1
|
Sun Y, Tan L, Neuman RI, Broekhuizen M, Schoenmakers S, Lu X, Danser AHJ. Megalin, Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Healthy and Pre-Eclamptic Placentas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147407. [PMID: 34299027 PMCID: PMC8306182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) is increased in pre-eclampsia. The proton pump inhibitor (PPI) lowers sFlt-1, while angiotensin increases it. To investigate whether PPIs lower sFlt-1 by suppressing placental renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity, we studied gene expression and protein abundance of RAS components, including megalin, a novel endocytic receptor for prorenin and renin, in placental tissue obtained from healthy pregnant women and women with early-onset pre-eclampsia. Renin, ACE, ACE2, and the angiotensin receptors were expressed at identical levels in healthy and pre-eclamptic placentas, while both the (pro)renin receptor and megalin were increased in the latter. Placental prorenin levels were upregulated in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Angiotensinogen protein, but not mRNA, was detectable in placental tissue, implying that it originates from maternal blood. Ex vivo placental perfusion revealed a complete washout of angiotensinogen, while prorenin release remained constant. The PPI esomeprazole dose-dependently reduced megalin/(pro)renin receptor-mediated renin uptake in Brown Norway yolk sac epithelial cells and decreased sFlt-1 secretion from placental villous explants. Megalin inhibition blocked angiotensinogen uptake in epithelial cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that placental RAS activity depends on angiotensinogen taken up from the maternal systemic circulation. PPIs might interfere with placental (pro)renin-AGT uptake/transport, thereby reducing angiotensin formation as well as angiotensin-induced sFlt-1 synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (L.T.); (R.I.N.); (M.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Health Science Center, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China;
| | - Lunbo Tan
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (L.T.); (R.I.N.); (M.B.)
- Health Science Center, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China;
| | - Rugina I. Neuman
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (L.T.); (R.I.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Michelle Broekhuizen
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (L.T.); (R.I.N.); (M.B.)
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Health Science Center, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China;
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (L.T.); (R.I.N.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-7043540
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiegel RE, von Versen-Höynck F, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Steegers EAP, Danser AHJ. Prorenin periconceptionally and in pregnancy: Does it have a physiological role? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111281. [PMID: 33878417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy demands major cardiovascular, renal and endocrine changes to provide an adequate blood supply for the growing fetus. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in this adaptation process. One of its components, prorenin, is released in significant amounts from the ovary and uteroplacental unit. This review describes the sources of prorenin in the periconception period and in pregnancy, including its modulation by in-vitro fertilization protocols, and discusses its potential effects, among others focusing on preeclampsia. It ends with discussing the long-term consequences, even in later life, of inappropriate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in pregnancy and offers directions for future research. Ultimately, a full understanding of the role of prorenin periconceptionally and during pregnancy will help to develop tools to diagnose and/or prevent reproductive complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalieke E Wiegel
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eric A P Steegers
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiegel RE, von Versen-Höynck F, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Steegers EAP, Danser AHJ. Prorenin periconceptionally and in pregnancy: Does it have a physiological role? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111118. [PMID: 33340569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy demands major cardiovascular, renal and endocrine changes to provide an adequate blood supply for the growing fetus. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in this adaptation process. One of its components, prorenin, is released in significant amounts from the ovary and uteroplacental unit. This review describes the sources of prorenin in the periconception period and in pregnancy, including its modulation by in-vitro fertilization protocols, and discusses its potential effects, among others focusing on preeclampsia. It ends with discussing the long-term consequences, even in later life, of inappropriate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in pregnancy and offers directions for future research. Ultimately, a full understanding of the role of prorenin periconceptionally and during pregnancy will help to develop tools to diagnose and/or prevent reproductive complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalieke E Wiegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lumbers ER, Delforce SJ, Arthurs AL, Pringle KG. Causes and Consequences of the Dysregulated Maternal Renin-Angiotensin System in Preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:563. [PMID: 31551925 PMCID: PMC6746881 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy pregnancy outcome depends on the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as a regulated, integrated response to the growing demands of the conceptus. Both the circulating RAAS and the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) play major roles in cardiovascular function and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The circulating RAAS becomes dysfunctional in preeclampsia and we propose that dysregulation of the iRAS plays a role in development of the clinical syndrome known as preeclampsia. Experimental studies in animals have shown that placental renin, when released into the maternal circulation, can cause hypertension. We postulate that abnormal placental development is associated with over-secretion of renin and other RAS proteins/angiotensin (Ang) peptides by the placenta/decidua into the maternal circulation. We hypothesise that this is because of increased shedding of exosomes and other placental particles into the maternal circulation that not only contain RAS proteins and peptides but also microRNAs (miRNAs) that target RAS mRNAs, and Ang II type 1 receptor autoantibodies (AT1R-AAs), that are agonists for, and have the same actions as, Ang II. As a result, there is both suppression of the circulating RAAS that is responsible for maintaining maternal homeostasis and activation of the iRAS. Together with altered vascular reactivity to Ang peptides, the iRAS causes hypertension, renal damage and secondary changes in the neurohumoral control of the maternal circulation and fluid and electrolyte balance, which contribute to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Eugenie R. Lumbers
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
| | - Anya L. Arthurs
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Delforce SJ, Wang Y, Van-Aalst ME, Corbisier de Meaultsart C, Morris BJ, Broughton-Pipkin F, Roberts CT, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Effect of oxygen on the expression of renin-angiotensin system components in a human trophoblast cell line. Placenta 2015; 37:1-6. [PMID: 26748156 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During the first trimester, normal placental development occurs in a low oxygen environment that is known to stimulate angiogenesis via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Expression of the placental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highest in early pregnancy. While the RAS and oxygen both stimulate angiogenesis, how they interact within the placenta is unknown. We postulated that low oxygen increases expression of the proangiogenic RAS pathway and that this is associated with increased VEGF in a first trimester human trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/SVneo). HTR-8/SVneo cells were cultured in one of three oxygen tensions (1%, 5% and 20%). RAS and VEGF mRNA expression were determined by qPCR. Prorenin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and VEGF protein levels in the supernatant, as well as prorenin and ACE in cell lysates, were measured using ELISAs. Low oxygen significantly increased the expression of both angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) and VEGF (both P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between AGTR1 and VEGF expression at low oxygen (r = 0.64, P < 0.005). Corresponding increases in VEGF protein were observed with low oxygen (P < 0.05). Despite no change in ACE1 mRNA expression, ACE levels in the supernatant increased with low oxygen (1% and 5%, P < 0.05). Expression of other RAS components did not change. Low oxygen increased AGTR1 and VEGF expression, as well as ACE and VEGF protein levels, suggesting that the proangiogenic RAS pathway is activated. This highlights a potential role for the placental RAS in mediating the proangiogenic effects of low oxygen in placental development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meg E Van-Aalst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Corbisier de Meaultsart
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Broughton-Pipkin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campitiello MR, De Franciscis P, Mele D, Izzo G, Sinisi A, Delrio G, Colacurci N. Endometrial LGR7 expression during menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2511-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
The Placenta Contributes to Activation of the Renin Angiotensin System in Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome. Placenta 2008; 29:734-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Hayes ES. Biology of primate relaxin: a paracrine signal in early pregnancy? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:36. [PMID: 15200675 PMCID: PMC449733 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin is a peptide hormone that exerts numerous effects in a variety of tissues across a broad range of species. Although first identified more than 75 years ago interest in relaxin biology has waxed and waned over the years consistent with peaks and troughs of new experimental data on its wide-ranging biological effects and advances in relaxin enabling technologies. Recent insights into species-dependent differences in relaxin biology during pregnancy have once again stimulated a relative surge of interest in the study of relaxin's reproductive biology. Identification and pharmacological characterization of orphaned relaxin receptors and exploration of its paracrine effects on pregnancy using genomic and proteomic technologies have succeeded in fueling current interest in relaxin research. Primates and non-primate vertebrates exhibit very disparate profiles of relaxin genomics, proteomics and functional biology. Non-human primates appear to exhibit a very close similarity to humans with respect to relaxin reproductive biology but the similarities and subtle differences are only just beginning to be understood. We, and others, have shown that relaxin produces significant changes to the non-human primate endometrium during the peri-implantation period that are consistent with relaxin's long perceived role as a paracrine modulator of pregnancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the reproductive biology of relaxin in non-human primates with a specific emphasis on the paracrine role of ovarian and endometrial relaxin during embryo implantation and early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Hayes
- The Washington National Primate Research Center, The University of Washington, Box 357331, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schauser KH, Nielsen AH, Winther H, Dantzer V, Poulsen K. Autoradiographic localization and characterization of angiotensin II receptors in the bovine placenta and fetal membranes. Biol Reprod 1998; 59:684-92. [PMID: 9716570 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod59.3.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoradiography and angiotensin (Ang) II receptor binding studies showed that all parts of the bovine placenta and fetal membranes contained high densities of Ang II receptors throughout gestation. The receptors were predominantly subtype 2 (AT2) receptors in the fetal and subtype 1 (AT1) receptors in the maternal compartment. In the allantoamnionic membrane, Ang II receptors were evenly distributed in the mesenchymal tissue, with the highest expression around the few arteries. In the intercotyledonary and cotyledonary allantochorionic membrane, AT2 receptors as well as the less-expressed AT1 receptors were located on mesenchymal cells, especially adjacent to the allantoic endoderm, trophoblast cell layer, and arteries. In the mesenchymal tissue of the placentome, Ang II receptors were mostly expressed at the main branches of the fetal villi of the cotyledons. In the maternal part of the placentome, mainly AT1 receptors but also low densities of AT2 receptors and non-AT1/non-AT2 Ang II binding sites were found close to the stalk and at the main branches of the maternal crypts. Autoradiography revealed no changes in the pattern of distribution of the Ang II receptors throughout gestation. It is suggested that Ang II has an effect on regulatory as well as growth processes in these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Schauser
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The human placenta and related tissues are considered to be examples of the recently accepted local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS). The brain is another example of a system that is thought to be regulated independently of the kidney and the role of angiotensin within the CNS as a neural mediator has drawn considerable attention. It has been known for a long time that many of the neuroendocrine mediators and receptors are expressed in the placenta and it has been suggested that there are many parallels between the classical neuroendocrine system and the placental one. The present review summarizes information that components of the RAS are expressed in uteroplacental tissues, are regulated by endogenous substances, and have important biological functions within this reproductive system. A comparison of similarities and differences between the classical and the placental RAS may provide clues to functions in other endocrine and neuroendocrine systems. The major components of the placental RAS that are considered are renin, prorenin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin receptors, and angiotensinogen (renin substrate). The factors that regulate these components at the cellular and the nuclear level are described. It is concluded that prorenin via angiotensin-dependent and angiotensin-independent mechanisms influences functions within uteroplacental tissues. Some of these actions are direct and others are mediated by the release of different signalling molecules. These features are similar to many neuroendocrine systems and utilize some of the same messengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Poisner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- D B Lee
- Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jikihara H, Handwerger S, Poisner AM. Beta-adrenergic regulation of renin expression in differentiated U-937 monocytic cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1883-8. [PMID: 9256163 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratories demonstrated that human decidual macrophages and peripheral mononuclear cells express renin. In the present study, we found that U-937 monocytes, induced to differentiate into macrophage-like cells by treatment with phorbol dibutyrate (PDBU), express renin mRNA and release renin (95%, of which is in the form of prorenin). Treatment of these PDBU-exposed cells with dibutyryl-cAMP (1 mM) caused a 20-fold increase in renin mRNA and a 10-fold increase in prorenin release. Forskolin (10 microM), an activator of adenylyl cyclase, and terbutaline (100 microM), a beta2-adrenergic agonist known to increase cAMP levels, also increased renin mRNA and prorenin release. The secretory response to terbutaline was potentiated by the type IV cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor Ro 20-1724 (50 microM). Angiotensin II agonist inhibited the stimulatory effect of terbutaline on renin secretion as did the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma. Since other studies have shown that U-937 cells possess beta2-adrenergic receptors and express mainly the type IV PDE, the present findings strongly suggest that beta-adrenergic receptors in mononuclear cells are coupled to renin expression via the cAMP transduction pathway. The results support a possible role for the renin-angiotensin system in macrophage function and suggest potential autocrine regulatory mechanisms in prorenin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jikihara
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Medical Center and Perinatal Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|