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van den Hurk S, Regmi G, Naikare HK, Velayudhan BT. Advances in Laboratory Diagnosis of Coronavirus Infections in Cattle. Pathogens 2024; 13:524. [PMID: 39057751 PMCID: PMC11279749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause infections in humans and diverse species of animals and birds with a global distribution. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) produces predominantly two forms of disease in cattle: a respiratory form and a gastrointestinal form. All age groups of cattle are affected by the respiratory form of coronavirus, whereas the gastroenteric form causes neonatal diarrhea or calf scours in young cattle and winter dysentery in adult cattle. The tremendous impacts of bovine respiratory disease and the associated losses are well-documented and underscore the importance of this pathogen. Beyond this, studies have demonstrated significant impacts on milk production associated with outbreaks of winter dysentery, with up to a 30% decrease in milk yield. In North America, BCoV was identified for the first time in 1972, and it continues to be a significant economic concern for the cattle industry. A number of conventional and molecular diagnostic assays are available for the detection of BCoV from clinical samples. Conventional assays for BCoV detection include virus isolation, which is challenging from clinical samples, electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody assays, and various immunoassays. Molecular tests are mainly based on nucleic acid detection and predominantly include conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Isothermal amplification assays and genome sequencing have gained increased interest in recent years for the detection, characterization, and identification of BCoV. It is believed that isothermal amplification assays, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification, among others, could aid the development of barn-side point-of-care tests for BCoV. The present study reviewed the literature on coronavirus infections in cattle from the last three and a half decades and presents information mainly on the current and advancing diagnostics in addition to epidemiology, clinical presentations, and the impact of the disease on the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun van den Hurk
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Girija Regmi
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Hemant K. Naikare
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Binu T. Velayudhan
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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David D, Asiku J, Storm N, Lapin K, Berkowitz A, Kovtunenko A, Edery N, King R, Sol A. Identification, Isolation, and Molecular Characterization of Betacoronavirus in Oryx leucoryx. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0484822. [PMID: 37428095 PMCID: PMC10433975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04848-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses with a large RNA genome (26 to 32 kb) and are classified into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. CoV infections cause respiratory, enteric, and neurologic disorders in mammalian and avian species. In 2019, Oryx leucoryx animals suffered from severe hemorrhagic diarrhea and high morbidity rates. Upon initial diagnosis, we found that the infected animals were positive for coronavirus by pancoronavirus reverse transcriptase RT-PCR. Next, we detected the presence of CoV particles in these samples by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. CoV was isolated and propagated on the HRT-18G cell line, and its full genome was sequenced. Full-genome characterization and amino acid comparisons of this viral agent demonstrated that this virus is an evolutionarily distinct Betacoronavirus belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus and the Betacoronavirus 1 species. Furthermore, we found that it is most similar to the subspecies dromedary camel coronavirus HKU23 by phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present the first report of isolation and characterization of Betacoronavirus associated with enteric disease in Oryx leucoryx. IMPORTANCE CoVs cause enteric and respiratory infections in humans and animal hosts. The ability of CoVs to cross interspecies barriers is well recognized, as emphasized by the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The identification of novel CoV strains and surveillance of CoVs in both humans and animals are relevant and important to global health. In this study, we isolated and characterized a newly identified Betacoronavirus that causes enteric disease in a wild animal, Oryx leucoryx (the Arabian oryx). This work is the first report describing CoV infection in Oryx leucoryx and provides insights into its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Jimmy Asiku
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Katya Lapin
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | | | | | - Nir Edery
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Sol
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
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Jevšnik Virant M, Černe D, Petrovec M, Paller T, Toplak I. Genetic Characterisation and Comparison of Three Human Coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, 229E) from Patients and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) from Cattle with Respiratory Disease in Slovenia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040676. [PMID: 33920821 PMCID: PMC8071153 DOI: 10.3390/v13040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are widely distributed pathogens of human and animals and can cause mild or severe respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. Antigenic and genetic similarity of some CoVs within the Betacoronavirus genus is evident. Therefore, for the first time in Slovenia, we investigated the genetic diversity of partial 390-nucleotides of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) for 66 human (HCoV) and 24 bovine CoV (BCoV) positive samples, collected between 2010 and 2016 from human patients and cattle with respiratory disease. The characterized CoV strains belong to four different clusters, in three separate human clusters HCoV-HKU1 (n = 34), HCoV-OC43 (n = 31) and HCoV 229E (n = 1) and bovine grouping only as BCoVs (n = 24). BCoVs from cattle and HCoV-OC43 were genetically the most closely related and share 96.4-97.1% nucleotide and 96.9-98.5% amino acid identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jevšnik Virant
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Danijela Černe
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Tomislav Paller
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Comparative Pathogenesis of Bovine and Porcine Respiratory Coronaviruses in the Animal Host Species and SARS-CoV-2 in Humans. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01355-20. [PMID: 32522830 PMCID: PMC7383540 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01355-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of bats with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) raised the specter of potential future outbreaks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-like disease in humans, which largely went unheeded. Nevertheless, the novel SARS-CoV-2 of bat ancestral origin emerged to infect humans in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and then became a global pandemic. Less than 5 months after its emergence, millions of people worldwide have been infected asymptomatically or symptomatically and at least 360,000 have died. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in severely affected patients includes atypical pneumonia characterized by a dry cough, persistent fever, and progressive dyspnea and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by diarrhea and often followed by multiple organ failure, especially of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In this minireview, we focus on two endemic respiratory CoV infections of livestock: bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Both animal respiratory CoVs share some common features with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. BCoV has a broad host range including wild ruminants and a zoonotic potential. BCoV also has a dual tropism for the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These aspects, their interspecies transmission, and certain factors that impact disease severity in cattle parallel related facets of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in humans. PRCV has a tissue tropism for the upper and lower respiratory tracts and a cellular tropism for type 1 and 2 pneumocytes in lung but is generally a mild infection unless complicated by other exacerbating factors, such as bacterial or viral coinfections and immunosuppression (corticosteroids).
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. Seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, HCoV 229E, HCoV NL63, HCoV HKU1 and HCoV OC43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The others namely SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) were zoonotic in origin and cause severe respiratory illness and fatalities. On 31 December 2019, the existence of patients with pneumonia of an unknown aetiology was reported to WHO by the national authorities in China. This virus was officially identified by the coronavirus study group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease was labelled coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). COVID-19’s first cases were seen in Turkey on March 10, 2020 and was number 47,029 cases and 1006 deaths after 1 month. Infections with SARS-CoV-2 are now widespread, and as of 10 April 2020, 1,727,602 cases have been confirmed in more than 210 countries, with 105,728 deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa HASÖKSÜZ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Selcuk KILIÇ
- Microbiology Reference Lab and Biological Products Department, General Directorate of Public Health Department,Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, AnkaraTurkey
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. Seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, HCoV 229E, HCoV NL63, HCoV HKU1 and HCoV OC43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The others namely SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) were zoonotic in origin and cause severe respiratory illness and fatalities. On 31 December 2019, the existence of patients with pneumonia of an unknown aetiology was reported to WHO by the national authorities in China. This virus was officially identified by the coronavirus study group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease was labelled coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). COVID-19’s first cases were seen in Turkey on March 10, 2020 and was number 47,029 cases and 1006 deaths after 1 month. Infections with SARS-CoV-2 are now widespread, and as of 10 April 2020, 1,727,602 cases have been confirmed in more than 210 countries, with 105,728 deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Hasöksüz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Kiliç
- Microbiology Reference Lab and Biological Products Department, General Directorate of Public Health Department,
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Saraç
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
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Workman AM, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Clawson ML, Loy JD. Longitudinal study of humoral immunity to bovine coronavirus, virus shedding, and treatment for bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned beef calves. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:161. [PMID: 31118011 PMCID: PMC6532244 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is associated with respiratory infections in cattle of all ages; however, a temporal study to evaluate the effect of BCV immunity on virus shedding and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) incidence in pre-weaned beef calves has not been reported. Thus, we report here a prospective study in three herds of crossbred beef calves (n = 817) with endemic BCV. Serial blood samples for measurement of serum anti-BCV antibody titers and nasal swabs for detection of BCV and other common viral and bacterial BRD pathogens were collected from all calves or subsets of calves at predetermined times from birth through weaning. The calves were monitored for BRD and those that developed signs of respiratory disease were sampled for diagnostic testing. To discover additional risk factors that could have influenced BRD development, sequence analysis of the BCV strain(s) circulating in each herd, and the prevalence of common opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of sick and apparently healthy cattle were also evaluated. Results Two hundred forty-eight of the 817 study calves (30.4%) were treated for BRD prior to weaning; 246 of those were from a single herd involved in two outbreaks of BRD leading to mass treatment of all calves in that group. Molecular diagnostic testing found BCV and Histophilus somni in nasal swabs taken at the time of BRD treatment. Between herd analyses revealed anti-BCV serum antibody abundance did not associate with the incidence of BRD or BCV shedding, though these measurements may have been hindered by the long periods between sample collections. Analysis of the BCV spike gene hypervariable region revealed four polymorphisms in 15 isolates from the three herds, making strain variation unlikely to account for differences in treatment rates between herds. Persistent or recurrent shedding episodes of BCV occurred in some animals treated for BRD. Conclusion Co-detection of BCV and H. somni at the time of the disease outbreak suggests that these pathogens contributed to disease pathogenesis. Developing appropriate control measures for respiratory BCV infections may help decrease the incidence of pre-weaning BRD. The role of antibodies in protection must still be further defined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen M Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Tara G McDaneld
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 E Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA
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Gomez DE, Weese JS. Viral enteritis in calves. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:1267-1274. [PMID: 29203935 PMCID: PMC5680732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and other microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of calves and play important roles in gut health and disease. The viral component of the microbiome (the virome) is receiving increasing attention for its role in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). Rotavirus and coronavirus have for a long time been associated with NCD and commercial vaccines have been produced against these agents. Recently, several other viruses which may play a role in diarrhea have been discovered in calf fecal samples, mostly by sequence-based methods. These viruses include torovirus, norovirus, nebovirus, astrovirus, kobuvirus, and enterovirus. Most studies have involved epidemiologic investigations seeking to show association with diarrhea for each virus alone or in combination with potential pathogens. However, determining the contribution of these viruses to calf diarrhea has been challenging and much uncertainty remains concerning their roles as primary pathogens, co-infection agents, or commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Gomez
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Diego E. Gomez; e-mail:
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Kin N, Miszczak F, Diancourt L, Caro V, Moutou F, Vabret A, Ar Gouilh M. Comparative molecular epidemiology of two closely related coronaviruses, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), reveals a different evolutionary pattern. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 40:186-191. [PMID: 26969241 PMCID: PMC7106199 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are widespread around the world and cause enteric or respiratory infections among cattle. The current study includes 13 samples from BCoVs collected in Normandy during an 11-year period (from 2003 to 2014), 16 French HCoV-OC43s, and 113 BCoVs or BCoVs-like sequence data derived from partial or complete genome sequences available on GenBank. According to a genotyping method developed previously for HCoV-OC43, BCoVs and BCoVs-like are distributed on three main sub-clusters named C1, C2, and C3. Sub-cluster C1 includes BCoVs and BCoVs-like from America and Asia. Sub-cluster C2 includes BCoVs from Europe. Sub-cluster C3 includes prototype, vaccine, or attenuated BCoV strains. The phylogenetic analyses revealed the monophyletic status of the BCoVs from France reported here for the first time. Moreover, BCoV exhibits a relative genetic stability when compared to HCoV-OC43 we previously described from the same region. The numerous recombination detected between HCoV-OC43 were much less frequent for BCoV. The analysis points thus to the influence of different evolutive constraints in these two close groups.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Computational Biology/methods
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus, Bovine/classification
- Coronavirus, Bovine/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- France
- Genes, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Humans
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Molecular Typing
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kin
- Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France; Université de Caen, Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), F-14000 Caen, France.
| | - Fabien Miszczak
- Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France; Université de Caen, Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), F-14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Caen, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Laure Diancourt
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France; Université de Caen, Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), F-14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Caen, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France; Université de Caen, Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), F-14000 Caen, France; Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
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Luna L, Brandão PE, Maturrano L, Rosadio R, Silva FDF, Soares RM, Gregori F. Betacoronavirus 1 in alpacas ( Vicugna pacos) in the High Peruvian Andes. Small Rumin Res 2015; 133:7-9. [PMID: 32288207 PMCID: PMC7127686 DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The detection of a BCoV-like coronavirus in fecal samples from Peruvian alpacas crias suggests possible role of this virus on enteric disorders etiology in the High Andes, an environment in which coronaviruses have not previously been reported.
Genetic sequences highly related to Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were detected in fecal samples from Peruvian 1–3 week old alpaca crias located on six farms in Puno department, some of which shared pastures with cattle. A total of 60 samples were screened for coronavirus using a nested PCR amplification of a fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Sequences from 11 positive samples were highly similar to the Kakegawa, Quebec and Mebus BCoV strains (99.5–100.0%) and 99.2% identical to an alpaca Coronavirus (CoV) previously detected in the USA. The detection of genetic sequences related to BCoV from Peruvian alpaca crias suggests possible role of this virus on enteric disorders etiology in the High Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P E Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Maturrano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Circunvalación 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - R Rosadio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Circunvalación 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - F D F Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Gregori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
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Bok M, Miño S, Rodriguez D, Badaracco A, Nuñes I, Souza SP, Bilbao G, Louge Uriarte E, Galarza R, Vega C, Odeon A, Saif LJ, Parreño V. Molecular and antigenic characterization of bovine Coronavirus circulating in Argentinean cattle during 1994-2010. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:221-9. [PMID: 26520931 PMCID: PMC7185509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection rate of BCoV was statistically higher in dairy than in beef calves. Argentinean strains are distant from the Mebus strain included in local vaccines. In vitro cross-protection between Arg95 field strain and Mebus reference strain.
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important viral pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Our aim was to investigate the incidence of BCoV in diarrhea outbreaks in beef and dairy herds from Argentina during 1994–2010. A total of 5.365 fecal samples from diarrheic calves were screened for BCoV diagnosis by ELISA. The virus was detected in 1.71% (92/5365) of the samples corresponding to 5.95% (63/1058) of the diarrhea cases in 239 beef and 324 dairy farms. The detection rate of BCoV was significantly higher in dairy than in beef herds: 12.13% (29/239) vs. 4.32% (14/324) respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable S1 region of seven representative samples (from different husbandry systems, farm locations and years of sampling) indicated that BCoV strains circulating in Argentinean beef and dairy herds formed a cluster distinct from other geographical regions. Interestingly, Argentinean strains are distantly related (at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels) with the Mebus historic reference BCoV strain included in the vaccines currently available in Argentina. However, Mebus-induced antibodies were capable of neutralizing the BCoV Arg95, a field strain adapted to grow in vitro, and vice versa, indicating that both strains belong to the same CoV serotype reported in cattle. This work represents the first large survey describing BCoV circulation in Argentinean cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bok
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Miño
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
| | - D Rodriguez
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Badaracco
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Nuñes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S P Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Bilbao
- Laboratory of Animal Health, EEA INTA- Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - R Galarza
- EEA, INTA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Vega
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Odeon
- Laboratory of Animal Health, EEA INTA- Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - V Parreño
- Virology Institute, CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1353-62. [PMID: 24066921 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. ANIMALS 40 feedlot calves. PROCEDURES Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. RESULTS The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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14
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Krueger WS, Heil GL, Gray GC. No serologic evidence for zoonotic canine respiratory coronavirus infections among immunocompetent adults. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:349-54. [PMID: 22925194 PMCID: PMC7165823 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases continue to emerge and threaten both human and animal health. Overcrowded shelters and breeding kennels create the perfect environment for amplified infectious disease transmission among dogs and present a critical opportunity for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and infect people who work in close contact with dogs. Coronaviruses’ widespread prevalence, extensive host range, various disease manifestations and increased frequency of recombination events all underline their potential for interspecies transmission (Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454, 43). The objectives of this study were to determine whether people with occupational contact with dogs were more likely to have antibodies against canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) compared to persons with no dog exposure. A seroepidemiological cohort study was completed, for which 302 canine‐exposed and 99 non‐canine‐exposed study subjects enrolled in the study by providing a serum sample and completing a self‐administered questionnaire. A competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect human antibodies against CRCoV while controlling for cross‐reacting antibodies against the human coronavirus OC43. All study subjects were negative for antibodies against CRCoV by this competitive ELISA. This study supports the premise that humans are not at risk for CRCoV infections; however, infrequent cross‐species transmission of CRCoV cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Krueger
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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15
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Mullis L, Saif LJ, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Azevedo MSP. Stability of bovine coronavirus on lettuce surfaces under household refrigeration conditions. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:180-6. [PMID: 22265299 PMCID: PMC4980993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fecal suspensions with an aerosol route of transmission were responsible for a cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases in 2003 in Hong Kong. Based on that event, the World Health Organization recommended that research be implemented to define modes of transmission of SARS coronavirus through sewage, feces, food and water. Environmental studies have shown that animal coronaviruses remain infectious in water and sewage for up to a year depending on the temperature and humidity. In this study, we examined coronavirus stability on lettuce surfaces. A cell culture adapted bovine coronavirus, diluted in growth media or in bovine fecal suspensions to simulate fecal contamination was used to spike romaine lettuce. qRT-PCR detected viral RNA copy number ranging from 6.6 × 10⁴ to 1.7 × 10⁶ throughout the experimental period of 30 days. Whereas infectious viruses were detected for at least 14 days, the amount of infectious virus varied, depending upon the diluent used for spiking the lettuce. UV and confocal microscopic observation indicated attachment of residual labeled virions to the lettuce surface after the elution procedure, suggesting that rates of inactivation or detection of the virus may be underestimated. Thus, it is possible that contaminated vegetables may be potential vehicles for coronavirus zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mullis
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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17
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses, like other animal coronaviruses, have a predilection for intestinal and respiratory tracts. The viruses responsible for enteric and respiratory symptoms are closely related antigenically and genetically. Only 4 bovine coronavirus isolates have been completely sequenced and thus, the information about the genetics of the virus is still limited. This article reviews the clinical syndromes associated with bovine coronavirus, including pneumonia in calves and adult cattle, calf diarrhea, and winter dysentery; diagnostic methods; prevention using vaccination; and treatment, with adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Boileau
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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