1
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Kang E, Kang C, Lee YS, Lee SJV. Brief guide to senescence assays using cultured mammalian cells. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100102. [PMID: 39053732 PMCID: PMC11374973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a crucial biological process associated with organismal aging and many chronic diseases. Here, we present a brief guide to mammalian senescence assays, including the measurement of cell cycle arrest, change in cellular morphology, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, and the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This work will be useful for biologists with minimum expertise in cellular senescence assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseok Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chanhee Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae V Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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2
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Righetti R, Grillini S, Del Dotto V, Costanzini A, Liuzzi F, Zanna C, Sgarbi G, Solaini G, Baracca A. The Pro-Oncogenic Protein IF 1 Promotes Proliferation of Anoxic Cancer Cells during Re-Oxygenation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14624. [PMID: 37834071 PMCID: PMC10572598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells overexpress IF1, the endogenous protein that inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ATP synthase when mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔμH+) falls, as in ischemia. Other roles have been ascribed to IF1, but the associated molecular mechanisms are still under debate. We investigated the ability of IF1 to promote survival and proliferation in osteosarcoma and colon carcinoma cells exposed to conditions mimicking ischemia and reperfusion, as occurs in vivo, particularly in solid tumors. IF1-silenced and parental cells were exposed to the FCCP uncoupler to collapse ΔμH+ and the bioenergetics of cell models were validated. All the uncoupled cells preserved mitochondrial mass, but the implemented mechanisms differed in IF1-expressing and IF1-silenced cells. Indeed, the membrane potential collapse and the energy charge preservation allowed an increase in both mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in IF1-expressing cells only. Interestingly, the presence of IF1 also conferred a proliferative advantage to cells highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation when the uncoupler was washed out, mimicking cell re-oxygenation. Overall, our results indicate that IF1, by allowing energy preservation and promoting mitochondrial renewal, can favor proliferation of anoxic cells and tumor growth. Therefore, hindering the action of IF1 may be promising for the therapy of tumors that rely on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Righetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Grillini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesca Liuzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudia Zanna
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.R.); (S.G.); (V.D.D.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (A.B.)
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3
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Barrett JN, Barrett EF, Rajguru SM. Mitochondrial responses to intracellular Ca 2+ release following infrared stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:700-716. [PMID: 36752512 PMCID: PMC10026987 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00293.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies of Ca2+ effects on mitochondrial respiration in intact cells have used electrical and/or chemical stimulation to elevate intracellular [Ca2+], and have reported increases in [NADH] and increased ADP/ATP ratios as dominant controllers of respiration. This study tested a different form of stimulation: brief temperature increases produced by pulses of infrared light (IR, 1,863 nm, 8-10°C for ∼5 s). Fluorescence imaging techniques applied to single PC-12 cells in low µM extracellular [Ca2+] revealed IR stimulation-induced increases in both cytosolic (fluo5F) and mitochondrial (rhod2) [Ca2+]. IR stimulation increased O2 consumption (porphyrin fluorescence), and produced an alkaline shift in mitochondrial matrix pH (Snarf1), indicating activation of the electron transport chain (ETC). The increase in O2 consumption persisted in oligomycin, and began during a decrease in NADH, suggesting that the initial increase in ETC activity was not driven by increased ATP synthase activity or an increased fuel supply to ETC complex I. Imaging with two potentiometric dyes [tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and R123] indicated a depolarizing shift in ΔΨm that persisted in high [K+] medium. High-resolution fluorescence imaging disclosed large, reversible mitochondrial depolarizations that were inhibited by cyclosporin A (CSA), consistent with the opening of transient mitochondrial permeability transition pores. IR stimulation also produced a Ca2+-dependent increase in superoxide production (MitoSox) that was not inhibited by CSA, indicating that the increase in superoxide did not require transition pore opening. Thus, the intracellular Ca2+ release that follows pulses of infrared light offers new insights into Ca2+-dependent processes controlling respiration and reactive oxygen species in intact cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pulses of infrared light (IR) provide a novel method for rapidly transferring Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria in intact cells. In PC12 cells the resulting ETC activation was not driven by increased ATP synthase activity or NADH. IR stimulation produced a Ca2+-dependent, reversible depolarization of ΔΨm that was partially blocked by cyclosporin A, and a Ca2+-dependent increase in superoxide that did not require transition pore opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ellen F Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Suhrud M Rajguru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Florida, United States
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4
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Ding Y, Pan Q, Gao W, Pu Y, Luo K, He B. Reactive oxygen species-upregulating nanomedicines towards enhanced cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1182-1214. [PMID: 36606593 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes, emerging as a therapeutic target in cancer. Owing to the high concentration of ROS in solid tumor tissues, ROS-based treatments, such as photodynamic therapy and chemodynamic therapy, and ROS-responsive drug delivery systems have been widely explored to powerfully and specifically suppress tumors. However, their anticancer efficacy is still hampered by the heterogeneous ROS levels, and thus comprehensively upregulating the ROS levels in tumor tissues can ensure an enhanced therapeutic effect, which can further sensitize and/or synergize with other therapies to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Herein, we review the recently emerging drug delivery strategies and technologies for increasing the H2O2, ˙OH, 1O2, and ˙O2- concentrations in cancer cells, including the efficient delivery of natural enzymes, nanozymes, small molecular biological molecules, and nanoscale Fenton-reagents and semiconductors and neutralization of intracellular antioxidant substances and localized input of mechanical and electromagnetic waves (such as ultrasound, near infrared light, microwaves, and X-rays). The applications of these ROS-upregulating nanosystems in enhancing and synergizing cancer therapies including chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy are surveyed. In addition, we discuss the challenges of ROS-upregulating systems and the prospects for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qingqing Pan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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5
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Li J, Wang L, Sun Y, Wang Z, Qian Y, Duraisamy V, Antary TMA. Zerumbone-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress re-sensitizes breast cancer cells to paclitaxel. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:28-37. [PMID: 35240000 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an effective approach for cancer therapy when plant-derived sensitizers are combined with chemotherapeutics. Zerumbone, a natural phytochemical, has been documented to have various pharmacological roles. Here, we evaluated the chemosensitization potential of zerumbone in a breast cancer cell line in vitro. Zerumbone-induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based metabolic analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial membrane alterations, DNA damage, and apoptotic morphological changes were measured by fluorescence microscopy methods. A biochemical assay was employed to analyze Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant levels. Apoptotic marker expression levels were investigated by immunoblotting. MTT assay revealed that zerumbone significantly enhanced paclitaxel (PTX)-induced cell death in breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that zerumbone (15 μM) significantly enhanced ROS when combined with PTX (1 μM) treatment. Additionally, we observed that zerumbone enhanced the impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative DNA damage, thereby inducing apoptosis in combination with PTX. Western blot analysis indicated that zerumbone significantly upregulated BAX, caspase-7, and caspase-9 expression and decreased BCL-2 expression, thereby inducing proapoptotic protein-mediated cell death combined with PTX. The prooxidant properties of zerumbone potentially resensitize breast cancer cells to PTX by enhancing intracellular ROS-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutao Li
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery Ward 1, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingying Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Medical Guarantee Center, PLA General Hospital in The Fourth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hai 'an Hospital of Nantong University, Haian, Jiangsu, 226600, China
| | | | - Tawfiq M Al Antary
- Pesticide and Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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6
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Fatty acid-binding proteins 3 and 5 are involved in the initiation of mitochondrial damage in ischemic neurons. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102547. [PMID: 36481733 PMCID: PMC9727700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a fatty acid-binding protein7 (FABP7) inhibitor ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, suggesting an association between FABPs and ischemic neuronal injury. However, the precise role of FABPs in ischemic neuronal injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FABPs in ischemia-reperfusion neuronal injury. FABP3, FABP5, and FABP7 were upregulated in the ischemic penumbra regions in mice. However, only FABP3 and FABP5 were expressed in injured neurons. Furthermore, FABP3 and FABP5 accumulated in the mitochondria of ischemic neurons. Overexpressing either FABP3 or FABP5 aggravated the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells during oxidative stress. This damage was mediated by the formation of BAX-containing pores in the mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, FABP5 mediates lipid peroxidation and generates toxic by-products (i.e., 4-HNE) in SH-SY5Y cells. HY11-08 (HY08), a novel FABP3 and 5 inhibitor that does not act on FABP7, significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume and blocked FABP3/5-induced mitochondrial damage, including lipid peroxidation and BAX-related apoptotic signaling. Thus, FABP3 and FABP5 are key players in triggering mitochondrial damage in ischemic neurons. In addition, the novel FABP inhibitor, HY08, may be a potential neuroprotective treatment for ischemic stroke.
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7
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Li Y, Ma Y, Dang QY, Fan XR, Han CT, Xu SZ, Li PY. Assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction and implications in cardiovascular disorders. Life Sci 2022; 306:120834. [PMID: 35902031 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular function, not only acting as the powerhouse of the cell, but also regulating ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ cycling, and apoptosis. During the past decade, extensive progress has been made in the technology to assess mitochondrial functions and accumulating evidences have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathophysiological mechanism for many diseases including cardiovascular disorders, such as ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and hemorrhagic shock. The advances in methodology have been accelerating our understanding of mitochondrial molecular structure and function, biogenesis and ROS and energy production, which facilitates new drug target identification and therapeutic strategy development for mitochondrial dysfunction-related disorders. This review will focus on the assessment of methodologies currently used for mitochondrial research and discuss their advantages, limitations and the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qing-Ya Dang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xin-Rong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chu-Ting Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shang-Zhong Xu
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
| | - Peng-Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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8
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Miwa S, Kashyap S, Chini E, von Zglinicki T. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cell senescence and aging. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158447. [PMID: 35775483 PMCID: PMC9246372 DOI: 10.1172/jci158447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence are hallmarks of aging and are closely interconnected. Mitochondrial dysfunction, operationally defined as a decreased respiratory capacity per mitochondrion together with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, typically accompanied by increased production of oxygen free radicals, is a cause and a consequence of cellular senescence and figures prominently in multiple feedback loops that induce and maintain the senescent phenotype. Here, we summarize pathways that cause mitochondrial dysfunction in senescence and aging and discuss the major consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and how these consequences contribute to senescence and aging. We also highlight the potential of senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as an antiaging and antisenescence intervention target, proposing the combination of multiple interventions converging onto mitochondrial dysfunction as novel, potent senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miwa
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sonu Kashyap
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eduardo Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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9
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Murphy MP, Bayir H, Belousov V, Chang CJ, Davies KJA, Davies MJ, Dick TP, Finkel T, Forman HJ, Janssen-Heininger Y, Gems D, Kagan VE, Kalyanaraman B, Larsson NG, Milne GL, Nyström T, Poulsen HE, Radi R, Van Remmen H, Schumacker PT, Thornalley PJ, Toyokuni S, Winterbourn CC, Yin H, Halliwell B. Guidelines for measuring reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in cells and in vivo. Nat Metab 2022; 4:651-662. [PMID: 35760871 PMCID: PMC9711940 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 205.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their consequences for health and disease are emerging throughout biological sciences. This development has led researchers unfamiliar with the complexities of ROS and their reactions to employ commercial kits and probes to measure ROS and oxidative damage inappropriately, treating ROS (a generic abbreviation) as if it were a discrete molecular entity. Unfortunately, the application and interpretation of these measurements are fraught with challenges and limitations. This can lead to misleading claims entering the literature and impeding progress, despite a well-established body of knowledge on how best to assess individual ROS, their reactions, role as signalling molecules and the oxidative damage that they can cause. In this consensus statement we illuminate problems that can arise with many commonly used approaches for measurement of ROS and oxidative damage, and propose guidelines for best practice. We hope that these strategies will be useful to those who find their research requiring assessment of ROS, oxidative damage and redox signalling in cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vsevolod Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Gerontology, Molecular & Computational Biology, and Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias P Dick
- German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Henry J Forman
- Gerontology, Molecular & Computational Biology, and Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Janssen-Heininger
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Gems
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Radi
- Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Paul J Thornalley
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Life Sciences Institute Neurobiogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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10
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Yu Y, Sun Q, Li T, Ren X, Lin L, Sun M, Duan J, Sun Z. Adverse outcome pathway of fine particulate matter leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: An integrated perspective from toxicology and epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128368. [PMID: 35149491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is a major threat to public health, and is listed as one of the leading factors associated with global premature mortality. Among the adverse health effects on multiple organs or tissues, the influence of PM2.5 exposure on cardiovascular system has drawn more and more attention. Although numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular toxicity of PM2.5, the various mechanisms have not been integrated due to the variety of the study models, different levels of toxicity assessment endpoints, etc. Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is a useful tool to achieve this goal so as to facilitate comprehensive understanding of toxicity assessment of PM2.5 on cardiovascular system. This review aims to illustrate the causal mechanistic relationships of PM2.5-triggered cardiovascular toxicity from different levels (from molecular/cellular/organ to individual/population) by using AOP framework. Based on the AOP Wiki and published literature, we propose an AOP framework focusing on the cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5 exposure. The molecular initiating event (MIE) is identified as reactive oxygen species generation, followed by the key events (KEs) of oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction, which induces vascular endothelial dysfunction via vascular endothelial cell autophagy dysfunction, vascular fibrosis via vascular smooth muscle cell activation, cardiac dysregulation via myocardial apoptosis, and cardiac fibrosis via fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation, respectively; all of the above cardiovascular injuries ultimately elevate cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. As far as we know, this is the first work on PM2.5-related cardiovascular AOP construction. In the future, more work needs to be done to explore new markers in the safety assessment of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Qinglin Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaoke Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lisen Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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11
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Overexpression of NMNAT3 improves mitochondrial function and enhances anti-oxidative stress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the NAD+-Sirt3 pathway. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230593. [PMID: 34981121 PMCID: PMC8762348 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress damage is a common problem in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation. Under stress conditions, the mitochondrial function of BMSCs is disrupted, which accelerates senescence and apoptosis of BMSCs, ultimately leading to poor efficacy. Therefore, improving mitochondrial function and enhancing the anti-oxidative stress capacity of BMSCs may be an effective way of improving the survival rate and curative effect of BMSCs. In this study, we have confirmed that overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 3 (NMNAT3) improves mitochondrial function and resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in BMSCs. We further revealed the mechanism of NMNAT3-mediated resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in BMSCs. We increased the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by overexpressing NMNAT3 in BMSCs and found that it could significantly increase the activity of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) and significantly decrease the acetylation levels of Sirt3-dependent deacetylation-related proteins isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2) and Forkhead-box protein O3a (FOXO3a). These findings show that NMNAT3 may increase the activity of Sirt3 by increasing NAD+ levels. Our results confirm that the NMNAT3-NAD+-Sirt3 axis is a potential mechanism for improving mitochondrial function and enhancing anti-oxidative stress of BMSCs. In this study, we take advantage of the role of NMNAT3 in inhibiting stress-induced apoptosis of BMSCs and provide new methods and ideas for breaking through the bottleneck of transplantation efficacy of BMSCs in the clinic.
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12
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Disrupted expression of mitochondrial NCLX sensitizes neuroglial networks to excitotoxic stimuli and renders synaptic activity toxic. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101508. [PMID: 34942149 PMCID: PMC8808183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial sodium/calcium/lithium exchanger (NCLX) is an important mediator of calcium extrusion from mitochondria. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that physiological expression levels of NCLX are essential for maintaining neuronal resilience in the face of excitotoxic challenge. Using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated approach, we showed that reduced NCLX expression exacerbates neuronal mitochondrial calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) breakdown, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during excitotoxic stimulation of primary hippocampal cultures. Moreover, NCLX knockdown-which affected both neurons and glia-resulted not only in enhanced neurodegeneration following an excitotoxic insult, but also in neuronal and astrocytic cell death under basal conditions. Our data also revealed that synaptic activity, which promotes neuroprotective signaling, can become lethal upon NCLX depletion; expression of NCLX-targeted shRNA impaired the clearance of mitochondrial calcium following action potential bursts and was associated both with ΔΨmbreakdown and substantial neurodegeneration in hippocampal cultures undergoing synaptic activity. Finally, we showed that NCLX knockdown within the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region in vivo causes substantial neuro- and astrodegeneration. In summary, we demonstrated that dysregulated NCLX expression not only sensitizes neuroglial networks to excitotoxic stimuli but notably also renders otherwise neuroprotective synaptic activity toxic. These findings may explain the emergence of neuro- and astrodegeneration in patients with disorders characterized by disrupted NCLX expression or function, and suggest that treatments aimed at enhancing or restoring NCLX function may prevent central nervous system damage in these disease states.
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13
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Ma Y, Colin C, Descamps J, Arbault S, Sojic N. Shadow Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Mitochondria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18742-18749. [PMID: 34115447 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the subcellular bioenergetic organelles. The analysis of their morphology and topology is essential to provide useful information on their activity and metabolism. Herein, we report a label-free shadow electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy based on the spatial confinement of the ECL-emitting reactive layer to image single living mitochondria deposited on the electrode surface. The ECL mechanism of the freely-diffusing [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ dye with the sacrificial tri-n-propylamine coreactant restrains the light-emitting region to a micrometric thickness allowing to visualize individual mitochondria with a remarkable sharp negative optical contrast. The imaging approach named "shadow ECL" (SECL) reflects the negative imprint of the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each mitochondrion. The statistical analysis of the colocalization of the shadow ECL spots with the functional mitochondria revealed by classical fluorescent biomarkers, MitoTracker Deep Red and the endogenous intramitochondrial NADH, validates the reported methodology. The versatility and extreme sensitivity of the approach are further demonstrated by visualizing single mitochondria, which remain hardly detectable with the usual biomarkers. Finally, by alleviating problems of photobleaching and phototoxicity associated with conventional microscopy methods, SECL microscopy should find promising applications in the imaging of subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ma
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Camille Colin
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France.,Present address: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR 5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
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14
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Ma Y, Colin C, Descamps J, Arbault S, Sojic N. Shadow Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Mitochondria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ma
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Camille Colin
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
- Present address: Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP CBMN UMR 5248 Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 33600 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
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15
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Kell DB. A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:1-177. [PMID: 34147184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Textbooks of biochemistry will explain that the otherwise endergonic reactions of ATP synthesis can be driven by the exergonic reactions of respiratory electron transport, and that these two half-reactions are catalyzed by protein complexes embedded in the same, closed membrane. These views are correct. The textbooks also state that, according to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, a (or the) kinetically and thermodynamically competent intermediate linking the two half-reactions is the electrochemical difference of protons that is in equilibrium with that between the two bulk phases that the coupling membrane serves to separate. This gradient consists of a membrane potential term Δψ and a pH gradient term ΔpH, and is known colloquially as the protonmotive force or pmf. Artificial imposition of a pmf can drive phosphorylation, but only if the pmf exceeds some 150-170mV; to achieve in vivo rates the imposed pmf must reach 200mV. The key question then is 'does the pmf generated by electron transport exceed 200mV, or even 170mV?' The possibly surprising answer, from a great many kinds of experiment and sources of evidence, including direct measurements with microelectrodes, indicates it that it does not. Observable pH changes driven by electron transport are real, and they control various processes; however, compensating ion movements restrict the Δψ component to low values. A protet-based model, that I outline here, can account for all the necessary observations, including all of those inconsistent with chemiosmotic coupling, and provides for a variety of testable hypotheses by which it might be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative, Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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16
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Merz SF, Bengtson CP, Tepohl C, Hagenston AM, Bading H, Bas-Orth C. A microscopy-based small molecule screen in primary neurons reveals neuroprotective properties of the FDA-approved anti-viral drug Elvitegravir. Mol Brain 2020; 13:124. [PMID: 32928261 PMCID: PMC7489219 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate toxicity is a pathomechanism that contributes to neuronal cell death in a wide range of acute and chronic neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor and breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential are key events during glutamate toxicity. Due to its manifold functions in nervous system physiology, however, the NMDA receptor is not well suited as a drug target. To identify novel compounds that act downstream of toxic NMDA receptor signaling and can protect mitochondria from glutamate toxicity, we developed a cell viability screening assay in primary mouse cortical neurons. In a proof-of-principle screen we tested 146 natural products and 424 FDA-approved drugs for their ability to protect neurons against NMDA-induced cell death. We confirmed several known neuroprotective drugs that include Dutasteride, Enalapril, Finasteride, Haloperidol, and Oxybutynin, and we identified neuroprotective properties of Elvitegravir. Using live imaging of tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester-labelled primary cortical neurons, we found that Elvitegravir, Dutasteride, and Oxybutynin attenuated the NMDA-induced breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Patch clamp electrophysiological recordings in NMDA receptor-expressing HEK293 cell lines and primary mouse hippocampal neurons revealed that Elvitegravir does not act at the NMDA receptor and does not affect the function of glutamatergic synapses. In summary, we have developed a cost-effective and easy-to-implement screening assay in primary neurons and identified Elvitegravir as a neuro- and mitoprotective drug that acts downstream of the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Merz
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Peter Bengtson
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Tepohl
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M Hagenston
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Bas-Orth
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Samivel R, Nagarajan RP, Subramanian U, Khan AA, Masmali A, Almubrad T, Akhtar S. Inhibitory Effect of Ursolic Acid on Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Response-Mediated Senescence in Human Skin Dermal Fibroblasts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1246510. [PMID: 32617130 PMCID: PMC7313156 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1246510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is an environmental carcinogenic agent that enhances inflammation and immunological reactions in the exposed human skin cells leading to oxidative photoaging of the epidermal and dermal segment. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of ursolic acid (UA) against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation- induced photoaging an in vitro model of human skin dermal fibroblasts. UA-pretreated human skin dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells were exposed to UVB radiation to evaluated cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, DNA damage, proinflammatory response, apoptotic induction, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) alteration. The UA pretreatment of HDFs mitigated the UVB irradiation-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration and lipid peroxidation, depletion of antioxidant status, DNA damage, and apoptotic induction. UA pretreatment of HDFs also attenuated the UVB-induced expression of inflammatory (TNF-α and NF-κB) and apoptotic (p53, Bax, and caspase-3) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and enhanced the Bcl-2 protein levels in 20 μM UA treatment, when compared to concentrations. Hence, these results revealed that UA has the potential to mitigate UVB-induced extracellular damage by interfering with the ROS-mediated apoptotic induction and photoaging senescence and thus is a potential therapeutic agent to protect the skin against UVB-irradiation induced photooxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Samivel
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendra Prasad Nagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Central University Laboratory Building, TANUVAS, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adnan Ali Khan
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Masmali
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Almubrad
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Stryhn JKG, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, Feldthusen AD, Kvetny J, Gæde PH. Mitochondrial energetics and contents evaluated by flow cytometry in human maternal and umbilical cord blood. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2020; 80:351-359. [PMID: 32468866 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1768584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction may relate to metabolic disorders. The relation between maternal and fetal mitochondrial function needs attention due to heritage.Objectives: To evaluate the use of the staining methods TetraMethylRhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and Mitotracker Green (MTG) for flow cytometric measurements of umbilical cord blood mitochondrial function. Methods: 53 euthyroid at-term pregnant women and their offspring were included by blood collections. The offspring had blood drawn from the clamped umbilical cord. Flow cytometry with MTG, TMRM and Propidium Iodide were performed the following day. A cell count (antibody coating and flow cytometry) was performed for 9 maternal and cord samples. As a quality control, blood of 32 healthy donors was evaluated by flow cytometric analyzes same day as sampling and the following day to test stability of the measurements.Results: Cord mitochondrial measurements were lower than maternal. Maternal and cord mitochondrial function were positively correlated, especially reflected by MTG fluorescence-intensity (FI). Samples stored presented with very changed fluorescence patterns. However, the fluorescence intensity ratios MTG/TMRM of stained white blood cells were related within same day measurements, depicting an extensive and common bioenergetic cellular change.Conclusion: Cord blood flow cytometry by MTG- and TMRM- staining is possible with fluorescence intensity positively correlated to maternal fluorescence intensity. Storage of blood triggers mitochondrial dynamics. The methods are applicable with certain reservations, and they benefit from their non-invasive character compared to mitochondrial evaluation by muscle-biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kristine Guldberg Stryhn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.,Mitochondria Research Unit, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Larsen
- Mitochondria Research Unit, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Palle Lyngsie Pedersen
- Mitochondria Research Unit, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Kvetny
- Mitochondria Research Unit, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Peter Haulund Gæde
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
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19
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Leung MCK, Meyer JN. Mitochondria as a target of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: Revisiting common mechanisms of action with new approach methodologies. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:83-92. [PMID: 31315019 PMCID: PMC6766410 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity has been proposed as a potential cause of developmental defects in humans. We evaluated 51 organophosphate and carbamate pesticides using the U.S. EPA ToxCast and Tox21 databases. Only a small number of them bind directly to cholinesterases in the parent form. The hydrophobicity of organophosphate pesticides is correlated significantly to TSPO binding affinity, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in HepG2 cells, and developmental toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio (p < 0.05). Structural analysis suggests that in some cases the Krebs cycle is a potential target of organophosphate and carbamate exposure at early life stages. The results support the hypothesis that mitochondrial effects of some organophosphate pesticides-particularly those that require enzymatic activation to the oxon form-may augment the documented effects of disruption of acetylcholine signaling. This study provides a proof of concept for applying new approach methodologies to interrogate mechanisms of action for cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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20
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Okkelman IA, Papkovsky DB, Dmitriev RI. Estimation of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Cytometry A 2019; 97:471-482. [PMID: 31486581 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of cell metabolism represents an important application area for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). In particular, assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in complex three-dimensional multicellular in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models would enable improved segmentation and functional discrimination of cell types, directly report on the mitochondrial function and complement the quenched-phosphorescence detection of cellular O2 and two-photon excited FLIM of endogenous NAD(P)H. Here, we report the green and orange-emitting fluorescent dyes SYTO and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) as potential FLIM probes for MMP. In addition to nuclear, SYTO 16 and 24 dyes also display mitochondrial accumulation. FLIM with the culture of human colon cancer HCT116 cells allowed observation of the heterogeneity of mitochondrial polarization during the cell cycle progression. The dyes also demonstrated good performance with 3D cultures of Lgr5-GFP mouse intestinal organoids, providing efficient and quick cell staining and compatibility with two-photon excitation. Multiplexed imaging of Lgr5-GFP, proliferating cells (Hoechst 33342-aided FLIM), and TMRM-FLIM allowed us to identify the population of metabolically active cells in stem cell niche. TMRM-FLIM enabled to visualize the differences in membrane potential between Lgr5-positive and other proliferating and differentiated cell types. Altogether, SYTO 24 and TMRM dyes represent promising markers for advanced FLIM-based studies of cell bioenergetics with complex 3D and in vivo models. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Okkelman
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Bioanalysis, ABCRF, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Bioanalysis, ABCRF, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Bioanalysis, ABCRF, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Iannetti EF, Prigione A, Smeitink JAM, Koopman WJH, Beyrath J, Renkema H. Live-Imaging Readouts and Cell Models for Phenotypic Profiling of Mitochondrial Function. Front Genet 2019; 10:131. [PMID: 30881379 PMCID: PMC6405630 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known as the powerhouses of the cells but their cellular role goes far beyond energy production; among others, they have a pivotal function in cellular calcium and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with severe and relatively rare disorders with an unmet therapeutic need. Given their central integrating role in multiple cellular pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction is also relevant in the pathogenesis of various other, more common, human pathologies. Here we discuss how live-cell high content microscopy can be used for image-based phenotypic profiling to assess mitochondrial (dys) function. From this perspective, we discuss a selection of live-cell fluorescent reporters and imaging strategies and discuss the pros/cons of human cell models in mitochondrial research. We also present an overview of live-cell high content microscopy applications used to detect disease-associated cellular phenotypes and perform cell-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eligio F. Iannetti
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A. M. Smeitink
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Werner J. H. Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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