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Yamori Y, Sagara M, Mori H, Mori M. Stroke-Prone SHR as Experimental Models for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Humans. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112974. [PMID: 36428542 PMCID: PMC9687971 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) develop hypertension and stroke without exception, the prevention or reduction of risk by various nutrients was tested on blood pressure and the mortality caused by stroke and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In addition to sodium (Na) accelerating hypertension and stroke and potassium (K) counteracting the adverse effect of Na, taurine (Tau), rich in seafood, and magnesium (Mg) contained in soy, nuts, grains, etc., were proven to reduce stroke and CVD and improve survival. Therefore, the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study was started in 1985 to explore the association of biomarkers of diet in 24 h urine (24U) with CVD risks, and about 100 males and 100 females aged 48-56 in each of 50 populations were studied until 1995. Linear regression analysis indicated that the 24U Tau/creatinine and Mg/creatinine ratios were inversely associated with body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. In comparison with six Euro-Western regions, 24U Tau and Mg collected from six regions, respectively, in Japan and the Mediterranean countries were significantly higher and were significantly associated with lower CVD risks. Diets rich in Tau and Mg were concluded to be contributory to the prevention of CVD in SHRSP and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Miki Sagara
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Study Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
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Effects of taurine on vascular tone. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1527-1540. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Mori M, Sagara M, Mori H, Yamori Y. Grading of Japanese Diet Intakes by 24-Hour Urine Analysis of Taurine and Soy Isoflavones in Relation to Cardiovascular Risks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:173-184. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shi J, Yang Y, Cheng A, Xu G, He F. Metabolism of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H613-H631. [PMID: 32762559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00220.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the fundamental component of the medial layer of arteries and are essential for arterial physiology and pathology. It is becoming increasingly clear that VSMCs can alter their metabolism to fulfill the bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. During vascular injury, VSMCs switch from a quiescent "contractile" phenotype to a highly migratory and proliferative "synthetic" phenotype. Recent studies have found that the phenotype switching of VSMCs is driven by a metabolic switch. Metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, have distinct, indispensable roles in normal and dysfunctional vasculature. VSMCs metabolism is also related to the metabolism of endothelial cells. In the present review, we present a brief overview of VSMCs metabolism and how it regulates the progression of several vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, systemic hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, and aneurysms, and the effect of the risk factors for vascular disease (aging, cigarette smoking, and excessive alcohol drinking) on VSMC metabolism to clarify the role of VSMCs metabolism in the key pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anying Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Taurine Regulation of Peripheral Hemodynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31468396 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Taurine plays an important role in the modulation of cardiovascular function by acting not only within the brain but also within peripheral tissues. We found that IV injection of taurine to male rats caused hypotension and tachycardia. A single injection of taurine significantly lowered the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure blood pressure in freely moving long Evans control rats. Previousely, we found that the endothelial cells express high levels of taurine transporters and GABAA receptors and showed that taurine activates GABAA receptors. Thus we suggest that the functional implication of GABAA receptors activation is the relaxation of the arterial muscularis, vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Interestingly however, the effects of acute taurine injection were very different that chronic supplementation of taurine. When rats were supplemented taurine (0.05%, 4 weeks) in their drinking water, taurine has significant hypertensive properties. The increase in blood pressure was observed however only in females, males supplemented with taurine did not show an increase in systolic, diastolic or mean arterial pressure. In both genders however, taurine supplementation caused a significant tachycardia. Thus, we suggest that acute administration of taurine may be beneficial to lowering blood pressure. However, our data indicate that supplementation of taurine to females caused a significant increase in blood pressure. It remains to be seen the effect of taurine supplementation on hypertensive rats.
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Ulusoy KG, Kaya E, Karabacak K, Seyrek M, Duvan İ, Yildirim V, Yildiz O. Taurine relaxes human radial artery through potassium channel opening action. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:617-623. [PMID: 29200904 PMCID: PMC5709478 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The vascular actions and mechanisms of taurine were investigated in the isolated human radial artery (RA). RA rings were suspended in isolated organ baths and tension was recorded isometrically. First, a precontraction was achieved by adding potassium chloride (KCl, 45 mM) or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, 30 µM) to organ baths. When the precontractions were stable, taurine (20, 40, 80 mM) was added cumulatively. Antagonistic effect of taurine on calcium chloride (10 µM to 10 mM)-induced contractions was investigated. Taurine-induced relaxations were also tested in the presence of the K+ channel inhibitors tetraethylammonium (1 mM), glibenclamide (10 µM) and 4-aminopyridine (1 mM). Taurine did not affect the basal tone but inhibited the contraction induced by 5-HT and KCl. Calcium chloride-induced contractions were significantly inhibited in the presence of taurine (20, 40, 80 mM) (p<0.05). The relaxation to taurine was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (p<0.05). However, glibenclamide and 4-aminopyridine did not affect taurine-induced relaxations. Present experiments show that taurine inhibits 5-HT and KCl-induced contractions in RA, and suggest that large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels may be involved in taurine-induced relaxation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Gokhan Ulusoy
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - Erkan Kaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gaziantep Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Karabacak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - Melik Seyrek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Duvan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guven Hospital, Ankara 06540, Turkey
| | - Vedat Yildirim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Yildiz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
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Chen W, Guo J, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The beneficial effects of taurine in preventing metabolic syndrome. Food Funct 2016; 7:1849-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A review of the data fromin vitro, animal and limited human studies of the beneficial effects of taurine on obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as the possible metabolic and molecular mechanisms for the prevention of metabolic syndrome by taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Junxia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
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Torres N, Guevara-Cruz M, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Tovar AR. Nutrition and Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:408-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sagara M, Murakami S, Mizushima S, Liu L, Mori M, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Taurine in 24-h Urine Samples Is Inversely Related to Cardiovascular Risks of Middle Aged Subjects in 50 Populations of the World. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:623-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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10
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Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1147-57. [PMID: 24615238 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major impetus behind the rise in energy drink popularity among adults is their ability to heighten mental alertness, improve physical performance and supply energy. However, accompanying the exponential growth in energy drink usage have been recent case reports and analyses from the National Poison Data System, raising questions regarding the safety of energy drinks. Most of the safety concerns have centered on the effect of energy drinks on cardiovascular and central nervous system function. Although the effects of caffeine excess have been widely studied, little information is available on potential interactions between the other active ingredients of energy drinks and caffeine. One of the active ingredients often mentioned as a candidate for interactions with caffeine is the beta-amino acid, taurine. Although taurine is considered a conditionally essential nutrient for humans and is thought to play a key role in several human diseases, clinical studies evaluating the effects of taurine are limited. However, based on this review regarding possible interactions between caffeine and taurine, we conclude that taurine should neutralize several untoward effects of caffeine excess. In agreement with this conclusion, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food published a report in March 2003 summarizing its investigation into potential interactions of the ingredients in energy drinks. At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that "if there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine might reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine." Although these interactions remain to be further examined in humans, the physiological functions of taurine appear to be inconsistent with the adverse cardiovascular symptoms associated with excessive consumption of caffeine-taurine containing beverages.
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11
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The effect of taurine on chronic heart failure: actions of taurine against catecholamine and angiotensin II. Amino Acids 2013; 46:111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Idrissi AE, Okeke E, Yan X, Sidime F, Neuwirth LS. Taurine Regulation of Blood Pressure and Vasoactivity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 775:407-25. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Roysommuti S, Wyss JM. Perinatal taurine exposure affects adult arterial pressure control. Amino Acids 2012; 46:57-72. [PMID: 23070226 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is an abundant, free amino acid found in mammalian cells that contributes to many physiologic functions from that of a simple cell osmolyte to a programmer of adult health and disease. Taurine's contribution extends from conception throughout life, but its most critical exposure period is during perinatal life. In adults, taurine supplementation prevents or alleviates cardiovascular disease and related complications. In contrast, low taurine consumption coincides with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity and type II diabetes. This review focuses on the effects that altered perinatal taurine exposure has on long-term mechanisms that control adult arterial blood pressure and could thereby contribute to arterial hypertension through its ability to program these cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms very early in life. The modifications of these mechanisms can last a lifetime and transfer to the next generation, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms underlie the changes. The ability of perinatal taurine exposure to influence arterial pressure control mechanisms and hypertension in adult life appears to involve the regulation of growth and development, the central and autonomic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin system, glucose-insulin interaction and changes to heart, blood vessels and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Roysommuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand,
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14
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Effects of taurine on contractions of the porcine coronary artery. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Agnol TD, Souza PFAD. Efeitos fisiológicos agudos da taurina contida em uma bebida energética em indivíduos fisicamente ativos. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922009000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Segundo a Secretaria de Vigilância Sanitária do Ministério da Saúde, bebidas energéticas são identificadas como compostos líquidos prontos para o consumo, sendo estas constituídas de carboidratos, taurina, cafeína, glucoronolactona, inositol e vitaminas do complexo B. Existem poucas pesquisas sobre o uso de taurina contida em bebidas energéticas relacionado com a melhora de desempenho. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as respostas metabólicas e hemodinâmicas decorrentes da administração da associação de taurina e cafeína durante teste ergoespirométrico em indivíduos fisicamente ativos. Para esse fim, 20 indivíduos do sexo masculino, 26 ± 4,32 anos e índice de massa corporal 23,79 ± 2,95, praticantes de atividades aeróbicas, foram submetidos a duas sessões de testes em cicloergômetro ligado a analisador metabólico de gases. O esquema das sessões foi duplo- cego e 60 minutos antes do início dos testes foi oferecida bebida experimental ou bebida placebo. Durante os testes, foram mensuradas: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), lactato sanguíneo (Lac), percepção subjetiva de esforço por escala de Borg (PSE), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), consumo de oxigênio no ponto de compensação respiratório (RCP), tempo de exercício (TE) e carga de trabalho (CAR). Para a análise dos dados, foi realizado um teste t pareado (p ≤ 0,05). Na carga de trabalho, os resultados indicaram que houve aumento de 10 watts com a administração da bebida experimental, contudo, sem significância estatística (BE: 342 ± 40,60; P: 332,50 ± 56,83). Os principais resultados deste estudo indicam que a administração de taurina contida em bebida energética não influenciou os resultados das variáveis investigadas. Assim, podemos concluir que a dose de 2g utilizada não foi capaz de aumentar o desempenho.
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Abebe W. Effects of taurine on the reactivity of aortas from diabetic rats. Life Sci 2008; 82:279-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The effect of taurine on mesenteric blood flow and organ injury in sepsis. Amino Acids 2007; 35:403-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Niu LG, Zhang MS, Liu Y, Xue WX, Liu DB, Zhang J, Liang YQ. Vasorelaxant effect of taurine is diminished by tetraethylammonium in rat isolated arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:169-74. [PMID: 17997400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the vasorelaxant effects of taurine have been studied in rabbit ear artery, rat isolated aorta and mesenteric artery, its pharmacological properties in other vascular beds and underlying mechanism(s) are still not well clarified. The present study was designed to observe the effects of taurine on the contractions induced by depolarization and phenylephrine in rat isolated aortic, renal and mesenteric arterial rings, and to get an insight into its mechanism(s). Arterial rings were suspended in organ baths and tension was recorded isometrically. Taurine 20-80 mM produced concentration-dependent relaxations of rat isolated aortic rings precontracted by 30 mM potassium chloride and 1 microM phenylephrine; the maximal relaxation was 17.17+/-3.18% and 22.23+/-1.83% respectively. The relaxation was not affected by 0.1 mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester ester (a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor), 10 microM indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor), 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (a K(V) blocker), 10 muM glibenclamide (a K(ATP) blocker), 1 mM barium chloride (BaCl(2), a K(IR) blocker), and 100 nM iberiotoxin (a BK(Ca) blocker), but was nearly abolished by 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA, a non-selective potassium channel blocker). Preincubation with taurine 20-60 mM did not affect the basal tone but inhibited the contraction induced by phenylephrine, and the inhibitory effect was attenuated by TEA in isolated renal and mesenteric arterial rings. Present experiments show that taurine relaxes contracted rat aorta and inhibits the phenylephrine-induced contraction of renal and mesenteric arteries, and suggest that a mechanism related to potassium channel opening may be involved in the action of taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Gang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China
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Li F, Abatan OI, Kim H, Burnett D, Larkin D, Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ. Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:669-76. [PMID: 16624563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, the efficacy of antioxidant therapy on DPN complicating type 2 diabetes remains unexplored. We therefore determined the ability of the antioxidant taurine to reverse deficits of hind limb sciatic motor and digital sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV), nerve blood flow (NBF), and sensory thresholds in hyperglycemic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Experimental groups comprised lean nondiabetic (ND), ND treated with taurine (ND + T), untreated ZDF diabetic (D), and D rats treated with taurine (D + T). Compared to ND rats, 23%, 15% and 56% deficits of motor NCV, sensory NCV and NBF, respectively as well as thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia were reversed by taurine. An 84% deficit of dorsal root ganglion neuron calcitonin gene-related peptide in D rats was prevented by taurine. In summary, the antioxidant taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in experimental type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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McCarty MF. Up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide activity as a central strategy for prevention of ischemic stroke - just say NO to stroke! Med Hypotheses 2000; 55:386-403. [PMID: 11058418 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the endothelium of cerebral arterioles is an important mediator of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV), and also helps to prevent thrombosis and vascular remodeling. A number of risk factors for ischemic stroke are associated with impaired EDV, and this defect is usually at least partially attributable to a decrease in the production and/or stability of NO. These risk factors include hypertension, high-sodium diets, homocysteine, diabetes, visceral obesity, and aging. Conversely, many measures which may provide protection from ischemic stroke - such as ample dietary intakes of potassium, arginine, fish oil, and selenium - can have a favorable impact on EDV. Protection afforded by exercise training, estrogen replacement, statin drugs, green tea polyphenols, and cruciferous vegetables may reflect increased expression of the endothelial NO synthase. IGF-I activity stimulates endothelial NO production, and conceivably is a mediator of the protection associated with higher-protein diets in Japanese epidemiology and in hypertensive rats. These considerations prompt the conclusion that modulation of NO availability is a crucial determinant of risk for ischemic stroke. Multifactorial strategies for promoting effective cerebrovascular NO activity, complemented by measures that stabilize platelets and moderate blood viscosity, should minimize risk for ischemic stroke and help maintain vigorous cerebral perfusion into ripe old age. The possibility that such measures will also diminish risk for Alzheimer's disease, and slow the normal age-related decline in mental acuity, merits consideration. A limited amount of ecologic epidemiology suggests that both stroke and senile dementia may be extremely rare in cultures still consuming traditional unsalted whole-food diets. Other lines of evidence suggest that promotion of endothelial NO activity may decrease risk for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McCarty
- Pantox Laboratories, San Diego, California 92109, USA
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