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Ding C, Chen Y, Miao G, Qi Z. Research Advances on the Role of Lipids in the Life Cycle of Human Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:63. [PMID: 38257890 PMCID: PMC10820681 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are emerging pathogens with a significant potential to cause life-threatening harm to human health. Since the beginning of the 21st century, three highly pathogenic and transmissible human CoVs have emerged, triggering epidemics and posing major threats to global public health. CoVs are enveloped viruses encased in a lipid bilayer. As fundamental components of cells, lipids can play an integral role in many physiological processes, which have been reported to play important roles in the life cycle of CoVs, including viral entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. Therefore, research on the role of lipids in the CoV life cycle can provide a basis for a better understanding of the infection mechanism of CoVs and provide lipid targets for the development of new antiviral strategies. In this review, research advances on the role of lipids in different stages of viral infection and the possible targets of lipids that interfere with the viral life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yibo Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Gen Miao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
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2
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Garza KY, Silva AAR, Rosa JR, Keating MF, Povilaitis SC, Spradlin M, Sanches PHG, Varão Moura A, Marrero Gutierrez J, Lin JQ, Zhang J, DeHoog RJ, Bensussan A, Badal S, Cardoso de Oliveira D, Dias Garcia PH, Dias de Oliveira Negrini L, Antonio MA, Canevari TC, Eberlin MN, Tibshirani R, Eberlin LS, Porcari AM. Rapid Screening of COVID-19 Directly from Clinical Nasopharyngeal Swabs Using the MasSpec Pen. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12582-12593. [PMID: 34432430 PMCID: PMC8409149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has created an unprecedent global crisis. While the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard method for detecting active SARS-CoV-2 infection, alternative high-throughput diagnostic tests are of a significant value to meet universal testing demands. Here, we describe a new design of the MasSpec Pen technology integrated to electrospray ionization (ESI) for direct analysis of clinical swabs and investigate its use for COVID-19 screening. The redesigned MasSpec Pen system incorporates a disposable sampling device refined for uniform and efficient analysis of swab tips via liquid extraction directly coupled to an ESI source. Using this system, we analyzed nasopharyngeal swabs from 244 individuals including symptomatic COVID-19 positive, symptomatic negative, and asymptomatic negative individuals, enabling rapid detection of rich lipid profiles. Two statistical classifiers were generated based on the lipid information acquired. Classifier 1 was built to distinguish symptomatic PCR-positive from asymptomatic PCR-negative individuals, yielding a cross-validation accuracy of 83.5%, sensitivity of 76.6%, and specificity of 86.6%, and validation set accuracy of 89.6%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 85.3%. Classifier 2 was built to distinguish symptomatic PCR-positive patients from negative individuals including symptomatic PCR-negative patients with moderate to severe symptoms and asymptomatic individuals, yielding a cross-validation accuracy of 78.4%, specificity of 77.21%, and sensitivity of 81.8%. Collectively, this study suggests that the lipid profiles detected directly from nasopharyngeal swabs using MasSpec Pen-ESI mass spectrometry (MS) allow fast (under a minute) screening of the COVID-19 disease using minimal operating steps and no specialized reagents, thus representing a promising alternative high-throughput method for screening of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyana Y. Garza
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Alex Ap. Rosini Silva
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Jonas R. Rosa
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Michael F. Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Sydney C. Povilaitis
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Meredith Spradlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Pedro H. Godoy Sanches
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Varão Moura
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Junier Marrero Gutierrez
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - John Q. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Rachel J. DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Alena Bensussan
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Sunil Badal
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Danilo Cardoso de Oliveira
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Dias Garcia
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Ap. Antonio
- Integrated Unit of Pharmacology and
Gastroenterology, UNIFAG, Bragança Paulista, Sao Paulo 12916-900,
Brazil
| | - Thiago C. Canevari
- School of Material Engineering and Nanotechnology,
MackMass Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University,
São Paulo, SP 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- School of Material Engineering and Nanotechnology,
MackMass Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University,
São Paulo, SP 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Andreia M. Porcari
- MS4Life Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Health
Sciences Postgraduate Program, São Francisco University,
Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
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3
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Dunina-Barkovskaya AY, Vishnyakova KS. Modulation of the Cholesterol-Dependent Activity of Macrophages IC-21 by CRAC Peptides with Substituted Motif-Forming Amino Acids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES A, MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2020; 14:331-343. [PMID: 33288988 PMCID: PMC7709805 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747820040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activity of many membrane proteins, such as receptors, ionic channels, transporters, and enzymes, is cholesterol dependent; however, mechanisms of the cholesterol-dependent regulation of protein functions remain obscure. Recent studies suggest that membrane proteins can directly interact with cholesterol owing to the presence of the cholesterol-recognizing amino-acid consensus (CRAC) motifs. One of the ways to verify and further develop this notion is a design of CRAC-containing peptides and investigation of their effects on cholesterol-dependent cell functions. Previously we showed that a newly constructed peptide RTKLWEMLVELGNMDKAVKLWRKLKR (peptide P4) containing two CRAC motifs modulates cholesterol-dependent interactions of cultured macrophages IC-21 with 2-μm particles. In this work, in order to clarify the role of CRAC-forming amino acids, we employed the same experimental system to test the activity of peptides closely related to P4 but with modified CRAC motifs. We found that peptide STKLSEMLSELGNMDKASKLSRKLSR (Mut2) analogous to P4, except that all CRAC-forming amino acids (V, W, K/R) were substituted by serine, did not produce any effect in the concentration range 0.5-50 μM corresponding to the range of the P4 activity. Neither was effective peptide RTKLSEMLVELGNMDKAVKLSRKLKR (Mut3), in which only aromatic amino acids (W) of the CRAC motifs were substituted. Peptide STKLWEMLVELGNMDKAVKLWRKLSR (Mut4), in which only cationic amino acids (R/K) in the CRAC motifs were changed, produced almost the same effect as that of peptide P4 with a bell-shape dose-response curve. At low concentrations (1-4 μM) Mut4 notably increased the number of beads per cell, at higher concentrations this parameter diminished, and at 50 μM Mut4 produced a robust toxic effect. Finally, peptide EWGMAVLWERNRKLKKDLKVLKMLRT (Mut1) composed of the same amino acid residues as P4 but in a random order ("scramble") and possessing one CRAC motif, different from that in P4, produced a moderate stimulation at 4-10 μM but was not toxic at 50 μM. As in the case of peptide P4, the effects of Mut4 and Mut1 depended on the cholesterol content in the cell membrane: after the incubation of cells with cholesterol-extracting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin stimulatory effects produced by Mut4 and Mut1 at low doses were suppressed. Our results indicate that CRAC motifs play an important role in the mechanisms of the peptide-induced modulations of cholesterol-dependent cell functions in the experimental system used and that of the three motif-forming amino acids, critical is the presence of the aromatic amino acid (W). Further research is required to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of interactions of CRAC-containing peptides with cell membrane components that lead to modulation of cell functions. We anticipate that CRAC-containing peptides may provide a basis for the development of new tools for directed regulation of the activity of target cholesterol-dependent membrane proteins and for the design of new antimicrobial and immunomodulating drugs in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ya. Dunina-Barkovskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-chemical Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kh. S. Vishnyakova
- Engelgardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119191 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Garrido PF, Calvelo M, Blanco-González A, Veleiro U, Suárez F, Conde D, Cabezón A, Piñeiro Á, Garcia-Fandino R. The Lord of the NanoRings: Cyclodextrins and the battle against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119689. [PMID: 32717282 PMCID: PMC7381410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A handful of singular structures and laws can be observed in nature. They are not always evident but, once discovered, it seems obvious how to take advantage of them. In chemistry, the discovery of reproducible patterns stimulates the imagination to develop new functional materials and technological or medical applications. Two clear examples are helical structures at different levels in biological polymers as well as ring and spherical structures of different size and composition. Rings are intuitively observed as holes able to thread elongated structures. A large number of real and fictional stories have rings as inanimate protagonists. The design, development or just discovering of a special ring has often been taken as a symbol of power or success. Several examples are the Piscatory Ring wore by the Pope of the Catholic Church, the NBA Championship ring and the One Ring created by the Dark Lord Sauron in the epic story The Lord of the Rings. In this work, we reveal the power of another extremely powerful kind of rings to fight against the pandemic which is currently affecting the whole world. These rings are as small as ~1 nm of diameter and so versatile that they are able to participate in the attack of viruses, and specifically SARS-CoV-2, in a large range of different ways. This includes the encapsulation and transport of specific drugs, as adjuvants to stabilize proteins, vaccines or other molecules involved in the infection, as cholesterol trappers to destabilize the virus envelope, as carriers for RNA therapies, as direct antiviral drugs and even to rescue blood coagulation upon heparin treatment. “One ring to rule them all. One ring to find them. One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.” J. R. R. Tolkien.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Garrido
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Martín Calvelo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alexandre Blanco-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Uxía Veleiro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fabián Suárez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Conde
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cabezón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel Piñeiro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Fandino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Bukrinsky MI, Mukhamedova N, Sviridov D. Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:601-610. [PMID: 31615838 PMCID: PMC7193957 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, solid regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, are essential parts of a cell. Functionally, lipid rafts present a platform that facilitates interaction of cells with the outside world. However, the unique properties of lipid rafts required to fulfill this function at the same time make them susceptible to exploitation by pathogens. Many steps of pathogen interaction with host cells, and sometimes all steps within the entire lifecycle of various pathogens, rely on host lipid rafts. Such steps as binding of pathogens to the host cells, invasion of intracellular parasites into the cell, the intracellular dwelling of parasites, microbial assembly and exit from the host cell, and microbe transfer from one cell to another all involve lipid rafts. Interaction also includes modification of lipid rafts in host cells, inflicted by pathogens from both inside and outside the cell, through contact or remotely, to advance pathogen replication, to utilize cellular resources, and/or to mitigate immune response. Here, we provide a systematic overview of how and why pathogens interact with and exploit host lipid rafts, as well as the consequences of this interaction for the host, locally and systemically, and for the microbe. We also raise the possibility of modulation of lipid rafts as a therapeutic approach against a variety of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC 20037
| | | | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia. mailto:
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6
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Dunina-Barkovskaya AY, Vishnyakova KS, Golovko AO, Arutyunyan AM, Baratova LA, Bathishchev OV, Radyukhin VA. Amphipathic CRAC-Containing Peptides Derived from the Influenza Virus A M1 Protein Modulate Cholesterol-Dependent Activity of Cultured IC-21 Macrophages. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:982-991. [PMID: 30208834 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Entry of many viral and bacterial pathogens into host cells depends on cholesterol and/or cholesterol-enriched domains (lipid rafts) in the cell membrane. Earlier, we showed that influenza virus A matrix protein M1 contains amphipathic α-helices with exposed cholesterol-recognizing amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs. In order to test possible functional activity of these motifs, we studied the effects of three synthetic peptides corresponding to the CRAC-containing α-helices of the viral M1 protein on the phagocytic activity of cultured mouse IC-21 macrophages. The following peptides were used: LEVLMEWLKTR (M1 α-helix 3, a.a. 39-49; further referred to as peptide 1), NNMDKAVKLYRKLK (M1 α-helix 6, a.a. 91-105; peptide 2), and GLKNDLLENLQAYQKR (M1 α-helix 13, a.a. 228-243; peptide 3). We found that all three peptides modulated interactions of IC-21 macrophages with non-opsonized 2-µm target particles. The greatest effect was demonstrated by peptide 2: in the presence of 35 μM peptide 2, the phagocytic index of IC-21 macrophages exceeded the control value by 60%; 10-11 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished this effect. Peptides 1 and 3 exerted weak inhibitory effect in a narrow concentration range of 5-10 μM. The dose-response curves could be approximated by a sum of two (stimulatory and inhibitory) components with different Hill coefficients, suggesting existence of at least two peptide-binding sites with different affinities on the cell surface. CD spectroscopy confirmed that the peptides exhibit structural flexibility in solutions. Altogether, our data indicate that amphipathic CRAC-containing peptides derived from the viral M1 protein modulate lipid raft-dependent processes in IC-21 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ya Dunina-Barkovskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Kh S Vishnyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A O Golovko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A M Arutyunyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L A Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O V Bathishchev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - V A Radyukhin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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7
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Ikenouchi J. Roles of membrane lipids in the organization of epithelial cells: Old and new problems. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1-8. [PMID: 30156967 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1502531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells have characteristic membrane domains. Identification of membrane proteins playing an important role in these membrane domains has progressed and numerous studies have been performed on the functional analysis of these membrane proteins. On the other hand, the precise roles of membrane lipids in the organization of these membrane domains are largely unknown. Historically, the concept of lipid raft arose from the analysis of lipid composition of the apical membrane, and it can be said that epithelial cells are an optimal experimental model for elucidating the functions of lipids. In this review, I discuss the role of lipids in the formation of epithelial polarity and in the formation of cell membrane structures of epithelial cells such as microvilli in the apical domain, cell-cell adhesion apparatus in the lateral domain and cell-matrix adhesion in the basal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ikenouchi
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Nishi-ku , Japan.,b AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Tokyo , Japan
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8
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Dou X, Li Y, Han J, Zarlenga DS, Zhu W, Ren X, Dong N, Li X, Li G. Cholesterol of lipid rafts is a key determinant for entry and post-entry control of porcine rotavirus infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:45. [PMID: 29433482 PMCID: PMC5809846 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid rafts are major structural components in plasma membranes that play critical roles in many biological processes including virus infection. However, few reports have described the relationship between lipid rafts and porcine rotavirus (PRV) infection. In this study, we investigated whether or not the locally high concentrations (3–5 fold) of cholesterol present in lipid rafts are required for PRV infection, and further examined which stages of the infection process are most affected. Results When cellular cholesterol was depleted by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), PRV infectivity significantly declined in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was partially reversed upon reintroduction of cholesterol into the system. This was corroborated by the co-localization of PRV with a recombinant, GPI-anchored green fluorescent protein, which functioned as a marker for membranous regions high in cholesterol and indicative of lipid rafts. Changes in virus titer and western blot analyses indicated that depletion of cellular cholesterol with MβCD had no apparent effect on PRV adsorption; however, depletion of cholesterol significantly restricted entry and post-entry of PRV into the cell. Both points of inhibition were restored to near normal levels by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. Conclusions We conclude from these studies that membrane-based cholesterol and in particular that localized to lipid rafts, is an indispensable biomolecule for PRV infection, and that cholesterol-based control of the infection process takes place during entry and immediately post-entry into the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Dou
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Junlan Han
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dante S Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Weijuan Zhu
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Na Dong
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xunliang Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Guangxing Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
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9
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Cellular cholesterol is required for porcine nidovirus infection. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3753-3767. [PMID: 28884395 PMCID: PMC7086867 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are porcine nidoviruses that are considered emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens of pigs that pose a significant economic threat to the global pork industry. Although cholesterol is known to affect the replication of a broad range of viruses in vitro, its significance and role in porcine nidovirus infection remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether cellular or/and viral cholesterol levels play a role in porcine nidovirus infection. Our results showed that depletion of cellular cholesterol by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) dose-dependently suppressed the replication of both nidoviruses. Conversely, cholesterol depletion from the viral envelope had no inhibitory effect on porcine nidovirus production. The addition of exogenous cholesterol to MβCD-treated cells moderately restored the infectivity of porcine nidoviruses, indicating that the presence of cholesterol in the target cell membrane is critical for viral replication. The antiviral activity of MβCD on porcine nidovirus infection was found to be predominantly exerted when used as a treatment pre-infection or prior to the viral entry process. Furthermore, pharmacological sequestration of cellular cholesterol efficiently blocked both virus attachment and internalization and, accordingly, markedly affected subsequent post-entry steps of the replication cycle, including viral RNA and protein biosynthesis and progeny virus production. Taken together, our data indicate that cell membrane cholesterol is required for porcine nidovirus entry into cells, and pharmacological drugs that hamper cholesterol-dependent virus entry may have antiviral potential against porcine nidoviruses.
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10
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Ludwig A, Nguyen TH, Leong D, Ravi LI, Tan BH, Sandin S, Sugrue RJ. Caveolae provide a specialized membrane environment for respiratory syncytial virus assembly. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1037-1050. [PMID: 28154158 PMCID: PMC5358342 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped virus that assembles into filamentous virus particles on the surface of infected cells. Morphogenesis of RSV is dependent upon cholesterol-rich (lipid raft) membrane microdomains, but the specific role of individual raft molecules in RSV assembly is not well defined. Here, we show that RSV morphogenesis occurs within caveolar membranes and that both caveolin-1 and cavin-1 (also known as PTRF), the two major structural and functional components of caveolae, are actively recruited to and incorporated into the RSV envelope. The recruitment of caveolae occurred just prior to the initiation of RSV filament assembly, and was dependent upon an intact actin network as well as a direct physical interaction between caveolin-1 and the viral G protein. Moreover, cavin-1 protein levels were significantly increased in RSV-infected cells, leading to a virus-induced change in the stoichiometry and biophysical properties of the caveolar coat complex. Our data indicate that RSV exploits caveolae for its assembly, and we propose that the incorporation of caveolae into the virus contributes to defining the biological properties of the RSV envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Tra Huong Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Daniel Leong
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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11
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Kolegraff K, Bostik P, Ansari AA. Characterization and Role of Lentivirus-Associated Host Proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:252-63. [PMID: 16514170 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses obtain their envelopes during the process of budding from infected cells. During this process, however, these viruses acquire parts of the host cell membranes and host cell-derived proteins as integral parts of their mature envelopes. These host-derived components of viral envelopes may subsequently exhibit various effects on the life cycle of the virus; virus cell interactions, especially host response to virus-incorporated self-proteins; and the pathogenesis of the disease induced by these viruses. Although it was known for some time that various viruses incorporate host cell-derived proteins, the issue of the role of these proteins has received increased attention, specifically in connection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the analysis and role of host-derived proteins associated with enveloped viruses, with emphasis on the potential role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Clearly, differences in the clinical outcome of those nonhuman primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are disease resistant compared with SIV-infected species that are disease susceptible provide a unique opportunity to determine whether differences in the incorporation of distinct sets of host proteins play a role with distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Kolegraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, WMB Room 2309, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Rana A, Ahmed M, Rub A, Akhter Y. A tug-of-war between the host and the pathogen generates strategic hotspots for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against infectious diseases. Virulence 2015; 6:566-80. [PMID: 26107578 PMCID: PMC4720223 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1062211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens are known to express an array of specific signaling molecules referred as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), which are recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), present on the surface of the host cells. Interactions between PAMPs and PRRs on the surface of the host cells lead to signaling events which could culminate into either successful infection or clearance of the pathogens. Here, we summarize how these events may generate novel host based as well as pathogen based molecular targets for designing effective therapeutic strategies against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Rana
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab; Department of Biotechnology; Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University); New Delhi, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
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13
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Wilson SS, Wiens ME, Smith JG. Antiviral mechanisms of human defensins. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4965-80. [PMID: 24095897 PMCID: PMC3842434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are an effector component of the innate immune system with broad antimicrobial activity. Humans express two types of defensins, α- and β-defensins, which have antiviral activity against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The diversity of defensin-sensitive viral species reflects a multitude of antiviral mechanisms. These include direct defensin targeting of viral envelopes, glycoproteins, and capsids in addition to inhibition of viral fusion and post-entry neutralization. Binding and modulation of host cell surface receptors and disruption of intracellular signaling by defensins can also inhibit viral replication. In addition, defensins can function as chemokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses, revealing an indirect antiviral mechanism. Nonetheless, many questions regarding the antiviral activities of defensins remain. Although significant mechanistic data are known for α-defensins, molecular details for β-defensin inhibition are mostly lacking. Importantly, the role of defensin antiviral activity in vivo has not been addressed due to the lack of a complete defensin knockout model. Overall, the antiviral activity of defensins is well established as are the variety of mechanisms by which defensins achieve this inhibition; however, additional research is needed to fully understand the role of defensins in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason G. Smith
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357735, 1705 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Abbas W, Herbein G. Plasma membrane signaling in HIV-1 infection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1132-42. [PMID: 23806647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane is a multifunctional structure that acts as the initial barrier against infection by intracellular pathogens. The productive HIV-1 infection depends upon the initial interaction of virus and host plasma membrane. Immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages contain essential cell surface receptors and molecules such as CD4, CXCR4, CCR5 and lipid raft components that facilitate HIV-1 entry. From plasma membrane HIV-1 activates signaling pathways that prepare the grounds for viral replication. Through viral proteins HIV-1 hijacks host plasma membrane receptors such as Fas, TNFRs and DR4/DR5, which results in immune evasion and apoptosis both in infected and uninfected bystander cells. These events are hallmark in HIV-1 pathogenesis that leads towards AIDS. The interplay between HIV-1 and plasma membrane signaling has much to offer in terms of viral fitness and pathogenicity, and a better understanding of this interplay may lead to development of new therapeutic approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins - Channels for Cellular Networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Abbas
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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15
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Kataoka C, Kaname Y, Taguwa S, Abe T, Fukuhara T, Tani H, Moriishi K, Matsuura Y. Baculovirus GP64-mediated entry into mammalian cells. J Virol 2012; 86:2610-20. [PMID: 22190715 PMCID: PMC3302255 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06704-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) serves as an efficient viral vector, not only for abundant gene expression in insect cells, but also for gene delivery into mammalian cells. Lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with the baculovirus envelope glycoprotein GP64 have been shown to acquire more potent gene transduction than those with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) envelope glycoprotein G. However, there are conflicting hypotheses about the molecular mechanisms of the entry of AcMNPV. Moreover, the mechanisms of the entry of pseudotyped viruses bearing GP64 into mammalian cells are not well characterized. Determination of the entry mechanisms of AcMNPV and the pseudotyped viruses bearing GP64 is important for future development of viral vectors that can deliver genes into mammalian cells with greater efficiency and specificity. In this study, we generated three pseudotyped VSVs, NPVpv, VSVpv, and MLVpv, bearing envelope proteins of AcMNPV, VSV, and murine leukemia virus, respectively. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which removes cholesterol from cellular membranes, inhibited GP64-mediated internalization in a dose-dependent manner but did not inhibit attachment to the cell surface. Treatment of cells with inhibitors or the expression of dominant-negative mutants for dynamin- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis abrogated the internalization of AcMNPV and NPVpv into mammalian cells, whereas inhibition of caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not. Furthermore, inhibition of macropinocytosis reduced GP64-mediated internalization. These results suggest that cholesterol in the plasma membrane, dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and macropinocytosis play crucial roles in the entry of viruses bearing baculovirus GP64 into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kataoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Yuuki Kaname
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as a surrogate of variola virus (genus Orthopoxvirus), the causative agent of smallpox, to study orthopoxvirus infection. VACV infects cells via attachment and fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. Glycosphingolipids, expressed in multiple organs, are major components of lipid rafts and have been associated with the infectious route of several pathogens. RESULTS We demonstrate that the VACV-WR (VACV Western-Reserve strain) displays no binding to Cer (ceramide) or to Gal-Cer (galactosylceramide), but binds to a natural sulfated derivative of these molecules: the Sulf (sulfatide) 3' sulfogalactosylceramide. The interaction between Sulf and VACV-WR resulted in a time-dependent inhibition of virus infection. Virus cell attachment was the crucial step inhibited by Sulf. Electron microscopy showed that SUVs (small unilamellar vesicles) enriched in Sulf bound to VACV particles. Both the A27 and L5 viral membrane proteins were shown to interact with Sulf, indicating that they could be the major viral ligands for Sulf. Soluble Sulf was successful in preventing mortality, but not morbidity, in a lethal mouse model infection with VACV-WR. CONCLUSIONS Together the results suggest that Sulf could play a role as an alternate receptor for VACV-WR and probably other Orthopoxviruses.
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17
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Three dimensional morphology of rabies virus studied by cryo-electron tomography. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:32-40. [PMID: 21784158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rabies virus (RABV) continues to be a worldwide health problem. RABV contains a single-stranded RNA genome that associates with the nucleoprotein N. The resulting ribonucleoprotein complex is surrounded by matrix protein M, lipid bilayer and glycoprotein G. RABV was reported to organize in bullet-like virions, but the role of each viral component in adopting this morphology is unclear. We present here a cryo-electron tomography study of RABV showing additional morphologies consisting in bullet-like virions containing a tubular, lipidic appendage having G-protein at its apex. In addition, there was evidence for an important fraction of pleomorphic particles. These pleomorphic forms differed in the amount of membrane-associated M-, M/N-protein providing interesting insight into its role in viral morphogenesis. In the absence of membrane-associated M-, M/N-protein viral morphology was almost spherical. Other images, showing straight membrane portions, correlate with the M-protein recruitment at the membrane independently of the presence of the G-protein. The viral membrane was found to contain a negative net charge indicating that M-, M/N-protein-membrane charge attraction drives this interaction.
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Abstract
In their recent publication, Rossman et al. describe how the inherent budding capability of its M2 protein allows influenza A virus to bypass recruitment of the cellular ESCRT machinery enlisted by several other enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including HIV, Ebola, rabies, herpes simplex type 1 and hepatitis B. Studies from the same laboratory and other laboratories indicate that budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles can be mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the absence of M2. These events are also independent of canonical ESCRT components. Understanding how intrinsic properties of these influenza virus proteins permit ESCRT-independent budding expands our understanding of the budding process itself.
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19
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Yin J, Glende J, Schwegmann-Wessels C, Enjuanes L, Herrler G, Ren X. Cholesterol is important for a post-adsorption step in the entry process of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:311-6. [PMID: 20951168 PMCID: PMC7114218 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major constituent of detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs). We localized transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) protein in DRMs in the viral envelope. Though S protein was not solubilized by cold non-ionic detergents, this behavior was unchanged when cholesterol was depleted from viral membrane by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and the protein did not comigrate with cellular DRM marker proteins in flotation analyses. Therefore, the S protein is not anchored in the viral membrane DRMs as they are known to occur in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol depletion from viral membrane may not affect the adsorption process as neither the sialic acid binding activity nor the binding to aminopeptidase N was reduced post-MβCD treatment. Reduced infectivity of cholesterol-depleted TGEV was observed only when the adsorption process occurred at 37 °C but not when the virus was applied at 4 °C. Cholesterol is important for a post-adsorption step, allowing membrane rearrangements that facilitate virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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20
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Das S, Chakraborty S, Basu A. Critical role of lipid rafts in virus entry and activation of phosphoinositide 3′ kinase/Akt signaling during early stages of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in neural stem/progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2010; 115:537-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Up to now less than a handful of viral cholesterol-binding proteins have been characterized, in HIV, influenza virus and Semliki Forest virus. These are proteins with roles in virus entry or morphogenesis. In the case of the HIV fusion protein gp41 cholesterol binding is attributed to a cholesterol recognition consensus (CRAC) motif in a flexible domain of the ectodomain preceding the trans-membrane segment. This specific CRAC sequence mediates gp41 binding to a cholesterol affinity column. Mutations in this motif arrest virus fusion at the hemifusion stage and modify the ability of the isolated CRAC peptide to induce segregation of cholesterol in artificial membranes.Influenza A virus M2 protein co-purifies with cholesterol. Its proton translocation activity, responsible for virus uncoating, is not cholesterol-dependent, and the transmembrane channel appears too short for integral raft insertion. Cholesterol binding may be mediated by CRAC motifs in the flexible post-TM domain, which harbours three determinants of binding to membrane rafts. Mutation of the CRAC motif of the WSN strain attenuates virulence for mice. Its affinity to the raft-non-raft interface is predicted to target M2 protein to the periphery of lipid raft microdomains, the sites of virus assembly. Its influence on the morphology of budding virus implicates M2 as factor in virus fission at the raft boundary. Moreover, M2 is an essential factor in sorting the segmented genome into virus particles, indicating that M2 also has a role in priming the outgrowth of virus buds.SFV E1 protein is the first viral type-II fusion protein demonstrated to directly bind cholesterol when the fusion peptide loop locks into the target membrane. Cholesterol binding is modulated by another, proximal loop, which is also important during virus budding and as a host range determinant, as shown by mutational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schroeder
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
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22
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The lipidomes of vesicular stomatitis virus, semliki forest virus, and the host plasma membrane analyzed by quantitative shotgun mass spectrometry. J Virol 2009; 83:7996-8003. [PMID: 19474104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00635-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although enveloped virus assembly in the host cell is a crucial step in the virus life cycle, it remains poorly understood. One issue is how viruses include lipids in their membranes during budding from infected host cells. To analyze this issue, we took advantage of the fact that baby hamster kidney cells can be infected by two different viruses, namely, vesicular stomatitis virus and Semliki Forest virus, from the Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae families, respectively. We purified the host plasma membrane and the two different viruses after exit from the host cells and analyzed the lipid compositions of the membranes by quantitative shotgun mass spectrometry. We observed that the lipid compositions of these otherwise structurally different viruses are virtually indistinguishable, and only slight differences were detected between the viral lipid composition and that of the plasma membrane. Taken together, the facts that the lipid compositions of the two viruses are so similar and that they strongly resemble the composition of the plasma membrane suggest that these viruses exert little selection in including lipids in their envelopes.
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23
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Importance of cholesterol for infection of cells by transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virus Res 2008; 137:220-4. [PMID: 18727942 PMCID: PMC7114513 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we addressed the question whether cholesterol is important for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a porcine coronavirus, in the initiation of an infection. We found that cholesterol depletion from the cellular membrane by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) significantly impaired the efficiency of TGEV infection. Infectivity was also reduced after depleting cholesterol from the viral envelope. This finding is surprising because coronaviruses bud from a pre-Golgi compartment which is expected to be low in cholesterol compared to the plasma membrane. Addition of exogenous cholesterol resulted in a restoration of the infectivity confirming our conclusion that efficient TGEV infection requires cholesterol in both the viral and the cellular membranes. Our data raise the possibility that the viral and cellular proteins involved in the entry process may be associated with cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
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24
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Lyman MG, Curanovic D, Enquist LW. Targeting of pseudorabies virus structural proteins to axons requires association of the viral Us9 protein with lipid rafts. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000065. [PMID: 18483549 PMCID: PMC2361720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 protein plays a central role in targeting viral capsids and glycoproteins to axons of dissociated sympathetic neurons. As a result, Us9 null mutants are defective in anterograde transmission of infection in vivo. However, it is unclear how Us9 promotes axonal sorting of so many viral proteins. It is known that the glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE are associated with lipid raft microdomains on the surface of infected swine kidney cells and monocytes, and are directed into the axon in a Us9-dependent manner. In this report, we determined that Us9 is associated with lipid rafts, and that this association is critical to Us9-mediated sorting of viral structural proteins. We used infected non-polarized and polarized PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line that acquires many of the characteristics of sympathetic neurons in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In these cells, Us9 is highly enriched in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Moreover, reducing the affinity of Us9 for lipid rafts inhibited anterograde transmission of infection from sympathetic neurons to epithelial cells in vitro. We conclude that association of Us9 with lipid rafts is key for efficient targeting of structural proteins to axons and, as a consequence, for directional spread of PRV from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neurons and cells of the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G. Lyman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dusica Curanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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25
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Desplanques AS, Nauwynck HJ, Vercauteren D, Geens T, Favoreel HW. Plasma membrane cholesterol is required for efficient pseudorabies virus entry. Virology 2008; 376:339-45. [PMID: 18471850 PMCID: PMC7103377 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses comprise closely related viruses of man and animal, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV). Here, using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and fluorescently tagged PRV, we directly show that depletion of cholesterol from the plasma membrane of host cells significantly reduces PRV entry. Cholesterol depletion did not reduce PRV attachment, but stalled virus particles at the plasma membrane before penetration of the cell. Cholesterol depletion results in destabilization of lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane, which have been shown before to be involved in efficient entry of different viruses. A significant fraction of PRV virions appears to localize juxtaposed to GM1, a lipid raft marker, during entry. Together, these data indicate that cholesterol and possibly cholesterol-rich lipid rafts may be important during PRV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Desplanques
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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26
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Rawat SS, Zimmerman C, Johnson BT, Cho E, Lockett SJ, Blumenthal R, Puri A. Restricted lateral mobility of plasma membrane CD4 impairs HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein mediated fusion. Mol Membr Biol 2008; 25:83-94. [PMID: 18097956 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701613713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of receptor mobility on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-triggered fusion using B16 mouse melanoma cells that are engineered to express CD4 and CXCR4 or CCR5. These engineered cells are resistant to fusion mediated CD4-dependent HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Receptor mobility was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using either fluorescently-labeled antibodies or transient expression of GFP-tagged receptors in the cells. No significant differences between B16 and NIH3T3 (fusion-permissive) cells were seen in lateral mobility of CCR5 or lipid probes. By contrast CD4 mobility in B16 cells was about seven-fold reduced compared to its mobility in fusion-permissive NIH3T3 cells. However, a CD4 mutant (RA5) that localizes to non-raft membrane microdomains exhibited a three-fold increased mobility in B16 cells as compared with WT-CD4. Interestingly, the B16 cells expressing the RA5 mutant (but not the wild type CD4) and coreceptors supported HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion. Our data demonstrate that the lateral mobility of CD4 is an important determinant of HIV-1 fusion/entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder S Rawat
- CCRNP, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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27
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Costin JM, Rausch JM, Garry RF, Wimley WC. Viroporin potential of the lentivirus lytic peptide (LLP) domains of the HIV-1 gp41 protein. Virol J 2007; 4:123. [PMID: 18028545 PMCID: PMC2211469 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms by which HIV-1 mediates reductions in CD4+ cell levels in infected persons are being intensely investigated, and have broad implications for AIDS drug and vaccine development. Virally induced changes in membrane ionic permeability induced by lytic viruses of many families contribute to cytopathogenesis. HIV-1 induces disturbances in plasma membrane ion transport. The carboxyl terminus of TM (gp41) contains potential amphipathic α-helical motifs identified through their structural similarities to naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. These sequences have been dubbed lentiviral lytic peptides (LLP) -1, -2, and -3. Results Peptides corresponding to the LLP domains (from a clade B virus) partition into lipid membranes, fold into α-helices and disrupt model membrane permeability. A peptide corresponding to the LLP-1 domain of a clade D HIV-1 virus, LLP-1D displayed similar activity to the LLP-1 domain of the clade B virus in all assays, despite a lack of amino acid sequence identity. Conclusion These results suggest that the C-terminal domains of HIV-1 Env proteins may form an ion channel, or viroporin. Increased understanding of the function of LLP domains and their role in the viral replication cycle could allow for the development of novel HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Costin
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biology, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. S., Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
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28
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Barman S, Nayak DP. Lipid raft disruption by cholesterol depletion enhances influenza A virus budding from MDCK cells. J Virol 2007; 81:12169-78. [PMID: 17855515 PMCID: PMC2169012 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00835-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts play critical roles in many aspects of the influenza A virus life cycle. Cholesterol is a critical structural component of lipid rafts, and depletion of cholesterol leads to disorganization of lipid raft microdomains. In this study, we have investigated the effect of cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) treatment on influenza virus budding. When virus-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were treated with MbetaCD at the late phase of infection for a short duration, budding of virus particles, as determined by protein analysis and electron microscopy, increased with increasing concentrations and lengths of treatment. However, infectious virus yield varied, depending on the concentration and duration of MbetaCD treatment. Low concentrations of MbetaCD increased infectious virus yield throughout the treatment period, but higher concentrations caused an initial increase of infectious virus titer followed by a decrease with a longer duration. Relative infectivity of the released virus particles, on the other hand, decreased with increasing concentrations and durations of MbetaCD treatment. Loss of infectivity of virus particles is due to multiple effects of MbetaCD-mediated cholesterol depletion causing disruption of lipid rafts, changes in structural integrity of the viral membrane, leakage of viral proteins, a nick or hole on the viral envelope, and disruption of the virus structure. Exogenous cholesterol increased lipid raft integrity, inhibited particle release, and partially restored the infectivity of the released virus particles. These data show that disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion caused an enhancement of virus particle release from infected cells and a decrease in the infectivity of virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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Wessels L, Elting MW, Scimeca D, Weninger K. Rapid membrane fusion of individual virus particles with supported lipid bilayers. Biophys J 2007; 93:526-38. [PMID: 17449662 PMCID: PMC1896232 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.097485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses employ low-pH-triggered membrane fusion during cell penetration. Solution-based in vitro assays in which viruses fuse with liposomes have provided much of our current biochemical understanding of low-pH-triggered viral membrane fusion. Here, we extend this in vitro approach by introducing a fluorescence assay using single particle tracking to observe lipid mixing between individual virus particles (influenza or Sindbis) and supported lipid bilayers. Our single-particle experiments reproduce many of the observations of the solution assays. The single-particle approach naturally separates the processes of membrane binding and membrane fusion and therefore allows measurement of details that are not available in the bulk assays. We find that the dynamics of lipid mixing during individual Sindbis fusion events is faster than 30 ms. Although neither virus binds membranes at neutral pH, under acidic conditions, the delay between membrane binding and lipid mixing is less than half a second for nearly all virus-membrane combinations. The delay between binding and lipid mixing lengthened only for Sindbis virus at the lowest pH in a cholesterol-dependent manner, highlighting the complex interaction between lipids, virus proteins, and buffer conditions in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wessels
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Kapadia SB, Barth H, Baumert T, McKeating JA, Chisari FV. Initiation of hepatitis C virus infection is dependent on cholesterol and cooperativity between CD81 and scavenger receptor B type I. J Virol 2006; 81:374-83. [PMID: 17050612 PMCID: PMC1797271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01134-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past several years, a number of cellular proteins have been identified as candidate entry receptors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by using surrogate models of HCV infection. Among these, the tetraspanin CD81 and scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI), both of which localize to specialized plasma membrane domains enriched in cholesterol, have been suggested to be key players in HCV entry. In the current study, we used a recently developed in vitro HCV infection system to demonstrate that both CD81 and SR-BI are required for authentic HCV infection in vitro, that they function cooperatively to initiate HCV infection, and that CD81-mediated HCV entry is, in part, dependent on membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharookh B Kapadia
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sonnino S, Mauri L, Chigorno V, Prinetti A. Gangliosides as components of lipid membrane domains. Glycobiology 2006; 17:1R-13R. [PMID: 16982663 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane components are organized as specialized domains involved in membrane-associated events such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and protein sorting. These membrane domains are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol but display a low protein content. Theoretical considerations and experimental data suggest that some properties of gangliosides play an important role in the formation and stabilization of specific cell lipid membrane domains. Gangliosides are glycolipids with strong amphiphilic character and are particularly abundant in the plasma membranes, where they are inserted into the external leaflet with the hydrophobic ceramide moiety and with the oligosaccharide chain protruding into the extracellular medium. The geometry of the monomer inserted into the membrane, largely determined by the very large surface area occupied by the oligosaccharide chain, the ability of the ceramide amide linkage to form a network of hydrogen bonds at the water-lipid interface of cell membranes, the Delta(4) double bond of sphingosine proximal to the water-lipid interface, the capability of the oligosaccharide chain to interact with water, and the absence of double bonds into the double-tailed hydrophobic moiety are the ganglioside features that will be discussed in this review, to show how gangliosides are responsible for the formation of cell lipid membrane domains characterized by a strong positive curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Sonnino S, Prinetti A, Mauri L, Chigorno V, Tettamanti G. Dynamic and Structural Properties of Sphingolipids as Driving Forces for the Formation of Membrane Domains. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2111-25. [PMID: 16771445 DOI: 10.1021/cr0100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Matrosovich M, Suzuki T, Hirabayashi Y, Garten W, Webster RG, Klenk HD. Gangliosides are not essential for influenza virus infection. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:107-13. [PMID: 16575528 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid is known to be an essential part of influenza virus receptors, but the specific identity of the receptor molecules on target cells is still not defined. In particular, the relative roles played by cellular sialylglycoproteins and gangliosides in virus entry into target cells remain unclear. To test whether gangliosides are essential for virus infection, we used the GM-95 mutant cell line of mouse B16 melanoma which lacks synthesis of major glycosphingolipids including gangliosides. We found that GM-95 cells grown in serum-containing medium harboured substantial amounts of ganglioside receptors for influenza virus due to incorporation of serum gangliosides. To obtain ganglioside-free cells, we adapted GM-95 cells to growth in defined serum-free (sf) medium. Ganglioside-free GM-95-sf cells could be infected by avian and human influenza A viruses and produced infectious virus progeny demonstrating that gangliosides were neither absolutely necessary for the early nor for the late stages of the infection. However, sensitivity of the GM-95-sf cells to the viruses was 2-4 times lower than that of the ganglioside-containing parent cell line. Further studies are needed to specify whether this effect was due to the lack of gangliosides, neutral glycosphingolipids, or other effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Robert Koch str. 17, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Bonaparte MI, Dimitrov AS, Bossart KN, Crameri G, Mungall BA, Bishop KA, Choudhry V, Dimitrov DS, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC. Ephrin-B2 ligand is a functional receptor for Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10652-7. [PMID: 15998730 PMCID: PMC1169237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504887102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) belong to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. They infect cells through a pH-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. Previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for HeV and NiV and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human cell line (HeLa-USU) that was nonpermissive for fusion and virus infection. Here, a microarray analysis was performed on the HeLa-USU cells, permissive HeLa-CCL2 cells, and two other permissive human cell lines. From this analysis, we identified a list of genes encoding known and predicted plasma membrane surface-expressed proteins that were highly expressed in all permissive cells and absent from the HeLa-USU cells and rank-ordered them based on their relative levels. Available expression vectors containing the first 10 genes were obtained and individually transfected into HeLa-USU cells. One clone, encoding human ephrin-B2 (EFNB2), was found capable of rendering HeLa-USU cells permissive for HeV- and NiV-mediated cell fusion as well as infection by live virus. A soluble recombinant EFNB2 could potently block fusion and infection and bind soluble recombinant HeV and NiV attachment glycoproteins with high affinity. Together, these data indicate that EFNB2 serves as a functional receptor for both HeV and NiV. The highly conserved nature of EFNB2 in humans and animals is consistent with the broad tropism exhibited by these emerging zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Bonaparte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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