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Kwon SH, Lee J, Yoo J, Jung Y. Artificial keloid skin models: understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and application in therapeutic studies. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3321-3334. [PMID: 38812375 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Keloid is a type of scar formed by the overexpression of extracellular matrix substances from fibroblasts following inflammation after trauma. The existing keloid treatment methods include drug injection, surgical intervention, light exposure, cryotherapy, etc. However, these methods have limitations such as recurrence, low treatment efficacy, and side effects. Consequently, studies are being conducted on the treatment of keloids from the perspective of inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, keloid models are created to understand inflammatory mechanisms and explore treatment methods to address them. While previous studies have used animal models with gene mutations, chemical treatments, and keloid tissue transplantation, there are limitations in fully reproducing the characteristics of keloids unique to humans, and ethical issues related to animal welfare pose additional challenges. Consequently, studies are underway to create in vitro artificial skin models to simulate keloid disease and apply them to the development of treatments for skin diseases. In particular, herein, scaffold technologies that implement three-dimensional (3D) full-thickness keloid models are introduced to enhance mechanical properties as well as biological properties of tissues, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and cellular interactions. It is anticipated that applying these technologies to the production of artificial skin for keloid simulation could contribute to the development of inflammatory keloid treatment techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kwon
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Laskin JD, Ozkuyumcu K, Zhou P, Croutch CR, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Joseph LB. Skin Models Used to Define Mechanisms of Action of Sulfur Mustard. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e551. [PMID: 37849329 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a threat to both civilian and military populations. Human skin is highly sensitive to SM, causing delayed erythema, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration, followed by the appearance of large fluid-filled blisters. Skin wound repair is prolonged following blistering, which can result in impaired barrier function. Key to understanding the action of SM in the skin is the development of animal models that have a pathophysiology comparable to humans such that quantitative assessments of therapeutic drugs efficacy can be assessed. Two animal models, hairless guinea pigs and swine, are preferred to evaluate dermal products because their skin is morphologically similar to human skin. In these animal models, SM induces degradation of epidermal and dermal tissues but does not induce overt blistering, only microblistering. Mechanisms of wound healing are distinct in these animal models. Whereas a guinea pig heals by contraction, swine skin, like humans, heals by re-epithelialization. Mice, rats, and rabbits are also used for SM mechanistic studies. However, healing is also mediated by contraction; moreover, only microblistering is observed. Improvements in animal models are essential for the development of therapeutics to mitigate toxicity resulting from dermal exposure to SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Ozkuyumcu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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3
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Yang Q, Zhong W, Liu Y, Hou R, Wu Y, Yan Q, Yang G. 3D-printed morphology-customized microneedles: understanding the correlation between their morphologies and the received qualities. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122873. [PMID: 36958610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the last decade in transdermal microneedle drug delivery systems, great difficulties in precisely manufacturing microneedles with sophisticated microstructures still strongly retard their practical applications. Herein we propose morphology-customized microneedles (spiral, conical, cylindroid, ring-like, arrow-like and tree-like) fabricated by stereolithography (SLA) based 3D-printing technique, and in-depth investigate the correlation between the customized morphologies and the received qualities of the corresponding microneedles such as the mechanical properties and skin penetration behavior, drug loading capacity and the drug release profiles. Results indicated that 3D-printed morphology-customized microneedles not only enhanced the mechanical strength but also improved both drug loading capacity and drug release behavior, which resulted from their highly controllable and 3D-printable morphologies (surface area and volume). And the in vivo study demonstrated that the 3D-printed morphology-customized microneedles successfully promoted the transdermal delivery of the loaded drug (verapamil hydrochloride) with an enhanced therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weizhen Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Runlin Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qinying Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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4
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Schuster R, Younesi F, Ezzo M, Hinz B. The Role of Myofibroblasts in Physiological and Pathological Tissue Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041231. [PMID: 36123034 PMCID: PMC9808581 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the construction workers of wound healing and repair damaged tissues by producing and organizing collagen/extracellular matrix (ECM) into scar tissue. Scar tissue effectively and quickly restores the mechanical integrity of lost tissue architecture but comes at the price of lost tissue functionality. Fibrotic diseases caused by excessive or persistent myofibroblast activity can lead to organ failure. This review defines myofibroblast terminology, phenotypic characteristics, and functions. We will focus on the central role of the cell, ECM, and tissue mechanics in regulating tissue repair by controlling myofibroblast action. Additionally, we will discuss how therapies based on mechanical intervention potentially ameliorate wound healing outcomes. Although myofibroblast physiology and pathology affect all organs, we will emphasize cutaneous wound healing and hypertrophic scarring as paradigms for normal tissue repair versus fibrosis. A central message of this review is that myofibroblasts can be activated from multiple cell sources, varying with local environment and type of injury, to either restore tissue integrity and organ function or create an inappropriate mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schuster
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Younesi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Maya Ezzo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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Mistry R, Veres M, Issa F. A Systematic Review Comparing Animal and Human Scarring Models. Front Surg 2022; 9:711094. [PMID: 35529910 PMCID: PMC9073696 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.711094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A reproducible, standardised model for cutaneous scar tissue to assess therapeutics is crucial to the progress of the field. A systematic review was performed to critically evaluate scarring models in both animal and human research. Method All studies in which cutaneous scars are modelling in animals or humans were included. Models that were focused on the wound healing process or those in humans with scars from an existing injury were excluded. Ovid Medline® was searched on 25 February 2019 to perform two near identical searches; one aimed at animals and the other aimed at humans. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts for study selection. Full texts of potentially suitable studies were then obtained for analysis. Results The animal kingdom search yielded 818 results, of which 71 were included in the review. Animals utilised included rabbits, mice, pigs, dogs and primates. Methods used for creating scar tissue included sharp excision, dermatome injury, thermal injury and injection of fibrotic substances. The search for scar assessment in humans yielded 287 results, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. In all human studies, sharp incision was used to create scar tissue. Some studies focused on patients before or after elective surgery, including bilateral breast reduction, knee replacement or midline sternotomy. Discussion The rabbit ear scar model was the most popular tool for scar research, although pigs produce scar tissue which most closely resembles that of humans. Immunodeficient mouse models allow for in vivo engraftment and study of human scar tissue, however, there are limitations relating to the systemic response to these xenografts. Factors that determine the use of animals include cost of housing requirements, genetic traceability, and ethical concerns. In humans, surgical patients are often studied for scarring responses and outcomes, but reproducibility and patient factors that impact healing can limit interpretation. Human tissue use in vitro may serve as a good basis to rapidly screen and assess treatments prior to clinical use, with the advantage of reduced cost and setup requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyam Mistry
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Riyam Mistry
| | - Mark Veres
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lagares D, Hinz B. Animal and Human Models of Tissue Repair and Fibrosis: An Introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2299:277-290. [PMID: 34028750 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1382-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reductionist cell culture systems are not only convenient but essential to understand molecular mechanisms of myofibroblast activation and action in carefully controlled conditions. However, tissue myofibroblasts do not act in isolation and the complexity of tissue repair and fibrosis in humans cannot be captured even by the most elaborate culture models. Over the past five decades, numerous animal models have been developed to study different aspects of myofibroblast biology and interactions with other cells and extracellular matrix. The underlying principles can be broadly classified into: (1) organ injury by trauma such as prototypical full thickness skin wounds or burns; (2) mechanical challenges, such as pressure overload of the heart by ligature of the aorta or the pulmonary vein; (3) toxic injury, such as administration of bleomycin to lungs and carbon tetrachloride to the liver; (4) organ infection with viruses, bacteria, and parasites, such as nematode infections of liver; (5) cytokine and inflammatory models, including local delivery or viral overexpression of active transforming growth factor beta; (6) "lifestyle" and metabolic models such as high-fat diet; and (7) various genetic models. We will briefly summarize the most widely used mouse models used to study myofibroblasts in tissue repair and fibrosis as well as genetic tools for manipulating myofibroblast repair functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagares
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Li Y, Yu Z, Zhao D, Han D. Corilagin alleviates hypertrophic scars via inhibiting the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signal pathway. Life Sci 2021; 277:119483. [PMID: 33862115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exploring the effects of corilagin on hypertrophic scar (HS) and its underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Human HS-derived fibroblasts (HSFs) were isolated and treated with corilagin. To investigate the effects of corilagin on HSFs, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, wound healing, and immunofluorescence assays were performed. These effects were confirmed in a rabbit ear scar model by histological and immunohistochemical studies. Lastly, western blot assay was performed to detect the protein levels of several components of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling pathway, as well as the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). KEY FINDINGS Corilagin showed multiple effects on HSFs, including does-dependent inhibition of collagen production, cell proliferation, and migration, besides suppression of the activation of HSFs. Moreover, corilagin suppressed HS formation and collagen deposition in a rabbit ear scar model. Corilagin also inhibited fibroblast proliferation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in vivo. Finally, western blot analysis revealed that corilagin downregulated the protein levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor type I (TGFβRI), thus lowering the level of p-smad2/3, also affected the protein levels of MMPs and TIMP1. SIGNIFICANCE Corilagin could be a potential agent for HS treatment through the inhibition of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and multiple functions of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhencheng Yu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Han
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Abstract
Human hypertrophic scars are the result of imperfect healing of skin, which is particularly evident from the scars developing after severe burns. In contrast, mouse and rat full-thickness skin wounds heal normally without forming visible scar tissue, which reduces the suitability of rodent models for the study of skin scarring. We here provide a simple procedure to splint the edges of full-thickness rodent skin with a sutured plastic frame that prevents wound closure by granulation tissue contraction. The resulting mechanical tension in the wound bed and the lack of neo-epithelium amplify myofibroblast formation and generate hypertrophic features, not unlike those of human skin. In addition to producing scar tissue, the splint provides a reservoir that can be used for the delivery of cellular and acellular wound treatment regimen. Despite being simple and almost historical, wound splinting is a robust and reliable model to study myofibroblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Shirakami E, Yamakawa S, Hayashida K. Strategies to prevent hypertrophic scar formation: a review of therapeutic interventions based on molecular evidence. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkz003. [PMID: 32341924 PMCID: PMC7175766 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Once scar tissues mature, it is impossible for the surrounding tissue to regenerate normal dermal tissue. Therefore, it is essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms and establish effective strategies to inhibit aberrant scar formation. Hypertrophic scar formation is considered a result of the imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation during wound healing. However, the underlying mechanisms of hypertrophic scar development are poorly understood. The purpose of this review was to outline the management in the early stage after wound healing to prevent hypertrophic scar formation, focusing on strategies excluding therapeutic agents of internal use. Treatment aimed at molecular targets, including cytokines, will be future options to prevent and treat hypertrophic scars. More basic studies and clinical trials, including combination therapy, are required to investigate the mechanisms and prevent hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Shirakami
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamakawa
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashida
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Li Z, Song J, Zhang J, Hao K, Liu L, Wu B, Zheng X, Xiao B, Tong X, Dai F. Topical application of silk fibroin-based hydrogel in preventing hypertrophic scars. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 186:110735. [PMID: 31865120 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Current medications for the treatment of hypertrophic scars suffer from bottlenecks of limited therapeutic efficacy and a slow recovery rate. Silk fibroin (SF) has gained attention for its ability to promote wound healing in burns and cutaneous wounds, but its therapeutic effects against hypertrophic scar have not been thoroughly investigated. We prepared SF-based hydrogels (SFHs) with various SF concentrations (1.5 %, 3 %, and 6 %) and characterized their physicochemical properties. Cell experiments showed that these SFHs had favorable biocompatibility in vitro. Further animal experiments in rabbits revealed that the SFH (3 %)-treated group achieved scars on their ears that were thinner and significantly lighter in color compared with the negative control group. Moreover, treatment with SFHs reduced the density and led to the orderly arrangement of collagen fibers. It was found that the therapeutic effects of SFHs were attributed to the reduced expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin. These results are the first to demonstrate that SFH can be exploited as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiangbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kaige Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Baiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Song Y, Yu Z, Song B, Guo S, Lei L, Ma X, Su Y. Usnic acid inhibits hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model by suppressing scar tissue angiogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:524-530. [PMID: 30243085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is a common condition in the Chinese population; however, there are currently no satisfactory drugs to treat the disorder. Previous studies showed that angiogenesis plays an important role in the early phase of hypertrophic scarring and inhibition of angiogenesis has been reported as an effective strategy for anti-hypertrophic scar therapy. A recent study showed that usnic acid (UA), an active compound found mainly in lichens, inhibited tumor angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. To investigate the therapeutic effects of UA on hypertrophic scarring and to explore the possible mechanism involved, a rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model was established. Scars were treated once a week for four weeks with UA, DMSO or triamcinolone acetonide acetate. Histological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that UA significantly inhibited hypertrophic scar formation, with obvious reductions in scar height and coloration. The scar elevation index (SEI) was also evidently reduced. Masson's trichrome staining showed that UA significantly ameliorated accumulation of collagen tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD31 expression showed that UA significantly inhibited scar angiogenesis. In vitro, UA inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation as well as the proliferation of both human umbilical vein endothelial cells and scar fibroblast cells. These results provide the first evidence of the therapeutic effectiveness of UA in hypertrophic scar formation in an animal model via a mechanism that involves suppression of scar angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Baoqiang Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shuzhong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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12
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Demir CY, Ersoz ME, Erten R, Kocak OF, Sultanoglu Y, Basbugan Y. Comparison of Enalapril, Candesartan and Intralesional Triamcinolone in Reducing Hypertrophic Scar Development: An Experimental Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018; 42:352-361. [PMID: 29349667 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of oral enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I), oral candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and intralesional corticosteroid treatments in reducing scar formation. METHODS Twenty male rabbits were divided into five study groups: A (sham), B (control), C (ACE-I), D (ARB) and E (intralesional corticosteroid). The rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model was used. The hypertrophic scars were photographed and analyzed with the program ImageJ quantitatively to determine the degree of collagen fibers. The scar elevation index (SEI) was calculated at the end of the 40th day. Tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome and examined under light microscopy for the determination of fibroblast number, epithelization, vascularization, inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS The SEI was the highest in the control group with the highest number of fibroblasts under the epithelium. In the steroid group, the SEI was significantly lower than both the ACE-I (p: 0.02) and ARB (p: 0.001) groups. The density of type 1 collagen fibers was the lowest in the control group, whereas type 3 collagen fibers were highest in that group. The ACE-I and ARB groups were similar regarding densities of type 1 and type 3 collagen fibers. The density of type 1 collagen fibers was the highest in the steroid group, whereas the density of type 3 collagen fibers was the lowest in that group. CONCLUSIONS Enalapril, candesartan and intralesional steroid therapies were all effective in reducing scar tissue development; however, enalapril and steroid groups revealed better results. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Canser Yilmaz Demir
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Eren Ersoz
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Remzi Erten
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Kocak
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Sultanoglu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Yildiray Basbugan
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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13
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Antipruritic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040143. [PMID: 29596343 PMCID: PMC5923309 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explores current evidence to demonstrate that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exert antipruritic effects. Both experimental and clinical conditions in which botulinum neurotoxins have been applied for pruritus relief will be presented and significant findings will be highlighted. Potential mechanisms underlying antipruritic effects will also be discussed and ongoing challenges and unmet needs will be addressed.
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