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Sindhu S, Leung YH, Arefanian H, Madiraju SRM, Al‐Mulla F, Ahmad R, Prentki M. Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 and cardiometabolic diseases. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13248. [PMID: 33738905 PMCID: PMC8365731 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, in particular ceramides, play vital role in pathophysiological processes linked to metabolic syndrome, with implications in the development of insulin resistance, pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cancer. Ceramides are produced by the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, catalyzed by different sphingomyelinases, including neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), whose dysregulation appears to underlie many of the inflammation-related pathologies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the biochemistry of nSMase2 and ceramide production and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines, with particular reference to cardiometabolic diseases. nSMase2 contribution to pathogenic processes appears to involve cyclical feed-forward interaction with proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1ß, which activate nSMase2 and the production of ceramides, that in turn triggers the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines. We elaborate these pathogenic interactions at the molecular level and discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of inhibiting nSMase2 against inflammation-driven cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Sindhu
- Animal and Imaging core facilityDasman Diabetes InstituteDasmanKuwait
| | - Yat Hei Leung
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of MontrealMontréalQuebecCanada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Hossein Arefanian
- Immunology and Microbiology DepartmentDasman Diabetes InstituteDasmanKuwait
| | - S. R. Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of MontrealMontréalQuebecCanada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Fahd Al‐Mulla
- Department of Genetics and BioinformaticsDasman Diabetes InstituteDasmanKuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology DepartmentDasman Diabetes InstituteDasmanKuwait
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of MontrealMontréalQuebecCanada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
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Altered Levels of Sphingosine, Sphinganine and Their Ceramides in Atopic Dermatitis Are Related to Skin Barrier Function, Disease Severity and Local Cytokine Milieu. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061958. [PMID: 32183011 PMCID: PMC7139865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional skin barrier plays a key role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common inflammatory skin disease. Altered composition of ceramides is regarded as a major cause of skin barrier dysfunction, however it is not clear whether these changes are intrinsic or initiated by inflammation and aberrant immune response in AD. This study investigated the levels of free sphingoid bases (SBs) sphingosine and sphinganine and their ceramides and glucosylceramide in the stratum corneum (SC) and related them to skin barrier function, disease severity and local cytokine milieu. Ceramides were measured in healthy skin, and lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients by a novel method based on deacylation of ceramides which were subsequently determined as corresponding sphingoid bases by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The cytokine levels were determined by multiplex immunoassay. Atopic skin showed increased levels of most investigated markers, predominantly in lesional skin. The largest difference in respect to healthy skin was found for glucosylceramide with respective median values of 0.23 (IQR 0.18–0.61), 0.56 (IQR 0.32–0.76) and 19.32 (IQR 7.86–27.62) pmol/µg protein for healthy, non-lesional and lesional skin. The levels of investigated ceramide markers were correlated with disease severity (scoring atopic dermatitis, SCORAD) and skin barrier function (trans-epidermal water loss, TEWL) and furthermore with cytokines involved in innate, Th-1, and Th-2 immune response. Interestingly, the strongest association with SCORAD was found for sphinganine/sphingosine ratio (r = ‒0.69, p < 0.001; non-lesional skin), emphasizing the importance of SBs in AD. The highest correlation with TEWL was found for glucosylceramide (r2 = 0.60, p < 0.001), which was investigated for the first time in AD. Findings that the changes in SBs and ceramide levels were predominant in lesional skin and their association with disease severity and cytokine levels suggest an immune-system driven effect. A novel analysis method demonstrates a robust and simple approach that might facilitate wider use of lipid biomarkers in the clinics e.g., to monitor (immune) therapy or dissect disease endotypes.
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Yun SH, Sim EH, Han SH, Han JY, Kim SH, Silchenko AS, Stonik VA, Park JI. Holotoxin A₁ Induces Apoptosis by Activating Acid Sphingomyelinase and Neutral Sphingomyelinase in K562 and Human Primary Leukemia Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16040123. [PMID: 29642569 PMCID: PMC5923410 DOI: 10.3390/md16040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine triterpene glycosides are attractive candidates for the development of anticancer agents. Holotoxin A1 is a triterpene glycoside found in the edible sea cucumber, Apostichopus (Stichopus) japonicus. We previously showed that cladoloside C2, the 25(26)-dihydro derivative of holotoxin A1, induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells by activating ceramide synthase 6. Thus, we hypothesized that holotoxin A1, which is structurally similar to cladoloside C2, might induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells through the same molecular mechanism. In this paper, we compared holotoxin A1 and cladoloside C2 for killing potency and mechanism of action. We found that holotoxin A1 induced apoptosis more potently than cladoloside C2. Moreover, holotoxin A1-induced apoptosis in K562 cells by activating caspase-8 and caspase-3, but not by activating caspase-9. During holotoxin A1 induced apoptosis, acid sphingomyelinase (SMase) and neutral SMase were activated in both K562 cells and human primary leukemia cells. Specifically inhibiting acid SMase and neutral SMаse with chemical inhibitors or siRNAs significantly inhibited holotoxin A1–induced apoptosis. These results indicated that holotoxin A1 might induce apoptosis by activating acid SMase and neutral SMase. In conclusion, holotoxin A1 represents a potential anticancer agent for treating leukemia. Moreover, the aglycone structure of marine triterpene glycosides might affect the mechanism involved in inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Eun-Hye Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Sang-Heum Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Alexandra S Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
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Yun SH, Sim EH, Han SH, Kim TR, Ju MH, Han JY, Jeong JS, Kim SH, Silchenko AS, Stonik VA, Park JI. In vitro and in vivo anti-leukemic effects of cladoloside C 2 are mediated by activation of Fas/ceramide synthase 6/p38 kinase/c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase/caspase-8. Oncotarget 2017; 9:495-511. [PMID: 29416631 PMCID: PMC5787484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the quinovose-containing hexaoside stichoposide C (STC) is a more potent anti-leukemic agent than the glucose-containing stichoposide D (STD), and that these substances have different molecular mechanisms of action. In the present study, we investigated the novel marine triterpene glycoside cladoloside C2 from Cladolabes schmeltzii, which has the same carbohydrate moiety as STC. We assessed whether cladoloside C2 could induce apoptosis in K562 and HL-60 cells. We also evaluated whether it showed antitumor action in mouse leukemia xenograft models, and its molecular mechanisms of action. We investigated the molecular mechanism behind cladoloside C2-induced apoptosis of human leukemia cells, and examined the antitumor effect of cladoloside C2 in a HL-60 and K562 leukemia xenograft model. Cladoloside C2 dose- and time-dependently induced apoptosis in the analyzed cells, and led to the activation of Fas/ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6)/p38 kinase/JNK/caspase-8. This cladoloside C2-induced apoptosis was partially blocked by specific inhibition by Fas, CerS6, and p38 siRNA transfection, and by specific inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or dominant negative-JNK transfection. Cladoloside C2 exerted antitumor activity through the activation of Fas/CerS6/p38 kinase/JNK/caspase-8 without showing any toxicity in xenograft mouse models. The antitumor effect of cladoloside C2 was reversed in CerS6 shRNA-silenced xenograft models. Our results suggest that cladoloside C2 has in vitro and in vivo anti-leukemic effects due to the activation of Fas/CerS6/p38 kinase/JNK/caspase-8 in lipid rafts. These findings support the therapeutic relevance of cladoloside C2 in the treatment of human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heum Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Tae-Rang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ha Ju
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Alexandra S Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Yun SH, Shin SW, Stonik VA, Park JI. Ceramide as a Target of Marine Triterpene Glycosides for Treatment of Human Myeloid Leukemia. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14110205. [PMID: 27827870 PMCID: PMC5128748 DOI: 10.3390/md14110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous myeloid clonal disorder exhibiting the accumulation of immature myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Standard AML therapy requires intensive combination chemotherapy, which leads to significant treatment-related toxicity. The search for new, low toxic marine agents, inducing the generation of ceramide in leukemic cells is a new approach to improve the therapy of leukemia. This review focuses on the metabolism of sphingolipids, the role of ceramide in treating leukemia, and the antitumor activity, related to ceramide metabolism, of some marine metabolites, particularly stichoposides, triterpene glycosides extracted from sea cucumbers of the family Stichopodiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Sung-Won Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far East Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-Gu, Busan 49201, Korea.
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A High Temperature-Dependent Mitochondrial Lipase EXTRA GLUME1 Promotes Floral Phenotypic Robustness against Temperature Fluctuation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006152. [PMID: 27367609 PMCID: PMC4930220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sessile plants have evolved diverse intrinsic mechanisms to control their proper development under variable environments. In contrast to plastic vegetative development, reproductive traits like floral identity often show phenotypic robustness against environmental variations. However, it remains obscure about the molecular basis of this phenotypic robustness. In this study, we found that eg1 (extra glume1) mutants of rice (Oryza savita L.) showed floral phenotypic variations in different growth locations resulting in a breakdown of floral identity robustness. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that EG1 encodes a predominantly mitochondria-localized functional lipase and functions in a high temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that numerous environmentally responsive genes including many floral identity genes are transcriptionally repressed in eg1 mutants and OsMADS1, OsMADS6 and OsG1 genetically act downstream of EG1 to maintain floral robustness. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EG1 promotes floral robustness against temperature fluctuation by safeguarding the expression of floral identify genes through a high temperature-dependent mitochondrial lipid pathway and uncovers a novel mechanistic insight into floral developmental control.
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Unravelling polar lipids dynamics during embryonic development of two sympatric brachyuran crabs (Carcinus maenas and Necora puber) using lipidomics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14549. [PMID: 26419891 PMCID: PMC4588508 DOI: 10.1038/srep14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis is an important stage of marine invertebrates with bi-phasic life cycles, as it conditions their larval and adult life. Throughout embryogenesis, phospholipids (PL) play a key role as an energy source, as well as constituents of biological membranes. However, the dynamics of PL during embryogenesis in marine invertebrates is still poorly studied. The present work used a lipidomic approach to determine how polar lipid profiles shift during embryogenesis in two sympatric estuarine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Necora puber. The combination of thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed us to achieve an unprecedented resolution on PL classes and molecular species present on newly extruded embryos (stage 1) and those near hatching (stage 3). Embryogenesis proved to be a dynamic process, with four PL classes being recorded in stage 1 embryos (68 molecular species in total) and seven PL classes at stage 3 embryos (98 molecular species in total). The low interspecific difference recorded in the lipidomic profiles of stage 1 embryos appears to indicate the existence of similar maternal investment. The same pattern was recorded for stage 3 embryos revealing a similar catabolism of embryonic resources during incubation for both crab species.
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Park JI, Bae HR, Kim CG, Stonik VA, Kwak JY. Relationships between chemical structures and functions of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers. Front Chem 2014; 2:77. [PMID: 25250309 PMCID: PMC4159031 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine triterpene glycosides have in vitro and in vivo activities with very low toxicity, suggesting that they are suitable agents for the prevention and treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of natural marine compounds in cancer, immune, and other various cells are not fully known. This review focuses on the structural characteristics of marine triterpene glycosides and how these affect their biological activities and molecular mechanisms. In particular, the membranotropic and membranolytic activities of frondoside A and cucumariosides from sea cucumbers and their ability to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis have been discussed, with a focus on structure-activity relationships. In addition, the structural characteristics and antitumor effects of stichoposide C and stichoposide D have been reviewed along with underlying their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Hae-Rahn Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Chang Gun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
- Immune-Network Pioneer Research Center, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- The Laboratory of Chemistry of Marine Natural Products, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of ScienceVladivostok, Russia
| | - Jong-Young Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
- Immune-Network Pioneer Research Center, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
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Yun SH, Park ES, Shin SW, Na YW, Han JY, Jeong JS, Shastina VV, Stonik VA, Park JI, Kwak JY. Stichoposide C induces apoptosis through the generation of ceramide in leukemia and colorectal cancer cells and shows in vivo antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 18:5934-48. [PMID: 23132899 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Marine triterpene glycosides that are physiologically active natural compounds isolated from sea cucumbers (holothurians) and sponges have antifungal, cytotoxic, and antitumor activities, whose specific molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we examined if and through which mechanisms stichoposide C (STC) from Thelenota anax (family Stichopodidae) induces apoptosis in leukemia and colorectal cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined STC-induced apoptosis in human leukemia and colorectal cancer cells in the context of mitochondrial injury and signaling pathway disturbances, and investigated the antitumor effect of STC in mouse CT-26 subcutaneous tumor and HL-60 leukemia xenograft models. RESULTS We found that STC induces apoptosis in these cells in a dose-dependent manner and leads to the activation of Fas and caspase-8, cleavage of Bid, mitochondrial damage, and activation of caspase-3. STC activates acid sphingomyelinase (SMase) and neutral SMase, which resulted in the generation of ceramide. Specific inhibition of acid SMase or neutral SMase and siRNA knockdown experiments partially blocked STC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, STC markedly reduced tumor growth of HL-60 xenograft and CT-26 subcutaneous tumors and increased ceramide generation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Ceramide generation by STC, through activation of acid and neutral SMase, may in part contribute to STC-induced apoptosis and antitumor activity. Thus, STC may have therapeutic relevance for human leukemia and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Sauane M, Su ZZ, Dash R, Liu X, Norris JS, Sarkar D, Lee SG, Allegood JC, Dent P, Spiegel S, Fisher PB. Ceramide plays a prominent role in MDA-7/IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:546-55. [PMID: 19937735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) uniquely displays broad cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing activity through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesize that ceramide, a promoter of apoptosis, might contribute to mda-7/IL-24 induction of apoptosis. Ad.mda-7-infected tumor cells, but not normal cells, showed increased ceramide accumulation. Infection with Ad.mda-7 induced a marked increase in various ceramides (C16, C24, C24:1) selectively in prostate cancer cells. Inhibiting the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) using the potent SPT inhibitor myriocin (ISP1), impaired mda-7/IL-24-induced apoptosis and ceramide production, suggesting that ceramide formation caused by Ad.mda-7 occurs through de novo synthesis of ceramide and that ceramide is required for mda-7/IL-24-induced cell death. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) elevated ceramide formation as well as apoptosis induced by Ad.mda-7, suggesting that ceramide formation may also occur through the salvage pathway. Additionally, Ad.mda-7 infection enhanced expression of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) with a concomitant increase in ASMase activity and decreased sphingomyelin in cancer cells. ASMase silencing by RNA interference inhibited the decreased cell viability and ceramide formation after Ad.mda-7 infection. Ad.mda-7 activated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and promoted dephosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic molecule BCL-2, a downstream ceramide-mediated pathway of mda-7/IL-24 action. Pretreatment of cells with FB1 or ISP-1 abolished the induction of ER stress markers (BiP/GRP78, GADD153 and pospho-eIF2alpha) triggered by Ad.mda-7 infection indicating that ceramide mediates ER stress induction by Ad.mda-7. Additionally, recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein induced cancer-specific production of ceramide. These studies define ceramide as a key mediator of an ER stress pathway that may underlie mda-7/IL-24 induction of cancer-specific killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Sauane
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Drake DR, Brogden KA, Dawson DV, Wertz PW. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:4-11. [PMID: 17906220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r700016-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin surface represents our interface with the external environment, and as such, is our first line of defense against microbial colonization and infection. Lipids at the skin surface are thought to underlie at least part of an antimicrobial barrier. Some of these lipids are synthesized in the epidermis and are carried to the surface as cells differentiate, whereas others are secreted onto the surface from the sebaceous glands. One such group, free sphingoid bases, are known to have broad antimicrobial activity, and our previous studies demonstrate their presence at the skin surface. Free sphingoid bases may be generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of epidermal ceramides. In addition, our preliminary results demonstrate potent antibacterial activity associated with two specific fatty acids derived from sebaceous triglycerides. Most remarkably, one of these fatty acids (sapienic acid, C16:1Delta6), in combination with a low concentration of ethanol, is very effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In fact, this combination was far more effective than mupirocin with or without ethanol. Mupirocin is a "gold standard" for activity against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Drake
- Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Clarke CJ, Hannun YA. Neutral sphingomyelinases and nSMase2: Bridging the gaps. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1893-901. [PMID: 16938269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence indicating a role for ceramide as a second messenger in processes such as apoptosis, cell growth and differentiation, and cellular responses to stress. Ceramide formation from the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin is considered to be a major pathway of stress-induced ceramide production with magnesium-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) identified as a prime candidate in this pathway. The recent cloning of a mammalian N-SMase-nSMase2- and generation of nSMase2 knockout/mutant mice have now provided vital tools with which to further study the regulation and roles of this enzyme in both a physiological and pathological context. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge on N-SMase relating this to what is known about nSMase2. We also discuss the future areas of nSMase2 research important for molecular understanding of this enzyme and its physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Matuoka K, Chen KY, Takenawa T. A positive role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in aging phenotype expression in cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2003; 36:203-19. [PMID: 12849077 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(02)00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the role that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays in the aging of human diploid fibroblasts, we analyzed cellular inositol phospholipids and expression of PI3Ks. In aged cells a decrease in phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI3,4P(2)) was notable, while phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P(2)) decreased slightly. On the other hand, the messages of PI3K IIalpha, Vps34, and p110delta decreased and that of PI3K IIbeta increased during aging. These changes might relate to the aging phenomena, with the PI3K subspecies functioning differentially. Consistently, a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 greatly suppressed enlargement and flattening of cell body and nucleus as well as cell proliferation, both phenotypes being typical of aged cells. An oxidative stress, pulse exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), induced these senescent cell-like phenotypes, which LY294002 was also able to abolish. Upon examining three different cell systems (HL-60, N1E-115, and PC-12 cells) we found clear parallelism in a cellular event between the dependence on a PI3K activity and the sensitivity to H(2)O(2). On the analogy of these relationships, we could hypothesize that expression of an aging phenotype such as the morphogenesis is positively promoted by some PI3K subspecies, if such a phenotype as cell cycling is negatively affected by attenuation of another PI3K function in the course of cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koozi Matuoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Hass MA, Levin RM. The role of lipids and lipid metabolites in urinary bladder dysfunction induced by partial outlet obstruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 539:217-37. [PMID: 15088907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8889-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Hass
- Department of Basic and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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15
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Jones JA, Hannun YA. Tight binding inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 by phosphatidic acid. Specificity of inhibition by the phospholipid. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:15530-8. [PMID: 11856740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111555200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) has been identified as a bioactive lipid second messenger, yet despite extensive investigation, no cellular target has emerged as a mediator of its described biological effects. In this study, we identify the gamma isoform of the human protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit (PP1c gamma) as a high affinity in vitro target of PA. PA inhibited the enzyme dose-dependently with an IC(50) of 15 nm. Mechanistically, PA inhibited the enzyme noncompetitively with the kinetics of a tight binding inhibitor and a K(i) value of 0.97 +/- 0.24 nm. Together, these data describe one of the most potent in vitro effects of PA. To further elucidate the interaction between PA and PP1c gamma, structure/function analysis of the lipid was carried out using commercially available and synthetically generated analogs of PA. These studies disclosed that the lipid-protein interaction is dependent on the presence of the lipid phosphate as well as the presence of the fatty acid side chains, because lipids lacking either of these substituents resulted in complete loss of inhibition. However, the specific composition of the fatty acid side chains was not important for inhibition. Using 1-O-hexadecyl,2-oleoyl-PA, it was also shown that the carbonyl group of the sn-1 acyl linkage is not required for the lipid-protein interaction. Finally, using a lipid-protein overlay assay, it was demonstrated that PP1c gamma specifically and directly interacts with phosphatidic acid while not significantly binding other phospholipids. These results identify PA as a tight binding and specific inhibitor of PP1, and they raise the hypothesis that PP1c gamma may function as a mediator of PA action in cells. They also argue for the existence of a specific high affinity PA-binding domain on the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Jones
- Molecular and Cellular Biology & Pathobiology Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Hsu FF, Turk J. Characterization of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: a mechanistic study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:986-999. [PMID: 11073262 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI-4P), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization is described. In negative ion mode, the major fragmentation pathways under low energy CAD for PI arise from neutral loss of free fatty acid substituents ([M - H - RxCO2H]-) and neutral loss of the corresponding ketenes ([M - H - R'xCH=C=O]-), followed by consecutive loss of the inositol head group. The intensities of the ions arising from neutral loss of the sn-2 substituent as a free fatty acid ([M - H - R2CO2H]-) or as a ketene ([M - H - R'2CH=C=O] ) are greater than those of ions reflecting corresponding losses of the sn-1 substutient. This is consistent with our recent finding that ions reflecting those losses arise from charge-driven processes that occur preferentially at the sn-2 position. These features permit assignment of the position of the fatty acid substituents on the glycerol backbone. Nucleophilic attack of the anionic phosphate onto the C-1 or the C-2 of the glycerol to which the fatty acids attached expels sn-1 (R1CO2-) or sn-2 (R2CO2-) carboxylate anion, respectively. This pathway is sterically more favorable at sn-2 than at sn-1. However, further dissociations of [M - H - RxCO2H - inositol] , [M - H - RxCO2H]-, and [M - H - RxCH=C=O]- precursor ions also yield RxCO2- ions, whose abundance are affected by the collision energy applied. Therefore, relative intensities of the RxCO2- ions in the spectrum do not reflect their positions on the glycerol backbone and determination of their regiospecificities based on their ion intensities is not reliable. The spectra also contain specific ions at m/z 315, 279, 259, 241, and 223, reflecting the inositol head group. The last three ions are also observed in the tandem spectra of the [M - H]- ions of phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PI-P) and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PI-P2), in addition to the ions at m/z 321 and 303, reflecting the doubly phosphorylated inositol ions. The PI-P2 also contains unique ions at m/z 401 and 383 that reflect the triply phosphorylated inositol ions. The [M - H]- ions of PI-P and PI-P2 undergo fragmentation pathways similar to that of PI upon CAD. However, the doubly charged ([M - 2H]2-) molecular ions undergo fragmentation pathways that are typical of the [M - H]- ions of glycerophosphoethanolamine, which are basic. These results suggest that the further deprotonated gaseous [M - 2H]2 ions of PI-P and PI-P2 are basic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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17
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Carpio LC, Stephan E, Kamer A, Dziak R. Sphingolipids stimulate cell growth via MAP kinase activation in osteoblastic cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 61:267-73. [PMID: 10670688 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) sphingosine (SPH) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) effects on proliferation and extracellular-signal regulated kinases, ERKs (also known as MAPKs), activation were investigated in human and rat osteoblastic cells. MAPK activation was sphingolipid-specific in cells from both species. In human osteoblastic cells, S1P and C1P markedly stimulated ERK2 phosphorylation with a slight increase in phosphorylation of ERK1. SPH nor ceramide induced phosphorylation of either ERK isoform. In rat osteoblastic cells, SIP, ceramide and SPH stimulated phosphorylation of both isoforms. C1P did not induce phosphorylation of ERK1 but produced a mild increase in phosphorylation of ERK2. In human cells, only S1P significantly (P<0.05) increased osteoblastic cell proliferation, while in the rat cells all four sphingolipids significantly (P<0.05) induced proliferation. The calcium channel blocker verapamil blocked (P<0.05) these effects in both cell types. The MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, inhibited (P<0.05) the mitogenic effect of SIP in human cells. In rat cells, PD98059 effects were less substantial but significant for S1P and C1P. This study demonstrates that sphingolipids are mitogens for both human and rat osteoblastic cells with the MAPK pathway and calcium mediating in part these effects in a species specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Carpio
- Department of Periodontology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Daniel LW, Sciorra VA, Ghosh S. Phospholipase D, tumor promoters, proliferation and prostaglandins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1439:265-76. [PMID: 10425400 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase D is a widespread response to cellular stimulation. However, the downstream signaling events subsequent to phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis are just beginning to be determined. Initially it was proposed that diglyceride formation by phospholipase D and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase resulted in long-term stimulation of protein kinase C. However, recent studies indicate that phosphatidic acid is the relevant signaling molecule in some signaling pathways. The present review will summarize studies of phospholipase D in the response of cells to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, which causes cells to mimic the phenotype of oncogenic transformation. The role of phospholipase D in stimulation of Raf-1 and prostaglandin H synthase type-2 is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1016, USA.
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MacPhee I, Barker PA. Extended ceramide exposure activates the trkA receptor by increasing receptor homodimer formation. J Neurochem 1999; 72:1423-30. [PMID: 10098845 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Binding of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the trkA tyrosine kinase receptor results in receptor homodimer formation, transphosphorylation, and kinase activation that supports neuronal differentiation and survival. We have shown previously that short-term exposure of PC12 cells to brain-derived neurotrophic factor or to C2-ceramide activates a signaling pathway that results in serine phosphorylation of the trkA intracellular domain and reduces the ability of trkA to respond to NGF. Here we demonstrate that extended C2-ceramide exposure dramatically increases NGF-induced trkA activation and further show that C2-ceramide augments trkA tyrosine phosphorylation even in the absence of neurotrophin. This increase in trkA receptor phosphotyrosine is reflected in increased activation of both Erk1 and Erk2 and of the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The C2-ceramide-mediated increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is blocked completely by the trk kinase inhibitor K252A, indicating that this increase results from an effect of C2-ceramide on trkA kinase activity. Consistent with this, crosslinking studies show that C2-ceramide promotes the formation of active trkA receptor homodimers. Together, these data suggest that chronic C2-ceramide treatment increases trkA activation by altering properties of the plasma membrane, which favors the formation of trkA homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I MacPhee
- Center for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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