1
|
The Effect of Agarose on 3D Bioprinting. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224028. [PMID: 34833327 PMCID: PMC8620953 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, the accuracy, stability, and mechanical properties of the formed structure are very important to the overall composition and internal structure of the complex organ. In traditional 3D bioprinting, low-temperature gelatinization of gelatin is often used to construct complex tissues and organs. However, the hydrosol relies too much on the concentration of gelatin and has limited formation accuracy and stability. In this study, we take advantage of the physical crosslinking of agarose at 35–40 °C to replace the single pregelatinization effect of gelatin in 3D bioprinting, and printing composite gelatin/alginate/agarose hydrogels at two temperatures, i.e., 10 °C and 24 °C, respectively. After in-depth research, we find that the structures manufactured by the pregelatinization method of agarose are significantly more accurate, more stable, and harder than those pregelatined by gelatin. We believe that this research holds the potential to be widely used in the future organ manufacturing fields with high structural accuracy and stability.
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubay R, Urban JN, Darling EM. Single-Cell Microgels for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009946. [PMID: 36329867 PMCID: PMC9629779 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within hydrogel droplets is transforming what is feasible in multiple fields of biomedical science such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro modeling, and cell-based therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to miniaturize material encapsulation complexes down to single-cell scales, where each complex, termed a single-cell microgel, contains only one cell surrounded by a hydrogel matrix while remaining <100 μm in size. With this achievement, studies requiring single-cell resolution are now possible, similar to those done using liquid droplet encapsulation. Of particular note, applications involving long-term in vitro cultures, modular bioinks, high-throughput screenings, and formation of 3D cellular microenvironments can be tuned independently to suit the needs of individual cells and experimental goals. In this progress report, an overview of established materials and techniques used to fabricate single-cell microgels, as well as insight into potential alternatives is provided. This focused review is concluded by discussing applications that have already benefited from single-cell microgel technologies, as well as prospective applications on the cusp of achieving important new capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dubay
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Draper, 555 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph N Urban
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Opara A, Jost A, Dagogo-Jack S, Opara EC. Islet cell encapsulation - Application in diabetes treatment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2570-2578. [PMID: 34666516 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this minireview, we briefly outline the hallmarks of diabetes, the distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the global incidence of diabetes, and its associated comorbidities. The main goal of the review is to highlight the great potential of encapsulated pancreatic islet transplantation to provide a cure for type 1 diabetes. Following a short overview of the different approaches to islet encapsulation, we provide a summary of the merits and demerits of each approach of the encapsulation technology. We then discuss various attempts to clinical translation with each model of encapsulation as well as the factors that have mitigated the full clinical realization of the promise of the encapsulation technology, the progress that has been made and the challenges that remain to be overcome. In particular, we pay significant attention to the emerging strategies to overcome these challenges. We believe that these strategies to enhance the performance of the encapsulated islet constructs discussed herein provide good platforms for additional work to achieve successful clinical translation of the encapsulated islet technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amoge Opara
- Diabetes Section, Biologics Delivery Technologies, Reno, NV 89502, USA
| | - Alec Jost
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sam Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- Diabetes Section, Biologics Delivery Technologies, Reno, NV 89502, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (SBES), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pereira MS, Cardoso LMDF, da Silva TB, Teixeira AJ, Mizrahi SE, Ferreira GSM, Dantas FML, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Alves LA. A Low-Cost Open Source Device for Cell Microencapsulation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225090. [PMID: 33187294 PMCID: PMC7696579 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a widely studied cell therapy and tissue bioengineering technique, since it is capable of creating an immune-privileged site, protecting encapsulated cells from the host immune system. Several polymers have been tested, but sodium alginate is in widespread use for cell encapsulation applications, due to its low toxicity and easy manipulation. Different cell encapsulation methods have been described in the literature using pressure differences or electrostatic changes with high cost commercial devices (about 30,000 US dollars). Herein, a low-cost device (about 100 US dollars) that can be created by commercial syringes or 3D printer devices has been developed. The capsules, whose diameter is around 500 µm and can decrease or increase according to the pressure applied to the system, is able to maintain cells viable and functional. The hydrogel porosity of the capsule indicates that the immune system is not capable of destroying host cells, demonstrating that new studies can be developed for cell therapy at low cost with microencapsulation production. This device may aid pre-clinical and clinical projects in low- and middle-income countries and is lined up with open source equipment devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Salles Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (M.S.P.); (L.M.d.F.C.); (T.B.d.S.); (A.J.T.)
- Volta Redonda University Center—UniFOA, Av. Paulo Erlei Alves Abrantes, 1325-Três Poços, Volta Redonda 27240-560, Brazil
| | - Liana Monteiro da Fonseca Cardoso
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (M.S.P.); (L.M.d.F.C.); (T.B.d.S.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Tatiane Barreto da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (M.S.P.); (L.M.d.F.C.); (T.B.d.S.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Ayla Josma Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (M.S.P.); (L.M.d.F.C.); (T.B.d.S.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Saul Eliahú Mizrahi
- National Institute of Technology—INT, Rio de Janeiro Av. Venezuela, 82-Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, Brazil; (S.E.M.); (G.S.M.F.); (F.M.L.D.)
| | - Gabriel Schonwandt Mendes Ferreira
- National Institute of Technology—INT, Rio de Janeiro Av. Venezuela, 82-Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, Brazil; (S.E.M.); (G.S.M.F.); (F.M.L.D.)
| | - Fabio Moyses Lins Dantas
- National Institute of Technology—INT, Rio de Janeiro Av. Venezuela, 82-Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, Brazil; (S.E.M.); (G.S.M.F.); (F.M.L.D.)
| | - Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil; (M.S.P.); (L.M.d.F.C.); (T.B.d.S.); (A.J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1841; Fax: +55-21-2562-1816
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu F, Wang X. Synthetic Polymers for Organ 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1765. [PMID: 32784562 PMCID: PMC7466039 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as the most promising approach for bioartificial organ manufacturing, has provided unprecedented versatility in delivering multi-functional cells along with other biomaterials with precise control of their locations in space. The constantly emerging 3D printing technologies are the integration results of biomaterials with other related techniques in biology, chemistry, physics, mechanics and medicine. Synthetic polymers have played a key role in supporting cellular and biomolecular (or bioactive agent) activities before, during and after the 3D printing processes. In particular, biodegradable synthetic polymers are preferable candidates for bioartificial organ manufacturing with excellent mechanical properties, tunable chemical structures, non-toxic degradation products and controllable degradation rates. In this review, we aim to cover the recent progress of synthetic polymers in organ 3D printing fields. It is structured as introducing the main approaches of 3D printing technologies, the important properties of 3D printable synthetic polymers, the successful models of bioartificial organ printing and the perspectives of synthetic polymers in vascularized and innervated organ 3D printing areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China;
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110003, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China;
- Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacques E, Hosoyama K, Biniam B, Eren Cimenci C, Sedlakova V, Steeves AJ, Variola F, Davis DR, Stewart DJ, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. Collagen-Based Microcapsules As Therapeutic Materials for Stem Cell Therapies in Infarcted Myocardium. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4614-4622. [PMID: 33455166 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As cell therapies emerged, it was quickly realized that pro-regenerative cells directly injected into injured tissue struggled within the inflammatory microenvironment. By using microencapsulation, i.e., encapsulating cells within polymeric biomaterials, they are henceforth protected from the harmful extracellular cues, while still being able to receive oxygen and nutrients and release secreted factors. Previous work showed that stem cells encapsulated within a biologically inert material (agarose) were able to significantly improve the function of the infarcted mouse heart. With the aim of using more bioresponsive microcapsules, we sought to develop an enzymatically degradable, type I collagen-based microcapsule for the intramyocardial delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in a murine model of myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jacques
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Katsuhiro Hosoyama
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Brook Biniam
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Cagla Eren Cimenci
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Veronika Sedlakova
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Alexander J Steeves
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Darryl R Davis
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cernigliaro V, Peluso R, Zedda B, Silengo L, Tolosano E, Pellicano R, Altruda F, Fagoonee S. Evolving Cell-Based and Cell-Free Clinical Strategies for Treating Severe Human Liver Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020386. [PMID: 32046114 PMCID: PMC7072646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a major global health issue, and currently, liver transplantation is the only viable alternative to reduce mortality rates in patients with end-stage liver diseases. However, scarcity of donor organs and risk of recidivism requiring a re-transplantation remain major obstacles. Hence, much hope has turned towards cell-based therapy. Hepatocyte-like cells obtained from embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells bearing multipotent or pluripotent characteristics, as well as cell-based systems, such as organoids, bio-artificial liver devices, bioscaffolds and organ printing are indeed promising. New approaches based on extracellular vesicles are also being investigated as cell substitutes. Extracellular vesicles, through the transfer of bioactive molecules, can modulate liver regeneration and restore hepatic function. This review provides an update on the current state-of-art cell-based and cell-free strategies as alternatives to liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cernigliaro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.C.); (R.P.); (B.Z.)
- Maria Pia Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rossella Peluso
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.C.); (R.P.); (B.Z.)
- Maria Pia Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zedda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.C.); (R.P.); (B.Z.)
- Maria Pia Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Departmet of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Departmet of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.S.); (E.T.)
| | | | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Departmet of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.S.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oxygenation strategies for encapsulated islet and beta cell transplants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:139-156. [PMID: 31077781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human allogeneic islet transplantation (ITx) is emerging as a promising treatment option for qualified patients with type 1 diabetes. However, widespread clinical application of allogeneic ITx is hindered by two critical barriers: the need for systemic immunosuppression and the limited supply of human islet tissue. Biocompatible, retrievable immunoisolation devices containing glucose-responsive insulin-secreting tissue may address both critical barriers by enabling the more effective and efficient use of allogeneic islets without immunosuppression in the near-term, and ultimately the use of a cell source with a virtually unlimited supply, such as human stem cell-derived β-cells or xenogeneic (porcine) islets with minimal or no immunosuppression. However, even though encapsulation methods have been developed and immunoprotection has been successfully tested in small and large animal models and to a limited extent in proof-of-concept clinical studies, the effective use of encapsulation approaches to convincingly and consistently treat diabetes in humans has yet to be demonstrated. There is increasing consensus that inadequate oxygen supply is a major factor limiting their clinical translation and routine implementation. Poor oxygenation negatively affects cell viability and β-cell function, and the problem is exacerbated with the high-density seeding required for reasonably-sized clinical encapsulation devices. Approaches for enhanced oxygen delivery to encapsulated tissues in implantable devices are therefore being actively developed and tested. This review summarizes fundamental aspects of islet microarchitecture and β-cell physiology as well as encapsulation approaches highlighting the need for adequate oxygenation; it also evaluates existing and emerging approaches for enhanced oxygen delivery to encapsulation devices, particularly with the advent of β-cell sources from stem cells that may enable the large-scale application of this approach.
Collapse
|
9
|
Perera D, Medini M, Seethamraju D, Falkowski R, White K, Olabisi RM. The effect of polymer molecular weight and cell seeding density on viability of cells entrapped within PEGDA hydrogel microspheres. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:475-481. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1526341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davina Perera
- Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Medini
- Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ron Falkowski
- Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kristopher White
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronke M. Olabisi
- Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Devices and Nanotechnology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mehta S, McClarren B, Aijaz A, Chalaby R, Cook-Chennault K, Olabisi RM. The effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration on poly(ethylene glycol)-microencapsulated mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418800101. [PMID: 30245801 PMCID: PMC6146326 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418800101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration has stimulated osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells when these cells were cultured in certain types of three-dimensional environments. However, results of osteogenesis are conflicting with some reports showing no effect of vibration at all. A large number of vibration studies using three-dimensional scaffolds employ scaffolds derived from natural sources. Since these natural sources potentially have inherent biochemical and microarchitectural cues, we explored the effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration at low, medium, and high accelerations when mesenchymal stem cells were encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate microspheres. Low and medium accelerations enhanced osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells while high accelerations inhibited it. These studies demonstrate that the isolated effect of vibration alone induces osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brooke McClarren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ayesha Aijaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rabab Chalaby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ronke M Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|