1
|
Zhou L, Chen W, Jiang S, Xu R. In Vitro Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3783-3799. [PMID: 37870685 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is one of the commonest neurodegenerative diseases of adult-onset, which is characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. The dysfunction and death of motor neurons lead to the progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, spasticity and ultimately the whole paralysis of body. Despite the identification of several genetic mutations associated with the pathogenesis of ALS, including mutations in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 leading to the abnormal expansion of GGGGCC repeat sequence, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and TANK-binding kinase 1, the exact mechanisms underlying the specific degeneration of motor neurons that causes ALS remain incompletely understood. At present, since the transgenic model expressed SOD1 mutants was established, multiple in vitro models of ALS have been developed for studying the pathology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of ALS as well as searching the effective neurotherapeutics. This review reviewed the details of present established in vitro models used in studying the pathology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of ALS. Meanwhile, we also discussed the advantages, disadvantages, cost and availability of each models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandl S, Reindl M. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12699. [PMID: 37628879 PMCID: PMC10454051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tightly interconnected microvascular endothelial cells, separates the brain from the peripheral circulation. Together with other central nervous system-resident cell types, including pericytes and astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier forms the neurovascular unit. Upon neuroinflammation, this barrier becomes leaky, allowing molecules and cells to enter the brain and to potentially harm the tissue of the central nervous system. Despite the significance of animal models in research, they may not always adequately reflect human pathophysiology. Therefore, human models are needed. This review will provide an overview of the blood-brain barrier in terms of both health and disease. It will describe all key elements of the in vitro models and will explore how different compositions can be utilized to effectively model a variety of neuroinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it will explore the existing types of models that are used in basic research to study the respective pathologies thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Youn DH, Han SW, Kim JT, Choi H, Lee A, Kim N, Jung H, Hong EP, Park CH, Lee Y, Cho SM, Jeon JP. Oxiracetam alleviates anti-inflammatory activity and ameliorates cognitive impairment in the early phase of traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2201-2210. [PMID: 37380907 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the effects of oxiracetam on cognitive impairment in the early phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI), for which no specific treatment is currently available. METHODS The in vitro study used a cell injury controller to damage SH-SY5Y cells and evaluate the effect of oxiracetam at a dosage of 100 nM. The in vivo study used a stereotaxic impactor to induce a TBI model in C57BL/6 J mice and analyzed immunohistochemical changes and cognitive function after an intraperitoneal injection of oxiracetam (30 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. The number of mice used in this study was 60. They were divided into three groups (sham, TBI, and TBI with oxiracetam treatment) (20 mice in each group). RESULTS The in vitro study showed that oxiracetam treatment resulted in increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 and SOD2 mRNA expression. The mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, NLRP3, caspase-1, and interleukin (IL)-1 β were decreased after oxiracetam treatment, along with decreases in intracellular reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic effects. TBI mice treated with oxiracetam exhibited the loss of fewer cortical damaged lesions, less brain edema, and fewer Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells compared to those without oxiracetam treatment. The mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were decreased significantly after oxiracetam treatment. These inflammation-related markers, which colocalized with Iba-1-positive or GFAP-positive cells after TBI, were also decreased after oxiracetam treatment. TBI mice treated with oxiracetam had a smaller decrease in preference and more latency time than those not treated with oxiracetam, suggesting the amelioration of impaired cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Oxiracetam may be helpful in restoring cognitive impairment by ameliorating neuroinflammation in the early phase of TBI.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Rats
- Mice
- Humans
- Animals
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuroblastoma
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy
- Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use
- Caspases/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Han
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Haesuk Choi
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Aran Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Pyo Hong
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Younghyurk Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20, Ilsan-RoGangwon-Do, Wonju, 26426, Korea.
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, 77 Sakju-Ro, Chuncheon, 24253, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Establishing Co-Culture Blood–Brain Barrier Models for Different Neurodegeneration Conditions to Understand Its Effect on BBB Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065283. [PMID: 36982361 PMCID: PMC10049378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a functional interface that provides selective permeability, protection from toxic substances, transport of nutrients, and clearance of brain metabolites. Additionally, BBB disruption has been shown to play a role in many neurodegenerative conditions and diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a functional, convenient, and efficient in vitro co-cultured BBB model that can be used for several physiological conditions related to BBB disruption. Mouse brain-derived endothelial (bEnd.3) and astrocyte (C8-D1A) cells were co-cultured on transwell membranes to establish an intact and functional in vitro model. The co-cultured model and its effects on different neurological diseases and stress conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), neuroinflammation, and obesity, have been examined by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran, and tight junction protein analyses. Scanning electron microscope images showed evidence of astrocyte end-feet processes passing through the membrane of the transwell. Moreover, the co-cultured model showed effective barrier properties in the TEER, FITC, and solvent persistence and leakage tests when compared to the mono-cultured model. Additionally, the immunoblot results showed that the expression of tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, and occludin-1 was enhanced in the co-culture. Lastly, under disease conditions, the BBB structural and functional integrity was decreased. The present study demonstrated that the co-cultured in vitro model mimicked the BBB’s structural and functional integrity and, under disease conditions, the co-cultured model showed similar BBB damages. Therefore, the present in vitro BBB model can be used as a convenient and efficient experimental tool to investigate a wide range of BBB-related pathological and physiological studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou Z, Ma J, Cai J, Chen A, Zhu L. Bioinformatic analysis of circular RNA expression profiles in a rat lumbosacral spinal root avulsion model. Front Genet 2022; 13:920493. [PMID: 36035170 PMCID: PMC9412201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbosacral spinal root avulsion (LSRA) is a severe nerve injury that results in devastating dysfunction in the lower limb. Circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) have been reported to be implicated in a variety of diseases. However, the role of circRNAs in LSRA remains unclear. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine circRNA expression profiles in a rat LSRA model and further investigated their potential functions and the underlying mechanisms by bioinformatic analyses and in vitro experiments. In all, 1708 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in spinal cord tissues after LSRA (|fold change| ≥ 2 and p < 0.05), with 591 up-regulated 1117 down-regulated. Meanwhile, 2263 mRNAs were also indentified to be differentially expressed, of which 1471 were upregulated and 792 were downregulated. Eight randomly selected circRNAs and mRNA were successfully verified to be consistent the RNA-seq results by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional analyses based on gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes predicted the potential roles of differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs in LSRA, and circRNA/miRNA/mRNA interaction networks revealed that circRNA_7025, a down-regulated circRNA in LSRA, was targeted by two neuronal apoptosis-related miRNAs, rno-miR-1224 and rno-miR-326-5p. Further in vitro experiments revealed that circRNA_7025 protected against oxygen-glucose deprivation induced neuronal apoptosis via the circRNA_7025/miR-1224/miR-326-5p axis. In summary, our results revealed circRNA expression profiles and their potential functions in LSRA. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in LSRA and might enable us to identify new molecular targets for LSRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Medical Administration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Aimin Chen, ; Lei Zhu,
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Aimin Chen, ; Lei Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intervention of neuroinflammation in the traumatic brain injury trajectory: In vivo and clinical approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
7
|
Reinhold AK, Salvador E, Förster CY, Birklein F, Rittner HL. Microvascular Barrier Protection by microRNA-183 via FoxO1 Repression: A Pathway Disturbed in Neuropathy and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:967-980. [PMID: 34974173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blood nerve barrier disruption and edema are common in neuropathic pain as well as in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). MicroRNAs (miRNA) are epigenetic multitarget switches controlling neuronal and non-neuronal cells in pain. The miR-183 complex attenuates hyperexcitability in nociceptors, but additional non-neuronal effects via transcription factors could contribute as well. This study explored exosomal miR-183 in CRPS and murine neuropathy, its effect on the microvascular barrier via transcription factor FoxO1 and tight junction protein claudin-5, and its antihyperalgesic potential. Sciatic miR-183 decreased after CCI. Substitution with perineural miR-183 mimic attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity and restored blood nerve barrier function. In vitro, serum from CCI mice und CRPS patients weakened the microvascular barrier of murine cerebellar endothelial cells, increased active FoxO1 and reduced claudin-5, concomitant with a lack of exosomal miR-183 in CRPS patients. Cellular stress also compromised the microvascular barrier which was rescued either by miR-183 mimic via FoxO1 repression or by prior silencing of Foxo1. PERSPECTIVE: Low miR-183 leading to barrier impairment via FoxO1 and subsequent claudin-5 suppression is a new aspect in the pathophysiology of CRPS and neuropathic pain. This pathway might help untangle the wide symptomatic range of CRPS and nurture further research into miRNA mimics or FoxO1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Reinhold
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Management, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellaine Salvador
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Management, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany; University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Tumorbiology Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Y Förster
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Management, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Birklein
- Mainz University Hospitals, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Management, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li WY, Fu XM, Wang ZD, Li ZG, Ma D, Sun P, Liu GB, Zhu XF, Wang Y. Krüppel-like factor 7 attenuates hippocampal neuronal injury after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:661-672. [PMID: 34380908 PMCID: PMC8504401 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury. KLF7 also participates in traumatic brain injury, but its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, an HT22 cell model of traumatic brain injury was established by stretch injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation. These cells were then transfected with an adeno-associated virus carrying KLF7 (AAV-KLF7). The results revealed that, after stretch injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation, KLF7 greatly reduced apoptosis, activated caspase-3 and lactate dehydrogenase, downregulated the expression of the apoptotic markers B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, and increased the expression of βIII-tubulin and the antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2. Furthermore, KLF7 overexpression upregulated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in HT22 cells treated by stretch injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that KLF7 directly participated in the phosphorylation of STAT3. In addition, treatment with AG490, a selective inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3, weakened the protective effects of KLF7. A mouse controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury was then established. At 30 minutes before modeling, AAV-KLF7 was injected into the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. The protein and mRNA levels of KLF7 in the hippocampus were increased at 1 day after injury and recovered to normal levels at 3 days after injury. KLF7 reduced ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy, decreased the injured cortex volume, downregulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and increased the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive neurons and Bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, KLF7 transfection greatly enhanced the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in the ipsilateral hippocampus. These results suggest that KLF7 may protect hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Mudanjiang Medical University, China (approval No. mdjyxy-2018-0012) on March 6, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mudanjiang City Second People’s Hospital, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- The First Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Duo Ma
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Gui-Bo Liu
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Modulates Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells under Inflammatory Stress In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040736. [PMID: 35203385 PMCID: PMC8869809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) has been extensively researched since its discovery in 1980. Its crucial role in early neurogenesis and endogenous stem cells of mature brains, as well as its recently described neuroprotective features, implicate further important effects on neuronal homeostasis. Here, we investigate its potential role in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural precursors cells (NPCs) under inflammatory stress as a potential adjunct for NPC-transplantation strategies in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. To this end, we simulated an inflammatory environment in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induced the Shh-pathway using recombinant Shh or blocked it using Cyclopamine, a potent Smo inhibitor. We found that Shh mediates the proliferation and neuronal differentiation potential of NPCs in vitro, even in an inflammatory stress environment mimicking the subacute phase after SCI. At the same time, our results indicate that a reduction of the Shh-pathway activation by blockage with Cyclopamine is associated with reduced NPC-survival, reduced neuronal differentiation and increased astroglial differentiation. Shh might thus, play a role in endogenous NPC-mediated neuroregeneration or even be a potent conjunct to NPC-based therapies in the inflammatory environment after SCI.
Collapse
|
10
|
Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. The Emergence of Model Systems to Investigate the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:813544. [PMID: 35211003 PMCID: PMC8862182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s-related dementias (AD/ADRD). Despite these connections, the underlying mechanisms by which TBI induces AD-related pathology, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive decline have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the various in vivo and in vitro models that are being employed to provide more definite mechanistic relationships between TBI-induced mechanical injury and AD-related phenotypes. In particular, we will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems as it relates to advancing the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to TBI-induced AD onset and progression as well as providing platforms to evaluate potential therapies. Finally, we will discuss how emerging methods including the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cultures and genome engineering technologies can be employed to generate better models of TBI-induced AD.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan WT, Yang YD, Hu XM, Ning WY, Liao LS, Lu S, Zhao WJ, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Do pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis) exist in cerebral ischemia? Evidence from cell and rodent studies. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1761-1768. [PMID: 35017436 PMCID: PMC8820688 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.331539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex, PANoptosome. This allows all the components of PANoptosis to be regulated simultaneously. PANoptosis provides a new way to study the regulation of cell death, in that different types of cell death may be regulated at the same time. To test whether PANoptosis exists in diseases other than infectious diseases, we chose cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as the research model, collected articles researching cerebral ischemia/reperfusion from three major databases, obtained the original research data from these articles by bibliometrics, data mining and other methods, then integrated and analyzed these data. We selected papers that investigated at least two of the components of PANoptosis to check its occurrence in ischemia/reperfusion. In the cell model simulating ischemic brain injury, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis occur together and this phenomenon exists widely in different passage cell lines or primary neurons. Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis also occurred in rat and mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. This confirms that PANoptosis is observed in ischemic brain injury and indicates that PANoptosis can be a target in the regulation of various central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Di Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ya Ning
- Department of Human Resources, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lyu-Shuang Liao
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xia W, Xie J, Cai Z, Liu X, Wen J, Cui ZK, Zhao R, Zhou X, Chen J, Mao X, Gu Z, Zou Z, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Mac M, Song Q, Bai X. Damaged brain accelerates bone healing by releasing small extracellular vesicles that target osteoprogenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6043. [PMID: 34654817 PMCID: PMC8519911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence has established that concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) accelerates bone healing, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study shows that after TBI, injured neurons, mainly those in the hippocampus, release osteogenic microRNA (miRNA)-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which targeted osteoprogenitors in bone to stimulate bone formation. We show that miR-328a-3p and miR-150-5p, enriched in the sEVs after TBI, promote osteogenesis by directly targeting the 3'UTR of FOXO4 or CBL, respectively, and hydrogel carrying miR-328a-3p-containing sEVs efficiently repaires bone defects in rats. Importantly, increased fibronectin expression on sEVs surface contributes to targeting of osteoprogenitors in bone by TBI sEVs, thereby implying that modification of the sEVs surface fibronectin could be used in bone-targeted drug delivery. Together, our work unveils a role of central regulation in bone formation and a clear link between injured neurons and osteogenitors, both in animals and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiqing Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Run Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhimin Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Maegele Mac
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, Private University of Witten-Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Ostmerheimerstr 200, D-51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiancheng Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang W, Zhang F, Hu Q, Xiao X, Ou L, Chen Y, Luo S, Cheng Y, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhao Y. The emerging possibility of the use of geniposide in the treatment of cerebral diseases: a review. Chin Med 2021; 16:86. [PMID: 34454545 PMCID: PMC8400848 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advanced discoveries in the field of pathogenesis, a series of cerebral diseases, such as cerebral ischaemia, Alzheimer's disease, and depression, have been found to have multiple signalling targets in the microenvironment. Only a few existing agents have been shown to have curative effects due to this specific circumstance. In recent decades, active ingredients isolated from natural plants have been shown to be crucial for original drug development. Geniposide, mainly extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, is representative of these natural products. Geniposide demonstrates various biological activities in the treatment of cerebral, cardiovascular, hepatic, tumorous, and other diseases. The multiple protective effects of geniposide on the brain have especially drawn increasing attention. Thus, this article specifically reviews the characteristics of current models of cerebral ischaemia and illustrates the possible effects of geniposide and its pathogenetic mechanisms on these models. Geniposide has been shown to significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction and alleviate neuronal damage and necrosis mainly by inhibiting inflammatory signals, including NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Neuronal protection was also involved in activating the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/catenin pathways. Geniposide was able to increase autophagy and inhibit apoptosis by regulating the function of mTOR in treating Alzheimer's disease. Geniposide has also been shown to act as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist to reduce amyloid plaques and inhibit oxidative stress to alleviate memory impairment as well as synaptic loss. Moreover, geniposide has been shown to exert antidepressant effects primarily by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Detailed explorations have shown that the biological activities of inhibiting inflammatory cytokine secretion, alleviating oxidative stress, and suppressing mitochondrial damage are also involved in the mechanism of action of geniposide. Therefore, geniposide is a promising agent awaiting further exploration for the treatment of cerebral diseases via various phenotypes or signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Linbo Ou
- College of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shiqing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yonghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rösing N, Salvador E, Güntzel P, Kempe C, Burek M, Holzgrabe U, Soukhoroukov V, Wunder C, Förster C. Neuroprotective Effects of Isosteviol Sodium in Murine Brain Capillary Cerebellar Endothelial Cells (cerebEND) After Hypoxia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573950. [PMID: 33192319 PMCID: PMC7655651 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It damages neurons and other supporting cellular elements in the brain. However, the impairment is not only confined to the region of assault but the surrounding area as well. Besides, it also brings about damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in turn leads to microvascular failure and edema. Hence, this necessitates an on-going, continuous search for intervention strategies and effective treatment. Of late, the natural sweetener stevioside proved to exhibit neuroprotective effects and therapeutic benefits against cerebral ischemia-induced injury. Its injectable formulation, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) also demonstrated favorable results. Nonetheless, its effects on the BBB have not yet been investigated to date. As such, this present study was designed to assess the effects of STVNA in our in vitro stroke model of the BBB.The integrity and permeability of the BBB are governed and maintained by tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as claudin-5 and occludin. Our data show increased claudin-5 and occludin expression in oxygen and glucose (OGD)-deprived murine brain capillary cerebellar endothelial cells (cerebEND) after STVNa treatment. Likewise, the upregulation of the transmembrane protein integrin-αv was also observed. Finally, cell volume was reduced with the simultaneous administration of STVNA and OGD in cerebEND cells. In neuropathologies such as stroke, the failure of cell volume control is a major feature leading to loss of cells in the penumbra as well as adverse outcomes. Our initial findings, therefore, point to the neuroprotective effects of STVNA at the BBB in vitro, which warrant further investigation for a possible future clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rösing
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellaine Salvador
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Güntzel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kempe
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Soukhoroukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wunder
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carola Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Division Molecular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Activation of the Hedgehog Pathway Promotes Recovery of Neurological Function After Traumatic Brain Injury by Protecting the Neurovascular Unit. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:720-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
16
|
Rosas-Hernandez H, Burks SM, Cuevas E, Ali SF. Stretch-Induced Deformation as a Model to Study Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2546-2555. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Lutton EM, Farney SK, Andrews AM, Shuvaev VV, Chuang GY, Muzykantov VR, Ramirez SH. Endothelial Targeted Strategies to Combat Oxidative Stress: Improving Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 10:582. [PMID: 31275220 PMCID: PMC6593265 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is a thin monolayer of specialized cells that lines the luminal wall of blood vessels and constitutes the critical innermost portion of the physical barrier between the blood and the brain termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Aberrant changes in the endothelium occur in many neuropathological states, including those with high morbidity and mortality that lack targeted therapeutic interventions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Utilizing ligands of surface determinants expressed on brain endothelium to target and combat injury mechanisms at damaged endothelium offers a new approach to the study of TBI and new avenues for clinical advancement. Many factors influence the targets that are expressed on endothelium. Therefore, the optimization of binding sites and ideal design features of nanocarriers are controllable factors that permit the engineering of nanotherapeutic agents with applicability that is specific to a known disease state. Following TBI, damaged endothelial cells upregulate cell adhesion molecules, including ICAM-1, and are key sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, including hydrogen peroxide. Reactive oxygen species along with pro-inflammatory mediators are known to contribute to endothelial damage and loss of BBB integrity. The use of targeted endothelial nanomedicine, with conjugates of the antioxidant enzyme catalase linked to anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, has recently been demonstrated to minimize oxidative stress at the BBB and reduce neuropathological outcomes following TBI. Here, we discuss targeted endothelial nanomedicine and its potential to provide benefits in TBI outcomes and future directions of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - S Katie Farney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|