1
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Yulfo-Soto G, McCormick S, Chen H, Bai G, Trick HN, Hao G. Reduction of Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in transgenic wheat expressing Fusarium graminearum trichothecene 3- O-acetyltransferase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1389605. [PMID: 38650698 PMCID: PMC11033581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1389605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces various mycotoxins that contaminate wheat grains and cause profound health problems in humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common trichothecene found in contaminated grains. Our previous study showed that Arabidopsis-expressing F. graminearum trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (FgTRI101) converted DON to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and excreted it outside of Arabidopsis cells. To determine if wheat can convert and excrete 3-ADON and reduce FHB and DON contamination, FgTRI101 was cloned and introduced into wheat cv Bobwhite. Four independent transgenic lines containing FgTRI101 were identified. Gene expression studies showed that FgTRI101 was highly expressed in wheat leaf and spike tissues in the transgenic line FgTri101-1606. The seedlings of two FgTri101 transgenic wheat lines (FgTri101-1606 and 1651) grew significantly longer roots than the controls on media containing 5 µg/mL DON; however, the 3-ADON conversion and excretion was detected inconsistently in the seedlings of FgTri101-1606. Further analyses did not detect 3-ADON or other possible DON-related products in FgTri101-1606 seedlings after adding deuterium-labeled DON into the growth media. FgTri101-transgenic wheat plants showed significantly enhanced FHB resistance and lower DON content after they were infected with F. graminearum, but 3-ADON was not detected. Our study suggests that it is promising to utilize FgTRI101, a gene that the fungus uses for self-protection, for managing FHB and mycotoxin in wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabdiel Yulfo-Soto
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guihua Bai
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Harold N. Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL, United States
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2
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Hao G, Naumann TA, Chen H, Bai G, McCormick S, Kim HS, Tian B, Trick HN, Naldrett MJ, Proctor R. Fusarium graminearum Effector FgNls1 Targets Plant Nuclei to Induce Wheat Head Blight. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:478-488. [PMID: 36853197 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-22-0254-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat and barley worldwide. Effectors suppress host immunity and promote disease development. The genome of F. graminearum contains hundreds of effectors with unknown function. Therefore, investigations of the functions of these effectors will facilitate developing novel strategies to enhance wheat resistance to FHB. We characterized a F. graminearum effector, FgNls1, containing a signal peptide and multiple eukaryotic nuclear localization signals. A fusion protein of green fluorescent protein and FgNls1 accumulated in plant cell nuclei when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. FgNls1 suppressed Bax-induced cell death when co-expressed in N. benthamiana. We revealed that the expression of FgNLS1 was induced in wheat spikes infected with F. graminearum. The Fgnls1 mutants significantly reduced initial infection and FHB spread within a spike. The function of FgNLS1 was restored in the Fgnls1-complemented strains. Wheat histone 2B was identified as an interacting protein by FgNls1-affinity chromatography. Furthermore, transgenic wheat plants that silence FgNLS1 expression had significantly lower FHB severity than control plants. This study demonstrates a critical role of FgNls1 in F. graminearum pathogenesis and indicates that host-induced gene silencing targeting F. graminearum effectors is a promising approach to enhance FHB resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixia Hao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Todd A Naumann
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Guihua Bai
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
- USDA-ARS, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Susan McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, Beadle Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Robert Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
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3
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Szabała BM. A bifunctional selectable marker for wheat transformation contributes to the characterization of male-sterile phenotype induced by a synthetic Ms2 gene. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:895-907. [PMID: 36867203 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE An engineered selectable marker combining herbicide resistance and yellow fluorescence contributes to the characterization of male-sterile phenotype in wheat, the severity of which correlates with expression levels of a synthetic Ms2 gene. Genetic transformation of wheat is conducted using selectable markers, such as herbicide and antibiotic resistance genes. Despite their proven effectiveness, they do not provide visual control of the transformation process and transgene status in progeny, which creates uncertainty and prolongs screening procedures. To overcome this limitation, this study developed a fusion protein by combining gene sequences encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and mCitrine fluorescent protein. The fusion gene, introduced into wheat cells by particle bombardment, enabled herbicide selection, and visual identification of primary transformants along with their progeny. This marker was then used to select transgenic plants containing a synthetic Ms2 gene. Ms2 is a dominant gene whose activation in wheat anthers leads to male sterility, but the relationship between the expression levels and the male-sterile phenotype is unknown. The Ms2 gene was driven either by a truncated Ms2 promoter containing a TRIM element or a rice promoter OsLTP6. The expression of these synthetic genes resulted in complete male sterility or partial fertility, respectively. The low-fertility phenotype was characterized by smaller anthers than the wild type, many defective pollen grains, and low seed sets. The reduction in the size of anthers was observed at earlier and later stages of their development. Consistently, Ms2 transcripts were detected in these organs, but their levels were significantly lower than those in completely sterile Ms2TRIM::Ms2 plants. These results suggested that the severity of the male-sterile phenotype was modulated by Ms2 expression levels and that higher levels may be key to activating total male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz M Szabała
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Breeding and Plant Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166 St., 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Navia-Urrutia M, Mosquera G, Ellsworth R, Farman M, Trick HN, Valent B. Effector Genes in Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum as Potential Targets for Incorporating Blast Resistance in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1700-1712. [PMID: 34931892 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2209-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wheat blast (WB), caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype, recently emerged as a destructive disease that threatens global wheat production. Because few sources of genetic resistance have been identified in wheat, genetic transformation of wheat with rice blast resistance genes could expand resistance to WB. We evaluated the presence/absence of homologs of rice blast effector genes in Triticum isolates with the aim of identifying avirulence genes in field populations whose cognate rice resistance genes could potentially confer resistance to WB. We also assessed presence of the wheat pathogen AVR-Rmg8 gene and identified new alleles. A total of 102 isolates collected in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay from 1986 to 2018 were evaluated by PCR using 21 pairs of gene-specific primers. Effector gene composition was highly variable, with homologs to AvrPiz-t, AVR-Pi9, AVR-Pi54, and ACE1 showing the highest amplification frequencies (>94%). We identified Triticum isolates with a functional AvrPiz-t homolog that triggers Piz-t-mediated resistance in the rice pathosystem and produced transgenic wheat plants expressing the rice Piz-t gene. Seedlings and heads of the transgenic lines were challenged with isolate T25 carrying functional AvrPiz-t. Although slight decreases in the percentage of diseased spikelets and leaf area infected were observed in two transgenic lines, our results indicated that Piz-t did not confer useful WB resistance. Monitoring of avirulence genes in populations is fundamental to identifying effective resistance genes for incorporation into wheat by conventional breeding or transgenesis. Based on avirulence gene distributions, rice resistance genes Pi9 and Pi54 might be candidates for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Navia-Urrutia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Gloria Mosquera
- Rice Pathology, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, 763537, Colombia
| | - Rebekah Ellsworth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Mark Farman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
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5
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Lin G, Chen H, Tian B, Sehgal SK, Singh L, Xie J, Rawat N, Juliana P, Singh N, Shrestha S, Wilson DL, Shult H, Lee H, Schoen AW, Tiwari VK, Singh RP, Guttieri MJ, Trick HN, Poland J, Bowden RL, Bai G, Gill B, Liu S. Cloning of the broadly effective wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr42 transferred from Aegilops tauschii. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3044. [PMID: 35650212 PMCID: PMC9160033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The wheat wild relative Aegilops tauschii was previously used to transfer the Lr42 leaf rust resistance gene into bread wheat. Lr42 confers resistance at both seedling and adult stages, and it is broadly effective against all leaf rust races tested to date. Lr42 has been used extensively in the CIMMYT international wheat breeding program with resulting cultivars deployed in several countries. Here, using a bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) mapping strategy, we identify three candidate genes for Lr42. Overexpression of a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene AET1Gv20040300 induces strong resistance to leaf rust in wheat and a mutation of the gene disrupted the resistance. The Lr42 resistance allele is rare in Ae. tauschii and likely arose from ectopic recombination. Cloning of Lr42 provides diagnostic markers and over 1000 CIMMYT wheat lines carrying Lr42 have been developed documenting its widespread use and impact in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.,Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sunish K Sehgal
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57006, USA
| | - Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jingzhong Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Nidhi Rawat
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Philomin Juliana
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 56237, Texcoco, Mexico.,Borlaug Institute for South Asia, Ludhiana, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.,Bayer R&D Services LLC, Kansas City, MO, 64153, USA
| | - Sandesh Shrestha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Duane L Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Hannah Shult
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Adam William Schoen
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ravi P Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 56237, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Mary J Guttieri
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Jesse Poland
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.,Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert L Bowden
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Guihua Bai
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.,Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA
| | - Bikram Gill
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502, USA.
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6
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Ahmar S, Mahmood T, Fiaz S, Mora-Poblete F, Shafique MS, Chattha MS, Jung KH. Advantage of Nanotechnology-Based Genome Editing System and Its Application in Crop Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663849. [PMID: 34122485 PMCID: PMC8194497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is an important source of human food. However, current agricultural practices need modernizing and strengthening to fulfill the increasing food requirements of the growing worldwide population. Genome editing (GE) technology has been used to produce plants with improved yields and nutritional value as well as with higher resilience to herbicides, insects, and diseases. Several GE tools have been developed recently, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with nucleases, a customizable and successful method. The main steps of the GE process involve introducing transgenes or CRISPR into plants via specific gene delivery systems. However, GE tools have certain limitations, including time-consuming and complicated protocols, potential tissue damage, DNA incorporation in the host genome, and low transformation efficiency. To overcome these issues, nanotechnology has emerged as a groundbreaking and modern technique. Nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery is superior to conventional biomolecular approaches because it enhances the transformation efficiency for both temporal (transient) and permanent (stable) genetic modifications in various plant species. However, with the discoveries of various advanced technologies, certain challenges in developing a short-term breeding strategy in plants remain. Thus, in this review, nanobased delivery systems and plant genetic engineering challenges are discussed in detail. Moreover, we have suggested an effective method to hasten crop improvement programs by combining current technologies, such as speed breeding and CRISPR/Cas, with nanotechnology. The overall aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of nanotechnology-based CRISPR techniques for plant transformation and suggest applications for possible crop enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Ki-Hung Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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7
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McLaughlin JE, Darwish NI, Garcia-Sanchez J, Tyagi N, Trick HN, McCormick S, Dill-Macky R, Tumer NE. A Lipid Transfer Protein has Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity and Suppresses Fusarium Head Blight Disease and DON Accumulation in Transgenic Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:671-683. [PMID: 32896217 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0153-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) are virulence factors of Fusarium graminearum, which causes Fusarium head blight, one of the most important diseases of small grain cereals. We previously identified a nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) gene, AtLTP4.4, which was overexpressed in an activation-tagged Arabidopsis line resistant to trichothecin, a type B trichothecene in the same class as DON. Here we show that overexpression of AtLTP4.4 in transgenic wheat significantly reduced F. graminearum growth in 'Bobwhite' and 'RB07' lines in the greenhouse and reduced fungal lesion size in detached leaf assays. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was attenuated on exposure of transgenic wheat plants to DON, indicating that AtLTP4.4 may confer resistance by inhibiting oxidative stress. Field testing indicated that disease severity was significantly reduced in two transgenic 'Bobwhite' lines expressing AtLTP4.4. DON accumulation was significantly reduced in four different transgenic 'Bobwhite' lines expressing AtLTP4.4 or a wheat nsLTP, TaLTP3, which was previously shown to have antioxidant activity. Recombinant AtLTP4.4 purified from Pichia pastoris exhibited potent antifungal activity against F. graminearum. These results demonstrate that overexpression of AtLTP4.4 in transgenic wheat suppresses DON accumulation in the field. Suppression of DON-induced reactive oxygen species by AtLTP4.4 might be the mechanism by which fungal spread and mycotoxin accumulation are inhibited in transgenic wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Noura I Darwish
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Jeffrey Garcia-Sanchez
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Neerja Tyagi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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8
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Ferrie AMR, Bhowmik P, Rajagopalan N, Kagale S. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis in Wheat Doubled Haploids. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2072:183-198. [PMID: 31541447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture, but many plant species and/or genotypes are recalcitrant to conventional transformation methods. Additionally, the long generation time of crop plants poses a significant obstacle to effective application of gene editing technology, as it takes a long time to produce modified homozygous genotypes. The haploid single-celled microspores are an attractive target for gene editing experiments, as they enable generation of homozygous doubled haploid mutants in one generation. Here, we describe optimized methods for genome editing of haploid wheat microspores and production of doubled haploid plants by microspore culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sateesh Kagale
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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9
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Kim SY. Barley Transformation by Particle Bombardment Using Callus. Bio Protoc 2020. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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