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Hlaváčková K, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Cytoskeleton as a roadmap navigating rhizobia to establish symbiotic root nodulation in legumes. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108263. [PMID: 37775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter into symbiotic associations with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, culminating in the creation of new organs, root nodules. This complex process relies on chemical and physical interaction between legumes and rhizobia, including early signalling events informing the host legume plant of a potentially beneficial microbe and triggering the nodulation program. The great significance of this plant-microbe interaction rests upon conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen not accessible to plants into a biologically active form of ammonia available to plants. The plant cytoskeleton consists in a highly dynamic network and undergoes rapid remodelling upon sensing various developmental and environmental cues, including response to attachment, internalization, and accommodation of rhizobia in plant root and nodule cells. This dynamic nature is governed by cytoskeleton-associated proteins that modulate cytoskeletal behaviour depending on signal perception and transduction. Precisely localized cytoskeletal rearrangements are therefore essential for the uptake of rhizobia, their targeted delivery, and establishing beneficial root nodule symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about rhizobia-dependent rearrangements and functions of the cytoskeleton in legume roots and nodules. General patterns and nodule type-, nodule stage-, and species-specific aspects of actin filaments and microtubules remodelling are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence is provided about fine-tuning the root nodulation process through cytoskeleton-associated proteins. We also consider future perspectives on dynamic localization studies of the cytoskeleton during early symbiosis utilizing state of the art molecular and advanced microscopy approaches. Based on acquired detailed knowledge of the mutualistic interactions with microbes, these approaches could contribute to broader biotechnological crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Zhou S, Luo Q, Nie Z, Wang C, Zhu W, Hong Y, Zhao J, Pei B, Ma W. CRK41 Modulates Microtubule Depolymerization in Response to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1285. [PMID: 36986973 PMCID: PMC10051889 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The pivotal role of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) in modulating growth, development, and responses to stress has been widely acknowledged in Arabidopsis. However, the function and regulation of CRK41 has remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that CRK41 is critical for modulating microtubule depolymerization in response to salt stress. The crk41 mutant exhibited increased tolerance, while overexpression of CRK41 led to hypersensitivity to salt. Further analysis revealed that CRK41 interacts directly with the MAP kinase3 (MPK3), but not with MPK6. Inactivation of either MPK3 or MPK6 could abrogate the salt tolerance of the crk41 mutant. Upon NaCl treatment, microtubule depolymerization was heightened in the crk41 mutant, yet alleviated in the crk41mpk3 and crk41mpk6 double mutants, indicating that CRK41 suppresses MAPK-mediated microtubule depolymerizations. Collectively, these results reveal that CRK41 plays a crucial role in regulating microtubule depolymerization triggered by salt stress through coordination with MPK3/MPK6 signalling pathways, which are key factors in maintaining microtubule stability and conferring salt stress resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Qiuling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Zhiyan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Changhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Wenkang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Yingxiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baolei Pei
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an 223003, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.Z.)
- Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
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Ovečka M, Luptovčiak I, Komis G, Šamajová O, Samakovli D, Šamaj J. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Ectopic Cell Divisions Contribute to Mis-Shaped Phenotype of Primary and Lateral Roots of katanin1 Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32582258 PMCID: PMC7296145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern formation, cell proliferation, and directional cell growth, are driving factors of plant organ shape, size, and overall vegetative development. The establishment of vegetative morphogenesis strongly depends on spatiotemporal control and synchronization of formative and proliferative cell division patterns. In this context, the progression of cell division and the regulation of cell division plane orientation are defined by molecular mechanisms converging to the proper positioning and temporal reorganization of microtubule arrays such as the preprophase microtubule band, the mitotic spindle and the cytokinetic phragmoplast. By focusing on the tractable example of primary root development and lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis thaliana, genetic studies have highlighted the importance of mechanisms underlying microtubule reorganization in the establishment of the root system. In this regard, severe alterations of root growth, and development found in extensively studied katanin1 mutants of A. thaliana (fra2, lue1, and ktn1-2), were previously attributed to defective rearrangements of cortical microtubules and aberrant cell division plane reorientation. How KATANIN1-mediated microtubule severing contributes to tissue patterning and organ morphogenesis, ultimately leading to anisotropy in microtubule organization is a trending topic under vigorous investigation. Here we addressed this issue during root development, using advanced light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and long-term imaging of ktn1-2 mutant expressing the GFP-TUA6 microtubule marker. This method allowed spatial and temporal monitoring of cell division patterns in growing roots. Analysis of acquired multidimensional data sets revealed the occurrence of ectopic cell divisions in various tissues including the calyptrogen and the protoxylem of the main root, as well as in lateral root primordia. Notably the ktn1-2 mutant exhibited excessive longitudinal cell divisions (parallel to the root axis) at ectopic positions. This suggested that changes in the cell division pattern and the occurrence of ectopic cell divisions contributed significantly to pleiotropic root phenotypes of ktn1-2 mutant. LSFM provided evidence that KATANIN1 is required for the spatiotemporal control of cell divisions and establishment of tissue patterns in living A. thaliana roots.
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Vadovič P, Šamajová O, Takáč T, Novák D, Zapletalová V, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Biochemical and Genetic Interactions of Phospholipase D Alpha 1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 Affect Arabidopsis Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 30936884 PMCID: PMC6431673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, AT3G15730) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate on signaling-dependent events in plants. MAPKs are able to phosphorylate a wide range of substrates putatively including PLDs. Here we have focused on functional regulations of PLDα1 by interactions with MAPKs, their co-localization and impact on salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) tolerance in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent assays showed that PLDα1 interacts with MPK3. Immunoblotting analyses likewise confirmed connection between both these enzymes. Subcellularly we co-localized PLDα1 with MPK3 in the cortical cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic strands. Moreover, genetic interaction studies revealed that pldα1mpk3 double mutant was resistant to a higher salinity and showed a higher tolerance to ABA during germination in comparison to single mutants and wild type. Thus, this study revealed importance of new biochemical and genetic interactions between PLDα1 and MPK3 for Arabidopsis stress (salt and ABA) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj,
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Vavrdová T, Šamajová O, Křenek P, Ovečka M, Floková P, Šnaurová R, Šamaj J, Komis G. Multicolour three dimensional structured illumination microscopy of immunolabeled plant microtubules and associated proteins. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:22. [PMID: 30899319 PMCID: PMC6408805 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present work, we provide an account of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) imaging of fixed and immunolabeled plant probes. We take advantage of SIM, to superresolve intracellular structures at a considerable z-range and circumvent its low temporal resolution capacity during the study of living samples. Further, we validate the protocol for the imaging of fixed transgenic material expressing fluorescent protein-based markers of different subcellular structures. RESULTS Focus is given on 3D imaging of bulky subcellular structures, such as mitotic and cytokinetic microtubule arrays as well as on the performance of SIM using multichannel imaging and the quantitative correlations that can be deduced. As a proof of concept, we provide a superresolution output on the organization of cortical microtubules in wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis cells, including aberrant preprophase microtubule bands and phragmoplasts in a cytoskeletal mutant devoid of the p60 subunit of the microtubule severing protein KATANIN and refined details of cytoskeletal aberrations in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutant mpk4. We further demonstrate, in a qualitative and quantitative manner, colocalizations between MPK6 and unknown dually phosphorylated and activated MAPK species and we follow the localization of the microtubule associated protein 65-3 (MAP65-3) in telophase and cytokinetic microtubular arrays. CONCLUSIONS 3D SIM is a powerful, versatile and adaptable microscopy method for elucidating spatial relationships between subcellular compartments. Improved methods of sample preparation aiming to the compensation of refractive index mismatches, allow the use of 3D SIM in the documentation of complex plant cell structures, such as microtubule arrays and the elucidation of their interactions with microtubule associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - O. Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - P. Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - P. Floková
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R. Šnaurová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J. Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - G. Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Shot-Gun Proteomic Analysis on Roots of Arabidopsis pldα1 Mutants Suggesting the Involvement of PLDα1 in Mitochondrial Protein Import, Vesicular Trafficking and Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010082. [PMID: 30587782 PMCID: PMC6337374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) belongs to phospholipases, a large phospholipid hydrolyzing protein family. PLDα1 has a substrate preference for phosphatidylcholine leading to enzymatic production of phosphatidic acid, a lipid second messenger with multiple cellular functions. PLDα1 itself is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we present a shot-gun differential proteomic analysis on roots of two Arabidopsis pldα1 mutants compared to the wild type. Interestingly, PLDα1 deficiency leads to altered abundances of proteins involved in diverse processes related to membrane transport including endocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. PLDα1 may be involved in the stability of attachment sites of endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane as suggested by increased abundance of synaptotagmin 1, which was validated by immunoblotting and whole-mount immunolabelling analyses. Moreover, we noticed a robust abundance alterations of proteins involved in mitochondrial import and electron transport chain. Notably, the abundances of numerous proteins implicated in glucosinolate biosynthesis were also affected in pldα1 mutants. Our results suggest a broader biological involvement of PLDα1 than anticipated thus far, especially in the processes such as endomembrane transport, mitochondrial protein import and protein quality control, as well as glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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Vaškebová L, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Single-point ACT2 gene mutation in the Arabidopsis root hair mutant der1-3 affects overall actin organization, root growth and plant development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:889-901. [PMID: 29293922 PMCID: PMC6215051 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The actin cytoskeleton forms a dynamic network in plant cells. A single-point mutation in the DER1 (deformed root hairs1) locus located in the sequence of ACTIN2, a gene for major actin in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, leads to impaired root hair development (Ringli C, Baumberger N, Diet A, Frey B, Keller B. 2002. ACTIN2 is essential for bulge site selection and tip growth during root hair development of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology129: 1464-1472). Only root hair phenotypes have been described so far in der1 mutants, but here we demonstrate obvious aberrations in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and overall plant development. METHODS Organization of the actin cytoskeleton in epidermal cells of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by live-cell imaging of transgenic lines carrying the GFP-FABD2 fusion protein and in fixed cells after phalloidin labelling. Patterns of root growth were characterized by FM4-64 vital staining, light-sheet microscopy imaging and microtubule immunolabelling. Plant phenotyping included analyses of germination, root growth and plant biomass. KEY RESULTS Speed of germination, plant fresh weight and total leaf area were significantly reduced in the der1-3 mutant in comparison with the C24 wild-type. Actin filaments in root, hypocotyl and cotyledon epidermal cells of the der1-3 mutant were shorter, thinner and arranged in more random orientations, while actin bundles were shorter and had altered orientations. The wavy pattern of root growth in der1-3 mutant was connected with higher frequencies of shifted cell division planes (CDPs) in root cells, which was consistent with the shifted positioning of microtubule-based preprophase bands and phragmoplasts. The organization of cortical microtubules in the root cells of the der1-3 mutant, however, was not altered. CONCLUSIONS Root growth rate of the der1-3 mutant is not reduced, but changes in the actin cytoskeleton organization can induce a wavy root growth pattern through deregulation of CDP orientation. The results suggest that the der1-3 mutation in the ACT2 gene does not influence solely root hair formation process, but also has more general effects on the actin cytoskeleton, plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vaškebová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Kaštier P, Krasylenko YA, Martinčová M, Panteris E, Šamaj J, Blehová A. Cytoskeleton in the Parasitic Plant Cuscuta During Germination and Prehaustorium Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:794. [PMID: 29971075 PMCID: PMC6018488 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeleton is a driving force for cell division and growth in higher plants, there is little evidence about its components in parasitic angiosperms. Microtubules and actin filaments in cells of shoot apical meristem and root-like structure of stem holoparasites European (C. europaea L.) and Eastern (C. monogyna Vahl.) dodders, as well as in prehaustorium, the specific organ adapted to parasitism, were visualized for the first time by immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy. The significance of cytoskeletal elements during germination and prehaustorium formation was addressed by treatments with taxol, oryzalin, latrunculin B, cytochalasin B/D, jasplakinolide, and 2,3-butanedione monoxime. In shoot apical meristem many dividing cells were observed, in contrast to root-like structure, devoid of cell divisions. Cortical microtubules were oriented transversely and/or obliquely, while actin filaments were randomly distributed in cells of both organs. Furthermore, longitudinal cortical microtubules were present in digitate cells of prehaustorium, and transverse arrays were found in its file cells. Long and short random actin filaments were also observed in prehaustorium cells. Thus, it was shown that the cytoskeleton in dodder shoot cells is organized in a similar way to non-parasitic dicots, while cytoskeletal organization has some peculiarities in quickly senescing root-like structure and prehaustorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kaštier
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yuliya A. Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Michaela Martinčová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alžbeta Blehová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. Cell and Developmental Biology of Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:237-265. [PMID: 29489398 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) constitute a network of signaling cascades responsible for transducing extracellular stimuli and decoding them to dedicated cellular and developmental responses that shape the plant body. Over the last decade, we have accumulated information about how MAPK modules control the development of reproductive tissues and gametes and the embryogenic and postembryonic development of vegetative organs such as roots, root nodules, shoots, and leaves. Of key importance to understanding how MAPKs participate in developmental and environmental signaling is the characterization of their subcellular localization, their interactions with upstream signal perception mechanisms, and the means by which they target their substrates. In this review, we summarize the roles of MAPK signaling in the regulation of key plant developmental processes, and we survey what is known about the mechanisms guiding the subcellular compartmentalization of MAPK modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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Karampelias M, Tejos R, Friml J, Vanneste S. Optimized Whole-Mount In Situ Immunolocalization for Arabidopsis thaliana Root Meristems and Lateral Root Primordia. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29525954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7747-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunolocalization is a valuable tool for cell biology research that allows to rapidly determine the localization and expression levels of endogenous proteins. In plants, whole-mount in situ immunolocalization remains a challenging method, especially in tissues protected by waxy layers and complex cell wall carbohydrates. Here, we present a robust method for whole-mount in situ immunolocalization in primary root meristems and lateral root primordia in Arabidopsis thaliana. For good epitope preservation, fixation is done in an alkaline paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde mixture. This fixative is suitable for detecting a wide range of proteins, including integral transmembrane proteins and proteins peripherally attached to the plasma membrane. From initiation until emergence from the primary root, lateral root primordia are surrounded by several layers of differentiated tissues with a complex cell wall composition that interferes with the efficient penetration of all buffers. Therefore, immunolocalization in early lateral root primordia requires a modified method, including a strong solvent treatment for removal of hydrophobic barriers and a specific cocktail of cell wall-degrading enzymes. The presented method allows for easy, reliable, and high-quality in situ detection of the subcellular localization of endogenous proteins in primary and lateral root meristems without the need of time-consuming crosses or making translational fusions to fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karampelias
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
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Novák D, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Šamajová O, Komis G, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Gene Expression Pattern and Protein Localization of Arabidopsis Phospholipase D Alpha 1 Revealed by Advanced Light-Sheet and Super-Resolution Microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29628934 PMCID: PMC5877115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, At3g15730) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes, such as cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of stomatal closure and opening, as well as biotic and abiotic stress signaling. Here we aimed to study developmental expression patterns and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in Arabidopsis using advanced microscopy methods such as light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). We complemented two knockout pldα1 mutants with a YFP-tagged PLDα1 expressed under the PLDα1 native promoter in order to study developmental expression pattern and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in Arabidopsis thaliana under natural conditions. Imaging of tissue-specific and developmentally-regulated localization of YFP-tagged PLDα1 by LSFM in roots of growing seedlings showed accumulation of PLDα1-YFP in the root cap and the rhizodermis. Expression of PLDα1-YFP in the rhizodermis was considerably higher in trichoblasts before and during root hair formation and growth. Thus, PLDα1-YFP accumulated in emerging root hairs and in the tips of growing root hairs. PLDα1-YFP showed cytoplasmic subcellular localization in root cap cells and in cells of the root transition zone. In aerial parts of plants PLDα1-YFP was also localized in the cytoplasm showing enhanced accumulation in the cortical cytoplasmic layer of epidermal non-dividing cells of hypocotyls, leaves, and leaf petioles. However, in dividing cells of root apical meristem and leaf petiole epidermis PLDα1-YFP was enriched in mitotic spindles and phragmoplasts, as revealed by co-visualization with microtubules. Finally, super-resolution SIM imaging revealed association of PLDα1-YFP with both microtubules and clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) and pits (CCPs). In conclusion, this study shows the developmentally-controlled expression and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in dividing and non-dividing Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj
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12
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Integrating cell biology and proteomic approaches in plants. J Proteomics 2017; 169:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Zhang Y, Bergmann DC, Dong J. Fine-scale dissection of the subdomains of polarity protein BASL in stomatal asymmetric cell division. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5093-103. [PMID: 27422992 PMCID: PMC5014157 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is a prerequisite for asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) that generate cell type diversity during development of multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, stomatal lineage ACDs are regulated by the plant-specific protein BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL). BASL exhibits dynamic subcellular localization, accumulating initially in the nucleus, but then additionally in a highly polarized crescent at the cell cortex before division. BASL polarization requires a phosphorylation-mediated activation process, but how this is achieved remains unknown. In this study, we performed a fine-scale dissection of BASL protein subdomains and elucidated a nuclear localization sequence for nuclear import and a critical FxFP motif for cortical polarity formation, respectively. Artificially tethering BASL subdomains to the plasma membrane suggests that novel protein partner/s might exist and bind to an internal region of BASL. In addition, we suspect the existence of a protein degradation mechanism associated with the amino terminal domain of BASL that accounts for restricting its predominant expression to the stomatal lineage cells of the epidermis. Taken together, our results revealed that BASL, through its distinct subdomains, integrates multiple regulatory inputs to provide a mechanism that promotes difference during stomatal lineage ACDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Department of Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
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Uhrig RG, Labandera AM, Muhammad J, Samuel M, Moorhead GB. Rhizobiales-like Phosphatase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Novel Phospho-tyrosine-specific Phospho-protein Phosphatase (PPP) Family Protein Phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5926-5934. [PMID: 26742850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling through protein tyrosine phosphorylation is well established in mammalian cells. Although lacking the classic tyrosine kinases present in humans, plants have a tyrosine phospho-proteome that rivals human cells. Here we report a novel plant tyrosine phosphatase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtRLPH2) that, surprisingly, has the sequence hallmarks of a phospho-serine/threonine phosphatase belonging to the PPP family. Rhizobiales/Rhodobacterales/Rhodospirillaceae-like phosphatases (RLPHs) are conserved in plants and several other eukaryotes, but not in animals. We demonstrate that AtRLPH2 is localized to the plant cell cytosol, is resistant to the classic serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin, but is inhibited by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate and is particularly sensitive to inhibition by the adenylates, ATP and ADP. AtRLPH2 displays remarkable selectivity toward tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides versus serine/threonine phospho-peptides and readily dephosphorylates a classic tyrosine phosphatase protein substrate, suggesting that in vivo it is a tyrosine phosphatase. To date, only one other tyrosine phosphatase is known in plants; thus AtRLPH2 represents one of the missing pieces in the plant tyrosine phosphatase repertoire and supports the concept of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory event in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glen Uhrig
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Labandera
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jamshed Muhammad
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcus Samuel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Greg B Moorhead
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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