining for astrocytes was carried out by combination with glial fibrillary acidic protein immunolabeling. Addition of 0.25 mM dB-cAMP to the cultures decreased the microglial cell number about sixfold. The findings suggest that the effect of dB-cAMP on the microglial cells might be either a direct action of dB-cAMP on the microglial cells or an indirect effect mediated by the astroglial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Dalmau
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carson MJ, Thomas EA, Danielson PE, Sutcliffe JG. The 5HT5A serotonin receptor is expressed predominantly by astrocytes in which it inhibits cAMP accumulation: a mechanism for neuronal suppression of reactive astrocytes. Glia 1996; 17:317-26. [PMID: 8856328 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199608)17:4<317::aid-glia6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mRNA for the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT5A was detected at embryonic day 18 in the rat central nervous system and peaked by postnatal day 20. At all time points examined, 5-HT5A immunoreactivity observed on astrocyte cell bodies and in the stellate processes not only colocalized with the astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but was coordinately regulated with GFAP, increasing during development and during gliosis. Transfection of 5-HT5A into glioma cells prevented the 5-HT-induced increase in cAMP observed in untransfected cells and decreased the relative forskolin response by approximately 20%, suggesting that the 5-HT5A receptor couples negatively to adenylyl cyclase in astrocytes. Together, these results indicate a neuron-to-astrocyte serotonergic signaling pathway mediating cAMP concentrations, which could provide a neuronally driven mechanism for regulating astrocyte physiology with relevance to gliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Carson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ong WY, Garey LJ, Leong SK, Reynolds R. Localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase in the human cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter--a double immunolabelling and electron microscopic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1995; 24:602-10. [PMID: 7595668 DOI: 10.1007/bf01257375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes in the human cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter were labelled using antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein, or double labelled for glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase, and studied by light and electron microscopy. We described two types of astrocytic processes in an earlier study of human cortex: glial-filament-rich but mitochondria-poor, and filament-poor but mitochondria-rich. The question arose as to whether these were different segments of the same process, or whether the filament-rich processes belonged to a subpopulation of 'fibrous' astrocytes. In the present study no such fibrous astrocytes were found in histologically normal cortex, and all glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cell bodies in the cortex were also glutamine synthetase-positive, and had features of protoplasmic astrocytes. Since the processes of fibrous astrocytes in the white matter seldom extended more than 40-50 microns beyond the cell bodies, they were unlikely to account for the filament-rich astrocytic processes that were observed in the cortex by electron microscopy. The filament-rich but mitochondria-poor, and the filament-poor but mitochondria-rich processes are seen in continuity in the cortex and must therefore both stem from cell bodies with features of protoplasmic astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Y Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sheng JG, Mrak RE, Griffin WS. S100 beta protein expression in Alzheimer disease: potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques. J Neurosci Res 1994; 39:398-404. [PMID: 7884819 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490390406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased synthesis and release of S100 beta protein from activated astrocytes has been implicated in the overgrowth of dystrophic neurites in neuritic plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the quantitative relationships between tissues levels of S100 beta and the numbers of neuritic plaques in AD patients, we counted neuritic plaques, by Tau-2 immunoreactive (Tau-2+) labeling, in tissue sections of hippocampus and adjacent temporal cortex and measured the levels of S100 beta protein, by Western immunoblot labeling, in samples of analogous regions from contralateral hemisphere of the same patients. In AD, tissue levels of S100 beta (two- to fivefold that of controls) were significantly correlated with the number of Tau-2+ plaques (R = 0.82, P < .01). Dual-label immunohistochemical analysis showed that most S100 beta+ cells were activated GFAP+ astrocytes. These results were substantiated by a significant correlation between S100 beta and GFAP tissue levels (R = 0.81, P < .05). Many of the S100 beta+ astrocytes were clustered around and within Tau-2+ plaques. Indeed, no Tau-2+ plaques were found without associated activated S100 beta+ astrocytes. Our findings provide further evidence of a role for S100 beta protein in dysregulation of neurons that leads to apparently nonsensical growth of imperfect neurites in AD, a potential key element in early stages of neuritic plaque pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Sheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Center, Little Rock 72202-3591
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Whittemore SR, Neary JT, Kleitman N, Sanon HR, Benigno A, Donahue RP, Norenberg MD. Isolation and characterization of conditionally immortalized astrocyte cell lines derived from adult human spinal cord. Glia 1994; 10:211-26. [PMID: 8194863 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As an approach to develop both oligodendrocytic and astrocytic cell lines from adult human spinal cord, a cellular preparation of highly enriched oligodendrocytes and their precursors was infected with a replication-deficient retrovirus containing DNA sequences encoding the temperature-sensitive mutant of SV40 large T antigen. Six immortal cell lines were obtained. At both permissive (33 degrees C) and non-permissive (38.5 degrees C) temperatures, all cell lines were positive for vimentin, two demonstrated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity, and none expressed oligodendrocyte or microglial markers. The 2 GFAP-positive cell lines [human spinal cord (HSC)2 and HSC6] were further characterized. Karyotype analysis revealed that both HSC2 and HSC6 cells showed gain of chromosomal material and structural chromosomal abnormalities. However, at non-permissive temperature both cell lines were indistinguishable from primary human astrocytes by a number of criteria. These properties included glutamine synthetase activity, Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake, K+ flux, purine-evoked Ca2+ mobilization and entry, and the ability to support neurite outgrowth from embryonic rat retinal explants. The HSC2 and HSC6 cell lines may prove to be valuable models for studying the physiological properties of adult human astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Whittemore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33136
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ong WY, Garey LJ, Reynolds R. Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase in human cerebral cortical astrocytes--a light and electron microscopic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1993; 22:893-902. [PMID: 7903686 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebral cortex was studied immunocytochemically by light and electron microscopy using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and processes were present in both cortex and white matter, but in contrast glutamine synthetase-positive cells and processes were present only in cortex. Cell bodies which contained glutamine synthetase had typical ultrastructural features of protoplasmic astrocytes. Glutamine synthetase-positive processes were often present near asymmetrical synapses in the neuropil. These processes often contained mitochondria, but not glial filaments, and were different from unlabelled astrocytic processes, which seldom contained mitochondria, but had large numbers of glial filaments. Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity therefore affords a means of distinguishing between these two types of astrocytic processes in the human cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Y Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|