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Park C, Weerakkody JS, Schneider R, Miao S, Pitt D. CNS cell-derived exosome signatures as blood-based biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426700. [PMID: 38966760 PMCID: PMC11222337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers require the reproducible capture of disease-associated changes and are ideally sensitive, specific and accessible with minimal invasiveness to patients. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that have gained attention as potential biomarkers. They are released by all cell types and carry molecular cargo that reflects the functional state of the cells of origin. These characteristics make them an attractive means of measuring disease-related processes within the central nervous system (CNS), as they cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and can be captured in peripheral blood. In this review, we discuss recent progress made toward identifying blood-based protein and RNA biomarkers of several neurodegenerative diseases from circulating, CNS cell-derived exosomes. Given the lack of standardized methodology for exosome isolation and characterization, we discuss the challenges of capturing and quantifying the molecular content of exosome populations from blood for translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Park
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sheng Miao
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David Pitt
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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Pais MV, Kuo C, Ances BM, Wetherell JL, Lenze EJ, Diniz BS. Relationship between baseline plasma p-tau181 and longitudinal changes in cognition and structural brain measures in a cohort of cognitively unimpaired older adults. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12487. [PMID: 37954547 PMCID: PMC10634375 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects a significant proportion of cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults. Currently, blood-based biomarkers detect very early changes in the AD continuum with great accuracy. METHODS We measured baseline plasma phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 using electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based assay (MesoScale Discovery) in 533 CU older adults. Follow-up lasted up to 18 months. Cognitive performance assessment included memory and cognitive control. Structural brain measures included cortical thickness, which includes the AD magnetic resonance imaging (AD MRI) signature, and hippocampal volume. RESULTS In this cohort of CU older adults, baseline plasma p-tau181 levels were not associated with short-term changes in cognition and structural brain measures. Also, baseline plasma p-tau levels did not influence the effects of behavioral interventions (exercise or mindfulness) on cognitive and structural brain changes. DISCUSSION The short follow-up and healthy status of this CU cohort might have limited the sensitivity of plasma p-tau181 in detecting changes associated with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. Pais
- UConn Center on AgingUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM‐27)Departamento e Instituto de PsiquiatriaFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP)Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Chia‐Ling Kuo
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Eric J. Lenze
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Breno S. Diniz
- UConn Center on AgingUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
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Dutta S, Hornung S, Taha HB, Bitan G. Biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders in CNS-originating EVs: promise and challenges. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:515-540. [PMID: 37012443 PMCID: PMC10071251 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells and have been shown to contribute to intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, EVs may carry toxic, misfolded forms of amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their spread to recipient cells in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS-originating EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream and may be found in other body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine. EVs originating in the CNS represent an attractive source of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, because they contain cell- and cell state-specific biological materials. In recent years, multiple papers have reported the use of this strategy for identification and quantitation of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders. However, certain technical issues have yet to be standardized, such as the best surface markers for isolation of cell type-specific EVs and validating the cellular origin of the EVs. Here, we review recent research using CNS-originating EVs for biomarker studies, primarily in parkinsonian disorders, highlight technical challenges, and propose strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dutta
- International Institute of Innovation and Technology, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Simon Hornung
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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D'Haens G, Reinisch W, Schreiber S, Cummings F, Irving PM, Ye BD, Kim DH, Yoon S, Ben-Horin S. Subcutaneous Infliximab Monotherapy Versus Combination Therapy with Immunosuppressants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomised Clinical Trial. Clin Drug Investig 2023; 43:277-288. [PMID: 37004656 PMCID: PMC10066948 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-023-01252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Whether benefits and risks of intravenous (IV) infliximab combotherapy with immunosuppressants versus infliximab monotherapy apply to subcutaneous (SC) infliximab is unknown. This post hoc analysis of a pivotal randomised CT-P13 SC 1.6 trial aimed to compare SC infliximab monotherapy with combotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Biologic-naïve patients with active Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis received CT-P13 IV 5 mg/kg at Week (W) 0 and 2 (dose-loading phase). At W6, patients were randomised (1:1) to receive CT-P13 SC 120 or 240 mg (patients < 80 or ≥ 80 kg) every 2 weeks until W54 (maintenance phase), or to continue CT-P13 IV every 8 weeks until switching to CT-P13 SC from W30. The primary endpoint-non-inferiority of trough serum concentrations-was assessed at W22. We report a post hoc analysis comparing pharmacokinetic, efficacy, safety and immunogenicity outcomes up to W54 for patients randomised to CT-P13 SC, stratified by concomitant immunosuppressant use. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were randomised to CT-P13 SC (37 monotherapy, 29 combotherapy). At W54, there were no significant differences in the proportions of patients achieving target exposure (5 µg/mL; 96.6% monotherapy vs 95.8% combotherapy; p > 0.999) or meeting efficacy or biomarker outcomes including clinical remission (62.9% vs 74.1%; p = 0.418). Monotherapy and combotherapy groups had comparable immunogenicity (anti-drug antibodies [ADAs]: 65.5% vs 48.0% [p = 0.271], neutralising antibodies [in ADA-positive patients]: 10.5% vs 16.7% [p = 0.630], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and immunogenicity were potentially comparable between SC infliximab monotherapy and combotherapy in biologic-naïve IBD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02883452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fraser Cummings
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Medical Department, Celltrion Healthcare Co., Ltd, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangWook Yoon
- Medical Department, Celltrion Healthcare Co., Ltd, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shomron Ben-Horin
- Gastroenterology Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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5
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Krishnan G, Raitcheva D, Bartlett D, Prudencio M, McKenna-Yasek DM, Douthwright C, Oskarsson BE, Ladha S, King OD, Barmada SJ, Miller TM, Bowser R, Watts JK, Petrucelli L, Brown RH, Kankel MW, Gao FB. Poly(GR) and poly(GA) in cerebrospinal fluid as potential biomarkers for C9ORF72-ALS/FTD. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2799. [PMID: 35589711 PMCID: PMC9119980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72, which can be translated in both sense and antisense directions into five dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, including poly(GP), poly(GR), and poly(GA), is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here we developed sensitive assays that can detect poly(GA) and poly(GR) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with C9ORF72 mutations. CSF poly(GA) and poly(GR) levels did not correlate with age at disease onset, disease duration, or rate of decline of ALS Functional Rating Scale, and the average levels of these DPR proteins were similar in symptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients with C9ORF72 mutations. However, in a patient with C9ORF72-ALS who was treated with antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the aberrant C9ORF72 transcript, CSF poly(GA) and poly(GR) levels decreased approximately 50% within 6 weeks, indicating they may serve as sensitive fluid-based biomarkers in studies directed against the production of GGGGCC repeat RNAs or DPR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Daniel Bartlett
- Biomarkers, Clinical Sciences Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Diane M McKenna-Yasek
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Catherine Douthwright
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Shafeeq Ladha
- Departments of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Oliver D King
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 4005 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MI, 63110, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Departments of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Jonathan K Watts
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Mark W Kankel
- Neuromuscular & Movement Disorders, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Apple Tree Partners (ATP) Research Labs, Branford, CT, 06405, USA.
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Pan X, Kaminga AC, Wu Wen S, Liu A. Chemokines in post-traumatic stress disorder: A network meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:115-126. [PMID: 33242653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the association between chemokines concentrations and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, the purpose of this network meta-analysis was to summarize these results. METHODS The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Psyc-ARTICLES, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles published not later than January 15, 2020. Then, eligible studies were selected based on predefined study selection criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as group differences in chemokines concentrations. Moreover, network meta-analysis was used to rank chemokines effect values according to their respective surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities. FINDINGS A total of 18 eligible studies that investigated the association between 9 different chemokines and PTSD were identified. They involved 1,510 patients and 2,012 controls. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the concentrations of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 in the PTSD patients were significantly higher than that in the controls (SMDs of 4.12, 6.11 and 1.53 respectively). However, although not statistically significant, concentrations of CCL2 tended to be lower in PTSD patients than in the controls (SMD = -0.76); whereas concentrations of CXCL12 tended to be higher in PTSD patients than in the controls (SMD = 0.37). SUCRA probabilities showed that, among all the chemokines studied, the effect of CCL5 was the highest in PTSD patients. INTERPRETATION Concentrations of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 may be associated with a trauma and/or PTSD. Also, CXCL12 and CCL2 may be the underlying biomarkers for trauma and/or PTSD. Thus, future studies with large population based samples are needed to further assess these associations. In addition, future research should explore possible mechanisms underlying these associations, with the aim to develop new diagnostics for PTSD. PROSPERO CRD42019147703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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7
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Wetherell JL, Ripperger HS, Voegtle M, Ances BM, Balota D, Bower ES, Depp C, Eyler L, Foster ER, Head D, Hershey T, Hickman S, Kamantigue N, Klein S, Miller JP, Yingling MD, Nichols J, Nicol GE, Patterson BW, Rodebaugh TL, Shimony JS, Snyder A, Stephens M, Tate S, Uhrich ML, Wing D, Wu GF, Lenze EJ. Mindfulness, Education, and Exercise for age-related cognitive decline: Study protocol, pilot study results, and description of the baseline sample. Clin Trials 2020; 17:581-594. [PMID: 32594789 DOI: 10.1177/1740774520931864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Age-related cognitive decline is a pervasive problem in our aging population. To date, no pharmacological treatments to halt or reverse cognitive decline are available. Behavioral interventions, such as physical exercise and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, may reduce or reverse cognitive decline, but rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are needed to test the efficacy of such interventions. METHODS Here, we describe the design of the Mindfulness, Education, and Exercise study, an 18-month randomized controlled trial that will assess the effect of two interventions-mindfulness training plus moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise or moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise alone-compared with a health education control group on cognitive function in older adults. An extensive battery of biobehavioral assessments will be used to understand the mechanisms of cognitive remediation, by using structural and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and metabolic and behavioral assessments. RESULTS We provide the results from a preliminary study (n = 29) of non-randomized pilot participants who received both the exercise and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction interventions. We also provide details on the recruitment and baseline characteristics of the randomized controlled trial sample (n = 585). CONCLUSION When complete, the Mindfulness, Education, and Exercise study will inform the research community on the efficacy of these widely available interventions improve cognitive functioning in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Loebach Wetherell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hayley S Ripperger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Voegtle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Balota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily S Bower
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Colin Depp
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Eyler
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Program in Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Head
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Yingling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ginger E Nicol
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas L Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham Snyder
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Tate
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Uhrich
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Program in Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Wing
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Fenobody and RANbody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Newcastle disease virus. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:44. [PMID: 32169061 PMCID: PMC7071587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as reagents presents several drawbacks, including limited amounts, difficulty in permanent storage, and required use of a secondary antibody. Nanobodies can be easily expressed with different systems and fused with several tags in their tertiary structure by recombinant technology, thus offering an effective detection method for diagnostic purposes. Recently, the fenobody (ferritin-fused nanobody) and RANbody (nanobody-fused reporter) have been designed and derived from the nanobody for developing the diagnostic immunoassays. However, there was no report about developing the sandwich ELISA using the fenobody and RANbody as pairing reagents. RESULTS A platform for developing a sandwich ELISA utilizing fenobody as the capture antibody and RANbody as the detection antibody was firstly designed in the study. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was selected as the antigen, from which 13 NDV-specific nanobodies were screened from an immunized Bactrian camel. Then, 5 nanobodies were selected to produce fenobodies and RANbodies. The best pairing of fenobodies (NDV-fenobody-4, 800 ng/well) and RANbodies (NDV-RANbody-49, 1:10) was determined to develop the sandwich ELISA for detecting NDV. The detection limits of the assay were determined to be 22 of hemagglutination (HA) titers and 10 ng of purified NDV particles. Compared with two commercial assays, the developed assay shows higher sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, it exhibits 98.7% agreement with the HA test and can detect the reference NDV strains belonging to Class II but not Class I. CONCLUSIONS In the presented study, the 13 anti-NDV nanobodies binding the NDV particles were first produced. Then, for the first time, the sandwich ELISA to detect the NDV in the different samples has been developed using the fenobody and RANbody as reagents derived from the nanobodies. Considering the rapidly increasing generation of nanobodies, the platform can reduce the cost of production for the sandwich ELISA and be universally used to develop assays for detecting other antigens.
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Chetaille Nézondet AL, Poubelle PE, Pelletier M. The evaluation of cytokines to help establish diagnosis and guide treatment of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:647-657. [PMID: 32040246 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0120-218rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the role of cytokines in pathologic conditions has increased considerably with the emergence of molecular and genetic studies, particularly in the case of autoinflammatory monogenic diseases. Many rare disorders, considered orphan until recently, are directly related to abnormal gene regulation, and the treatment with biologic agents (biologics) targeting cytokine receptors, intracellular signaling or specific cytokines improve the symptoms of an increasing number of chronic inflammatory diseases. As it is currently impossible to systematically conduct genetic studies for all patients with autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, the evaluation of cytokines can be seen as a simple, less time consuming, and less expensive alternative. This approach could be especially useful when the diagnosis of syndromes of diseases of unknown etiology remains problematic. The evaluation of cytokines could also help avoid the current trial-and-error approach, which has the disadvantages of exposing patients to ineffective drugs with possible unnecessary side effects and permanent organ damages. In this review, we discuss the various possibilities, as well as the limitations of evaluating the cytokine profiles of patients suffering from autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, with methods such as direct detection of cytokines in the plasma/serum or following ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs leading to the production of their cytokine secretome. The patients' secretome, combined with biomarkers ranging from genetic and epigenetic analyses to immunologic biomarkers, may help not only the diagnosis but also guide the choice of biologics for more efficient and rapid treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Chetaille Nézondet
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice E Poubelle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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