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Smith AR, Rizvi F, Everton E, Adeagbo A, Wu S, Tam Y, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Weissman D, Gouon-Evans V. Transient growth factor expression via mRNA in lipid nanoparticles promotes hepatocyte cell therapy in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5010. [PMID: 38866762 PMCID: PMC11169405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocyte (PHH) transplantation is a promising alternative to liver transplantation, whereby liver function could be restored by partial repopulation of the diseased organ with healthy cells. However, currently PHH engraftment efficiency is low and benefits are not maintained long-term. Here we refine two male mouse models of human chronic and acute liver diseases to recapitulate compromised hepatocyte proliferation observed in nearly all human liver diseases by overexpression of p21 in hepatocytes. In these clinically relevant contexts, we demonstrate that transient, yet robust expression of human hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the liver via nucleoside-modified mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, whose safety was validated with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, drastically improves PHH engraftment, reduces disease burden, and improves overall liver function. This strategy may overcome the critical barriers to clinical translation of cell therapies with primary or stem cell-derived hepatocytes for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elissa Everton
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anisah Adeagbo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Smith AR, Rizvi F, Everton E, Adeagbo A, Wu S, Tam Y, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Weissman D, Gouon-Evans V. Transient growth factor expression via mRNA in lipid nanoparticles promotes hepatocyte cell therapy to treat murine liver diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575286. [PMID: 38260488 PMCID: PMC10802626 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocyte (PHH) transplantation is a promising alternative to liver transplantation, whereby liver function could be restored by partial repopulation of the diseased organ with healthy cells. However, currently PHH engraftment efficiency is low and benefits are not maintained long-term. Here we refine two mouse models of human chronic and acute liver diseases to recapitulate compromised hepatocyte proliferation observed in nearly all human liver diseases by overexpression of p21 in hepatocytes. In these clinically relevant contexts, we demonstrate that transient, yet robust expression of human hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the liver via nucleoside-modified mRNA in lipid nanoparticles, whose safety was validated with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, drastically improves PHH engraftment, reduces disease burden, and improves overall liver function. This novel strategy may overcome the critical barriers to clinical translation of cell therapies with primary or stem cell-derived hepatocytes for the treatment of liver diseases.
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3
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Kawakatsu-Hatada Y, Murata S, Mori A, Kimura K, Taniguchi H. Serous Membrane Detachment with Ultrasonic Homogenizer Improves Engraftment of Fetal Liver to Liver Surface in a Rat Model of Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11589. [PMID: 34769019 PMCID: PMC8584093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage cirrhosis. However, due to serious donor shortages, new treatments to replace liver transplantation are sorely needed. Recent studies have focused on novel therapeutic methods using hepatocytes and induced pluripotent stem cells, we try hard to develop methods for transplanting these cells to the liver surface. In the present study, we evaluated several methods for their efficiency in the detachment of serous membrane covering the liver surface for transplantation to the liver surface. The liver surface of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-deficient rats in a cirrhosis model was detached by various methods, and then fetal livers from DPPIV-positive rats were transplanted. We found that the engraftment rate and area as well as the liver function were improved in rats undergoing transplantation following serous membrane detachment with an ultrasonic homogenizer, which mimics the Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator® (CUSA), compared with no detachment. Furthermore, the bleeding amount was lower with the ultrasonic homogenizer method than with the needle and electric scalpel methods. These findings provide evidence that transplantation to the liver surface with serous membrane detachment using CUSA might contribute to the development of new treatments for cirrhosis using cells or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kawakatsu-Hatada
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (Y.K.-H.); (A.M.); (K.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Soichiro Murata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (Y.K.-H.); (A.M.); (K.K.); (H.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (Y.K.-H.); (A.M.); (K.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Kodai Kimura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (Y.K.-H.); (A.M.); (K.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (Y.K.-H.); (A.M.); (K.K.); (H.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Takano C, Grubbs BH, Ishige M, Ogawa E, Morioka I, Hayakawa S, Miki T. Clinical perspective on the use of human amniotic epithelial cells to treat congenital metabolic diseases with a focus on maple syrup urine disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:829-835. [PMID: 33547875 PMCID: PMC8133340 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital metabolic diseases are a group of hereditary disorders caused by the deficiency of a single specific enzyme activity. Without appropriate therapy, affected patients suffer severe neurologic disability and eventual death. The current mainstays of management attempt to slow disease progression, but are not curative. Several of these diseases have demonstrated significant benefits from liver transplantation; however, this approach is limited by the morbidity associated with this invasive procedure and a shortage of donor organs. Therefore, there is a need to establish a new strategy for improving the quality of a life for these patients. One potential solution is regenerative therapy using hepatocytes generated from stem cells. Herein, we discuss pertinent issues necessary for clinical application of the human amniotic epithelial cell, a type of placental stem cell. Focusing on maple syrup urine disease as an example, where liver replacement is an effective therapy, we explore this approach from a clinician's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Takano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mika Ishige
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Erika Ogawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of PhysiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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5
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Huang CP, Yang CY, Shyr CR. Utilizing Xenogeneic Cells As a Therapeutic Agent for Treating Diseases. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211011995. [PMID: 33975464 PMCID: PMC8120531 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211011995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biologically produced cells to treat diseases is a revolutionary invention in modern medicine after chemically synthesized small molecule drugs and biochemically made protein drugs. Cells are basic units of life with diverse functions in mature and developing organs, which biological properties could be utilized as a promising therapeutic approach for currently intractable and incurable diseases. Xenogeneic cell therapy utilizing animal cells other than human for medicinal purpose has been studied as a new way of treating diseases. Xenogeneic cell therapy is considered as a potential regenerative approach to fulfill current unmet medical needs because xenogeneic cells could be isolated from different animal organs and expanded ex vivo as well as maintain the characteristics of original organs, providing a versatile and plenty cell source for cell-based therapeutics beside autologous and allogeneic sources. The swine species is considered the most suitable source because of the similarity with humans in size and physiology of many organs in addition to the economic and ethical reasons plus the possibility of genetic modification. This review discusses the old proposed uses of xenogeneic cells such as xenogeneic pancreatic islet cells, hepatocytes and neuronal cells as a living drug for the treatment of degenerative and organ failure diseases. Novel applications of xenogeneic mesenchymal stroma cells and urothelial cells are also discussed. There are formidable immunological barriers toward successful cellular xenotransplantation in clinic despite major progress in the development of novel immunosuppression regimens and genetically multimodified donor pigs. However, immunological barriers could be turn into immune boosters by using xenogeneic cells of specific tissue types as a novel immunotherapeutic agent to elicit bystander antitumor immunity due to rejection immune responses. Xenogeneic cells have the potential to become a safe and efficacious option for intractable diseases and hard-to-treat cancers, adding a new class of cellular medicine in our drug armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Yang
- Animal Technology Research Center/Division of Animal Technology, Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Nicolas CT, Kaiser RA, Hickey RD, Allen KL, Du Z, VanLith CJ, Guthman RM, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Han B, Francipane MG, Cheikhi A, Jiang H, Bansal A, Pandey MK, Garg I, Lowe V, Bhagwate A, O’Brien D, Kocher JPA, DeGrado TR, Nyberg SL, Lagasse E, Lillegard JB. Ex Vivo Cell Therapy by Ectopic Hepatocyte Transplantation Treats the Porcine Tyrosinemia Model of Acute Liver Failure. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:738-750. [PMID: 32913881 PMCID: PMC7452193 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cell-based therapies to treat liver failure is often limited by the diseased liver environment. Here, we provide preclinical proof of concept for hepatocyte transplantation into lymph nodes as a cure for liver failure in a large-animal model with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), a metabolic liver disease caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme. Autologous porcine hepatocytes were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector carrying the pig Fah gene and transplanted into mesenteric lymph nodes. Hepatocytes showed early (6 h) and durable (8 months) engraftment in lymph nodes, with reproduction of vascular and hepatic microarchitecture. Subsequently, hepatocytes migrated to and repopulated the native diseased liver. The corrected cells generated sufficient liver mass to clinically ameliorate the acute liver failure and HT1 disease as early as 97 days post-transplantation. Integration site analysis defined the corrected hepatocytes in the liver as a subpopulation of hepatocytes from lymph nodes, indicating that the lymph nodes served as a source for healthy hepatocytes to repopulate a diseased liver. Therefore, ectopic transplantation of healthy hepatocytes cures this pig model of liver failure and presents a promising approach for the development of cures for liver disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rebekah M. Guthman
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Yu B, Li H, Chen J, He Z, Sun H, Yang G, Shang C, Wang X, Li C, Chen Y, Hu Y. Extensively expanded murine-induced hepatic stem cells maintain high-efficient hepatic differentiation potential for repopulation of injured livers. Liver Int 2020; 40:2293-2304. [PMID: 32394491 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Shortage of donor hepatocytes limits hepatocyte transplantation for clinical application. Induced hepatic stem cells (iHepSCs) have capacities of self-renewal and bipotential differentiations. Here, we investigated whether iHepSCs could be extensively expanded, and whether they could differentiate into sufficient functional hepatocytes as donors for transplantation therapy after their extensive expansions. METHODS Murine extensively expanded iHepSCs (50-55 passages) were induced to differentiate into iHepSC-Heps under a chemically defined condition. iHepSC-Heps were proved for carrying morphological hepatocyte characters and hepatocytic functions including low-density lipoprotein uptake, glycogen storage, CLF secretion, ICG uptake and release, Alb secretion, urea synthesis and metabolism-relative gene expressions respectively. Next, both iHepSCs and iHepSC-Heps were transplanted into Fah-/- mice respectively. Both liver repopulation and alleviation of liver function were compared between two transplantation groups. RESULTS Murine iHepSCs still maintained the capacities of self-renewal and bipotential differentiations after extensive expansion. The efficiency for the functional hepatocyte differentiation from extensively expanded iHepSCs reached to 72.64%. Transplantations of both extensively expanded iHepSCs and iHepSC-Heps resulted in liver engraftment in Fah-/- mice. Survival rate of Fah-/- mice recipients and level of liver repopulation were 50% and 20.32 ± 4.58% respectively in iHepSC-Heps group, while 33% and 10.4 ± 4.3% in iHepSCs group. CONCLUSIONS Extensively expanded iHepSCs can efficiently differentiate into hepatocytes in chemical defined medium. Transplantation of iHepSC-Heps was more effective and more efficient than transplantation of iHepSCs in Fah-/- mice. Our results suggested an innovative system to obtain sufficient hepatocytes through hepatic differentiation of iHepSCs generated by lineage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery V, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery IV, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangshun Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery V, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changzhen Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Hepatoscience Section, Cell Lab Tech Incorporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Chuanjiang Li
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yajin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P. R. China
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Phase I/II Trial of Liver-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Pediatric Liver-based Metabolic Disorders: A Prospective, Open Label, Multicenter, Partially Randomized, Safety Study of One Cycle of Heterologous Human Adult Liver-derived Progenitor Cells (HepaStem) in Urea Cycle Disorders and Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Patients. Transplantation 2020; 103:1903-1915. [PMID: 30801523 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerative medicine using stem cell technology is an emerging field that is currently tested for inborn and acquired liver diseases. OBJECTIVE This phase I/II prospective, open label, multicenter, randomized trial aimed primarily at evaluating the safety of Heterologous Human Adult Liver-derived Progenitor Cells (HepaStem) in pediatric patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) or Crigler-Najjar (CN) syndrome 6 months posttransplantation. The secondary objective included the assessment of safety up to 12 months postinfusion and of preliminary efficacy. METHODS Fourteen patients with UCDs and 6 with CN syndrome were divided into 3 cohorts by body weight and intraportally infused with 3 doses of HepaStem. Clinical status, portal vein hemodynamics, morphology of the liver, de novo detection of circulating anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies, and clinically significant adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events to infusion were evaluated by using an intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS The overall safety of HepaStem was confirmed. For the entire study period, patient-month incidence rate was 1.76 for the AEs and 0.21 for the serious adverse events, of which 38% occurred within 1 month postinfusion. There was a trend of higher events in UCD as compared with CN patients. Segmental left portal vein thrombosis occurred in 1 patient and intraluminal local transient thrombus in a second patient. The other AEs were in line with expectations for catheter placement, cell infusion, concomitant medications, age, and underlying diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study led to European clinical trial authorization for a phase II study in a homogeneous patient cohort, with repeated infusions and intermediate doses.
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Plasma perfusion combined with plasma exchange in chronic hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Hepatol Int 2020; 14:491-502. [PMID: 32472309 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-020-10053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Artificial liver support systems (ALSS) have been shown to significantly reduce mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). However, the characteristics of patients who would benefit most from ALSS treatment are poorly understood. This study aimed to delineate the indicators for ALSS and evaluate the effectiveness of plasma perfusion combined with plasma exchange (PP + PE) in patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF). METHODS A total of 898 patients with HBV-ACLF in a single center were enrolled retrospectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used in case-paired analysis. Hepatic or extra-hepatic organ failures were defined by Chronic Liver Failure-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (CLIF-SOFA) criteria. Complications included ascites, infection, hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Numbers of organ failures or complications were used for risk stratification. RESULTS Among all patients, 418 patients received standard medical therapy (SMT) and 480 received PP + PE plus SMT. After one-to-one paired PSM within the two groups without risk stratification, 293 pairs were enrolled. The PP + PE group displayed significantly lower mortality risk in both 28- and 90-day observation durations. When stratified, patients with two or more organ failures or complications from the PP + PE group showed greater decrease in mortality risk. Moreover, PP + PE treatment significantly increased the resolution of organ failures and complications and ameliorated the development of new organ failures and complications. CONCLUSIONS PP + PE treatment significantly reversed organ failures and ameliorated the development of new organ failures and complications, thus reducing mortality risk of patients with HBV-ACLF.
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Coppin LCF, Smets F, Ambroise J, Sokal EEM, Stéphenne X. Infusion-related thrombogenesis by liver-derived mesenchymal stem cells controlled by anticoagulant drugs in 11 patients with liver-based metabolic disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32028991 PMCID: PMC7006410 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a fast-developing therapy in regenerative medicine. However, some concerns have been raised regarding their safety and the infusion-related pro-coagulant activity. The aim of this study is to analyze the induced thrombogenic risk and the safety of adding anticoagulants during intraportal infusions of liver-derived MSCs (HepaStem), in patients with Crigler-Najjar (CN) and urea cycle disorders (UCD). METHODS Eleven patients (6 CN and 5 UCD patients) were included in this partially randomized phase 1/2 study. Three cell doses of HepaStem were investigated: low (12.5 × 106 cells/kg), intermediate (50 × 106 cells/kg), and high doses (200 × 106 cells/kg). A combination of anticoagulants, heparin (10 I.U./5 × 106cells), and bivalirudin (1.75 mg/kg/h) were added during cell infusions. The infusion-related thrombogenic risk and anticoagulation were evaluated by clinical monitoring, blood sampling (platelet and D-dimer levels, activated clotting time, etc.) and liver Doppler ultrasound. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to assess statistically significant differences. RESULTS One patient presented a thrombogenic event such as a partial portal vein thrombus after 6 infusions. Minor adverse effects such as petechiae, epistaxis, and cutaneous hemorrhage at the site of catheter placement were observed in four patients. A significant decrease in platelet and increase in D-dimer levels were observed at the end of the infusion cycle, normalizing spontaneously after 7 days. No significant and clinically relevant increase in portal vein pressure could be observed once the infusion cycle was completed. CONCLUSIONS The safety- and the infusion-related pro-coagulant activity remains a concern in MSC transplantation. In our study, a combination of heparin and bivalirudin was added to prevent the thrombogenic risk induced by HepaStem infusions in 11 patients. A significant decrease in platelet and increase in D-dimer levels were observed, suggesting the activation of coagulation in these patients; however, this was spontaneously reversible in time. We can conclude that adding this combination of anticoagulants is safe and limits infusion-related thrombogenesis to subclinical signs in most of the patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01765283-January 10, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C F Coppin
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate 10, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Françoise Smets
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate 10, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérome Ambroise
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne E M Sokal
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate 10, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Stéphenne
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate 10, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Park JY, Han J, Jung HS, Lee G, Kim HJ, Cho GS, Park HJ, Han C, Kim JS, Kim JH. Synthetic probes for in vitro purification and in vivo tracking of hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Singla R, Abidi SMS, Dar AI, Acharya A. Nanomaterials as potential and versatile platform for next generation tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2433-2449. [PMID: 30690870 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging field where alternate/artificial tissues or organ substitutes are implanted to mimic the functionality of damaged or injured tissues. Earlier efforts were made to develop natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic materials for skin equivalents to treat burns or skin wounds. Nowadays, many more tissues like bone, cardiac, cartilage, heart, liver, cornea, blood vessels, and so forth are being engineered using 3-D biomaterial constructs or scaffolds that could deliver active molecules such as peptides or growth factors. Nanomaterials (NMs) due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties possess significant opportunities in TE applications. Traditional TE scaffolds were based on hydrolytically degradable macroporous materials, whereas current approaches emphasize on controlling cell behaviors and tissue formation by nano-scale topography that closely mimics the natural extracellular matrix. This review article gives a comprehensive outlook of different organ specific NMs which are being used for diversified TE applications. Varieties of NMs are known to serve as biological alternatives to repair or replace a portion or whole of the nonfunctional or damaged tissue. NMs may promote greater amounts of specific interactions stimulated at the cellular level, ultimately leading to more efficient new tissue formation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2433-2449, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubbel Singla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Syed M S Abidi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Aqib Iqbal Dar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
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Patel P, Okoronkwo N, Pyrsopoulos NT. Future Approaches and Therapeutic Modalities for Acute Liver Failure. Clin Liver Dis 2018; 22:419-427. [PMID: 29605076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current gold standard for the management of acute liver failure is liver transplantation. However, because of organ shortages, other modalities of therapy are necessary as a possible bridge. This article discusses the current modalities as well as the future management of acute liver failure. Liver assist devices, hepatocyte transplantation, stem cell transplant, organogenesis, and repopulation of decellularized organs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H-538, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nneoma Okoronkwo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H-538, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nikolaos T Pyrsopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H-538, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Abstract
The liver has an important function in the human body and plays a crucial role in its metabolism. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the gold standard treatment for patients presenting liver failure or end stage liver diseases, and is also applied for liver based intractable metabolic disorders. Due to organ shortage, invasive surgery and persistent mortality/morbidity, other treatments have to be explored. Amongst these, hepatocyte transplantation is an attractive alternative and has shown promising results in the treatment of miscellaneous metabolic disorders.
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15
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Bartlett DC, Newsome PN. A Modified Protocol for the Isolation of Primary Human Hepatocytes with Improved Viability and Function from Normal and Diseased Human Liver. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:61-73. [PMID: 27830545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Successful hepatocyte isolation is critical for continued development of cellular transplantation. However, most tissue available for research is from diseased liver and the results of hepatocyte isolation from such tissue are inferior compared to normal tissue. Here we describe a modified method, combining the use of Liberase and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), for the isolation of primary human hepatocytes with high viability from normal and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bartlett
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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16
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Polgar Z, Li Y, Li Wang X, Guha C, Roy-Chowdhury N, Roy-Chowdhury J. Gunn Rats as a Surrogate Model for Evaluation of Hepatocyte Transplantation-Based Therapies of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:131-147. [PMID: 27830550 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation has been established as a curative therapy for acute and chronic liver failure, as well as liver-based inherited metabolic diseases. Because of the complexity of organ transplantation and the worldwide shortage of donor organs, hepatocyte transplantation is being developed as a bridging therapy until donor organs become available, or for amelioration of inherited liver-based diseases. The Gunn rat is a molecular and metabolic model of Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1, which is characterized by lifelong unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to the lack of uridinediphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase-1 (UGT1A1)-mediated bilirubin glucuronidation. Gunn rats are convenient for evaluating the effect of hepatocyte transplantation or gene therapy, because the extent of UGT1A1 replacement can be assessed by serial determination of serum bilirubin levels, and excretion of bilirubin glucuronides in bile provide definitive evidence of the function of the transplanted hepatocytes or the effect of gene therapy. The core techniques involved in hepatocyte transplantation in Gunn rats are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Polgar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xia Li Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann Building, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann Building, Bronx, NY, USA.
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17
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Hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:54-69. [PMID: 27530815 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that coordinated expression of a limited number of genes can reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has opened novel possibilities for developing cell-based models of diseases and regenerative medicine utilizing cell reprogramming or cell transplantation. Directed differentiation of iPSCs can potentially generate differentiated cells belonging to any germ layer, including cells with hepatocyte-like morphology and function. Such cells, termed iHeps, can be derived by sequential cell signaling using available information on embryological development or by forced expression of hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors. In addition to the translational aspects of iHeps, the experimental findings have provided insights into the mechanisms of cell plasticity that permit one cell type to transition to another. However, iHeps generated by current methods do not fully exhibit all characteristics of mature hepatocytes, highlighting the need for additional research in this area. Here we summarize the current approaches and achievements in this field and discuss some existing hurdles and emerging approaches for improving iPSC differentiation, as well as maintaining such cells in culture for increasing their utility in disease modeling and drug development.
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Hannoun Z, Steichen C, Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:182-199. [PMID: 26916529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease. However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in recent years as a result of severe organ shortages; furthermore the incidence of liver disease is increasing worldwide. Clinical trials involving hepatocyte transplantation have provided encouraging results. However, transplanted cell function appears to often decline after several months, necessitating liver transplantation. The precise aetiology of the loss of cell function is not clear, but poor engraftment and immune-mediated loss appear to be important factors. Also, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are not readily available, de-differentiate, and die rapidly in culture. Hepatocytes are available from other sources, such as tumour-derived human hepatocyte cell lines and immortalised human hepatocyte cell lines or porcine hepatocytes. However, all these cells suffer from various limitations such as reduced or differences in functions or risk of zoonotic infections. Due to their significant potential, one possible inexhaustible source of hepatocytes is through the directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This review will discuss the potential applications and existing limitations of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in regenerative medicine, drug screening, in vitro disease modelling and bioartificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France.
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Touboul T, Chen S, To CC, Mora-Castilla S, Sabatini K, Tukey RH, Laurent LC. Stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway enhances differentiation of hESCs into hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1315-26. [PMID: 26921690 PMCID: PMC5010388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to overcome the shortage of primary hepatocytes for clinical use and drug development. Many strategies for this process have been reported, but the functionality of the resulting cells is incomplete. We hypothesize that the functionality of hPSC-derived hepatocytes might be improved by making the differentiation method more similar to normal in vivo hepatic development. METHODS We tested combinations of growth factors and small molecules targeting candidate signaling pathways culled from the literature to identify optimal conditions for differentiation of hESCs to hepatocytes, using qRT-PCR for stage-specific markers to identify the best conditions. Immunocytochemistry was then used to validate the selected conditions. Finally, induction of expression of metabolic enzymes in terminally differentiated cells was used to assess the functionality of the hESC-derived hepatocytes. RESULTS Optimal differentiation of hESCs was attained using a 5-stage protocol. After initial induction of definitive endoderm (stage 1), we showed that inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway during the 2nd and 3rd stages of differentiation was required to specify first posterior foregut, and then hepatic gut cells. In contrast, during the 4th stage of differentiation, we found that activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway allowed generation of proliferative bipotent hepatoblasts, which then were efficiently differentiated into hepatocytes in the 5th stage by dual inhibition of TGF-β and NOTCH signaling. CONCLUSION Here, we show that stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway results in improved differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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20
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Ji F, Hu AB. Hepatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5101-5106. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i32.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell mainly contain two types: embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). Their hepatic differentiation and application in transplantation may make them serve as new seed cells for replacement therapy and become an effective adjunctive therapy for end-stage hepatic diseases. Recently, great progress has been made in the research of stem cell technology. For example, iPSCs can maintain pluripotency, and the application of iPSCs can avoid the ethical issues associated with the use of ESCs. The research of differentiation of stem cells has greatly shifted from differentiation into hepatic single-cell lineage to differentiation into liver tissues. All of these can improve the development of replacement therapy, and update the basic knowledge of ectogenesis of the liver.
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21
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Izamis ML, Perk S, Calhoun C, Uygun K, Yarmush ML, Berthiaume F. Machine perfusion enhances hepatocyte isolation yields from ischemic livers. Cryobiology 2015; 71:244-55. [PMID: 26188080 PMCID: PMC4584189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-quality human hepatocytes form the basis of drug safety and efficacy tests, cell-based therapies, and bridge-to-transplantation devices. Presently the only supply of cells derives from an inadequate pool of suboptimal disqualified donor livers. Here we evaluated whether machine perfusion could ameliorate ischemic injury that many of these livers experience prior to hepatocyte isolation. METHODS Non-heparinized female Lewis rat livers were exposed to an hour of warm ischemia (34°C) and then perfused for 3h. Five different perfusion conditions that utilized the cell isolation apparatus were investigated, namely: (1) modified Williams Medium E and (2) Lifor, both with active oxygenation (95%O(2)/5%CO(2)), as well as (3) Lifor passively oxygenated with ambient air (21%O(2)/0.04%CO(2)), all at ambient temperatures (20 ± 2°C). At hypothermic temperatures (5 ± 1°C) and under passive oxygenation were (4) University of Wisconsin solution (UW) and (5) Vasosol. Negative and positive control groups comprised livers that had ischemia (WI) and livers that did not (Fresh) prior to cell isolation, respectively. RESULTS Fresh livers yielded 32 ± 9 million cells/g liver while an hour of ischemia reduced the cell yield to 1.6 ± 0.6 million cells/g liver. Oxygenated Williams Medium E and Lifor recovered yields of 39 ± 11 and 31 ± 2.3 million cells/g liver, respectively. The passively oxygenated groups produced 15 ± 7 (Lifor), 13 ± 7 (Vasosol), and 10 ± 6 (UW)million cells/g liver. Oxygenated Williams Medium E was most effective at sustaining pH values, avoiding the accumulation of lactate, minimizing edematous weight gain and producing bile during perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Machine perfusion results in a dramatic increase in cell yields from livers that have had up to an hour of warm ischemia, but perfusate choice significantly impacts the extent of recovery. Oxygenated Williams Medium E at room temperature is superior to Lifor, UW and Vasosol, largely facilitated by its high oxygen content and low viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Louisa Izamis
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Sinem Perk
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Candice Calhoun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burns Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Winkler S, Hempel M, Brückner S, Mallek F, Weise A, Liehr T, Tautenhahn HM, Bartels M, Christ B. Mouse white adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells gain pericentral and periportal hepatocyte features after differentiation in vitro, which are preserved in vivo after hepatic transplantation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:89-104. [PMID: 26235702 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, they are considered a novel cell resource for the treatment of various liver diseases. Here, the aim was to demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells may adopt both perivenous and periportal hepatocyte-specific functions in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from immunodeficient C57BL/6 (B6.129S6-Rag2(tm1Fwa) Prf1(tm1Clrk) ) mice and differentiated into the hepatocytic phenotype by applying a simple protocol. Their physiological and metabolic functions were analysed in vitro and after hepatic transplantation in vivo. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells changed their morphology from a fibroblastoid into shapes of osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes and hepatocytes. Typical for mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic marker genes were not expressed. CD90, which is not expressed on mature hepatocytes, decreased significantly after hepatocytic differentiation. Markers indicative for liver development like hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, or for perivenous hepatocyte specification like cytochrome P450 subtype 3a11, and CD26 were significantly elevated. Periportal hepatocyte-specific markers like carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1, the entry enzyme of the urea cycle, were up-regulated. Consequently, cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and urea synthesis increased significantly to values comparable to cultured primary hepatocytes. Both perivenous and periportal qualities were preserved after hepatic transplantation and integration into the host parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Adult mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells featuring both periportal and perivenous functions. Hence, they are promising candidates for the treatment of region-specific liver cell damage and may support organ regeneration in acute and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Winkler
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Hempel
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - S. Brückner
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Mallek
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - A. Weise
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - T. Liehr
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - H.-M. Tautenhahn
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Bartels
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - B. Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Two Effective Routes for Removing Lineage Restriction Roadblocks: From Somatic Cells to Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20873-95. [PMID: 26340624 PMCID: PMC4613233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of somatic cells to hepatocytes has fundamentally re-shaped traditional concepts regarding the limited resources for hepatocyte therapy. With the various induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation routes, most somatic cells can be effectively directed to functional stem cells, and this strategy will supply enough pluripotent material to generate promising functional hepatocytes. However, the major challenges and potential applications of reprogrammed hepatocytes remain under investigation. In this review, we provide a summary of two effective routes including direct reprogramming and indirect reprogramming from somatic cells to hepatocytes and the general potential applications of the resulting hepatocytes. Through these approaches, we are striving toward the goal of achieving a robust, mature source of clinically relevant lineages.
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Lee JG, Bak SY, Nahm JH, Lee SW, Min SO, Kim KS. Toward angiogenesis of implanted bio-artificial liver using scaffolds with type I collagen and adipose tissue-derived stem cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SURGERY 2015; 19:47-58. [PMID: 26155277 PMCID: PMC4494077 DOI: 10.14701/kjhbps.2015.19.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Stem cell therapies for liver disease are being studied by many researchers worldwide, but scientific evidence to demonstrate the endocrinologic effects of implanted cells is insufficient, and it is unknown whether implanted cells can function as liver cells. Achieving angiogenesis, arguably the most important characteristic of the liver, is known to be quite difficult, and no practical attempts have been made to achieve this outcome. We carried out this study to observe the possibility of angiogenesis of implanted bio-artificial liver using scaffolds. Methods This study used adipose tissue-derived stem cells that were collected from adult patients with liver diseases with conditions similar to the liver parenchyma. Specifically, microfilaments were used to create an artificial membrane and maintain the structure of an artificial organ. After scratching the stomach surface of severe combined immunocompromised (SCID) mice (n=4), artificial scaffolds with adipose tissue-derived stem cells and type I collagen were implanted. Expression levels of angiogenesis markers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34, and CD105 were immunohistochemically assessed after 30 days. Results Grossly, the artificial scaffolds showed adhesion to the stomach and surrounding organs; however, there was no evidence of angiogenesis within the scaffolds; and VEGF, CD34, and CD105 expressions were not detected after 30 days. Conclusions Although implantation of cells into artificial scaffolds did not facilitate angiogenesis, the artificial scaffolds made with type I collagen helped maintain implanted cells, and surrounding tissue reactions were rare. Our findings indicate that type I collagen artificial scaffolds can be considered as a possible implantable biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Young Bak
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hae Nahm
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Ok Min
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Raschzok N, Sallmon H, Pratschke J, Sauer IM. MicroRNAs in liver tissue engineering - New promises for failing organs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 88:67-77. [PMID: 26116880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miRNA-based technologies provide attractive tools for several liver tissue engineering approaches. Herein, we review the current state of miRNA applications in liver tissue engineering. Several miRNAs have been implicated in hepatic disease and proper hepatocyte function. However, the clinical translation of these findings into tissue engineering has just begun. miRNAs have been successfully used to induce proliferation of mature hepatocytes and improve the differentiation of hepatic precursor cells. Nonetheless, miRNA-based approaches beyond cell generation have not yet entered preclinical or clinical investigations. Moreover, miRNA-based concepts for the biliary tree have yet to be developed. Further research on miRNA based modifications, however, holds the promise of enabling significant improvements to liver tissue engineering approaches due to their ability to regulate and fine-tune all biological processes relevant to hepatic tissue engineering, such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Sallmon
- Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Zhou H, Liu H, Ezzelarab M, Schmelzer E, Wang Y, Gerlach J, Gridelli B, Cooper DKC. Experimental hepatocyte xenotransplantation--a comprehensive review of the literature. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:239-48. [PMID: 25950141 PMCID: PMC4519403 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation (Tx) is a potential therapy for certain diseases of the liver, including hepatic failure. However, there is a limited supply of human livers as a source of cells and, after isolation, human hepatocytes can be difficult to expand in culture, limiting the number available for Tx. Hepatocytes from other species, for example, the pig, have therefore emerged as a potential alternative source. We searched the literature through the end of 2014 to assess the current status of experimental research into hepatocyte xenoTx. The literature search identified 51 reports of in vivo cross-species Tx of hepatocytes in a variety of experimental models. Most studies investigated the Tx of human (n = 23) or pig (n = 19) hepatocytes. No studies explored hepatocytes from genetically engineered pigs. The spleen was the most common site of Tx (n = 23), followed by the liver (through the portal vein [n = 6]) and peritoneal cavity (n = 19). In 47 studies (92%), there was evidence of hepatocyte engraftment and function across a species barrier. The data provided by this literature search strengthen the hypothesis that xenoTx of hepatocytes is feasible and potentially successful as a clinical therapy for certain liver diseases, including hepatic failure. By excluding vascular structures, hepatocytes isolated from genetically engineered pig livers may address some of the immunological problems of xenoTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Zhou
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Kidney Transplantation, Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Heng(1)yang, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, ShanXi, China
| | - Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Kidney Transplantation, Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Heng(1)yang, Hunan, China
| | - Jörg Gerlach
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruno Gridelli
- Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ho CM, Chen YH, Chien CS, Ho YT, Ho SL, Hu RH, Chen HL, Lee PH. Transplantation speed offers early hepatocyte engraftment in acute liver injured rats: A translational study with clinical implications. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:652-61. [PMID: 25821041 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the rate of intraportal hepatocyte transplantation on early engraftment and repopulation is unclear. The aim of this study was to address this and to improve the engraftment and repopulation efficiencies of hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of a rat model of acute liver failure in a clinically useful way without preconditioning. Acute hepatic injury was induced into Sprague-Dawley rats with D-galactosamine. Hepatocytes were infused intraportally over a period of 30, 70, or 100 seconds to study early engraftment (2 days) and repopulation (7 days). Three groups had significant differences in hepatocyte engraftment (P = 0.018) and repopulation efficiencies (P = 0.037), and an infusion over a period of 70 seconds produced superior outcomes. After the 70-second infusion, the transplanted cells immediately transmigrated the sinusoidal endothelial layer and rarely accumulated in the portal venules, with liver function improving significantly. The mean first peak pressures, without significant differences, were 14.8 ± 6.5, 17.7 ± 3.7, and 13.6 ± 3.0 mm Hg in the 30-, 70-, and 100-second groups, respectively. Differential hepatocyte transfusion rates contributed to accelerated early engraftment and repopulation in rats with acute liver injury. These proof-of-concept findings are of clinical significance because they are easy to translate into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Maw Ho
- Department of Surgery; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Roach DR, Garrett WM, Welch G, Caperna TJ, Talbot NC, Shapiro EM. Magnetic cell labeling of primary and stem cell-derived pig hepatocytes for MRI-based cell tracking of hepatocyte transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123282. [PMID: 25856627 PMCID: PMC4391930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig hepatocytes are an important investigational tool for optimizing hepatocyte transplantation schemes in both allogeneic and xenogeneic transplant scenarios. MRI can be used to serially monitor the transplanted cells, but only if the hepatocytes can be labeled with a magnetic particle. In this work, we describe culture conditions for magnetic cell labeling of cells from two different pig hepatocyte cell sources; primary pig hepatocytes (ppHEP) and stem cell-derived hepatocytes (PICM-19FF). The magnetic particle is a micron-sized iron oxide particle (MPIO) that has been extensively studied for magnetic cell labeling for MRI-based cell tracking. ppHEP could endocytose MPIO with labeling percentages as high as 70%, achieving iron content as high as ~55 pg/cell, with >75% viability. PICM-19FF had labeling >97%, achieving iron content ~38 pg/cell, with viability >99%. Extensive morphological and functional assays indicated that magnetic cell labeling was benign to the cells. The results encourage the use of MRI-based cell tracking for the development and clinical use of hepatocyte transplantation methodologies. Further, these results generally highlight the importance of functional cell assays in the evaluation of contrast agent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne R. Roach
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wesley M. Garrett
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Glenn Welch
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Caperna
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neil C. Talbot
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tormos AM, Taléns-Visconti R, Bonora-Centelles A, Pérez S, Sastre J. Oxidative stress triggers cytokinesis failure in hepatocytes upon isolation. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:927-34. [PMID: 25744598 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1016019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells and proliferatively quiescent. However, the stress produced during liver digestion seems to activate cell cycle entry by proliferative/dedifferentiation programs that still remain unclear. The aim of this work was to assess whether the oxidative stress associated with hepatocyte isolation affects cell cycle and particularly cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from C57BL/6 mice by collagenase perfusion in the absence and presence of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Polyploidy, cell cycle, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied by flow cytometry (DNA, phospho-histone 3, and CellROX(®) Deep Red) and Western blotting (cyclins B1 and D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen). mRNA expression of cyclins A1, B1, B2, D1, and F by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was also assessed. Glutathione levels were measured by mass spectrometry. Here we show that hepatocyte isolation enhanced cell cycle entry, increased hepatocyte binucleation, and caused marked glutathione oxidation. Addition of 5 mM NAC to the hepatocyte isolation media prevented glutathione depletion, partially blocked ROS production and cell cycle entry of hepatocytes, and avoided the blockade of mitosis progression, abrogating defective cytokinesis and diminishing the formation of binucleated hepatocytes during isolation. Therefore, addition of NAC to the isolation media decreased the generation of polyploid hepatocytes confirming that oxidative stress occurs during hepatocyte isolation and it is responsible, at least in part, for cytokinesis failure and hepatocyte binucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
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30
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Matsuura K, Utoh R, Nagase K, Okano T. Cell sheet approach for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2014; 190:228-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Szkolnicka D, Farnworth SL, Lucendo‐Villarin B, Hay DC. Deriving Functional Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:1G.5.1-12. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01g05s30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Farnworth
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | | | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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32
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Sokal EM. Treating inborn errors of liver metabolism with stem cells: current clinical development. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:535-9. [PMID: 24668464 PMCID: PMC4088990 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced therapies including stem cells are currently a major biotechnological development. Adult liver stem cells can differentiate into hepatocyte like cells and be infused in the recipient's liver to bring a missing metabolic function. These cells can be produced in large quantities in vitro. Allogeneic stem cells are required to treat genetic diseases, and this approach allows to use one single source of tissue to treat different diseases and many recipients. Mesenchymal stem cells can in addition play an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role and possibly prevent the accumulation of fibrous tissue in the liver. From a regulatory point of view, stem cells are considered as medicinal products, and must undergo a pharmaceutical development that goes beyond the research and proof-of-concept phases. Here, we review the track followed from the first hepatocyte transplantation in 2000 to the next generation product issued from stem cell technology, and the start of EMA approved clinical trials to evaluate the safety and potency of liver stem cells for the treatment of inborn errors of the liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Marc Sokal
- Pediatric Hepatology & Gastroenterology and Cell Transplant Center, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 10 av Hippocrate, 1200, Brussels, Belgium,
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Combined use of N-acetylcysteine and Liberase improves the viability and metabolic function of human hepatocytes isolated from human liver. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:800-9. [PMID: 24642019 PMCID: PMC4029080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Successful hepatocyte isolation is critical for continued development of cellular transplantation. However, most tissue available for research is from diseased liver, and the results of hepatocyte isolation from such tissue are inferior compared with normal tissue. Liberase and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been shown separately to improve viability of isolated hepatocytes. This study aims to determine the effect of Liberase and NAC in combination on human hepatocyte isolation from normal and diseased liver tissues. Methods Hepatocytes were isolated from 30 liver specimens through the use of a standard collagenase digestion technique (original protocol) and another 30 with the addition of NAC and standard collagenase substituted by Liberase (new protocol). Viability and success, defined as maintenance of cell adhesion and morphology for 48 hours, were assessed. Metabolic function was assessed by means of albumin and urea synthesis. Results Baseline factors were similar for both groups. The delay to tissue processing was slightly shorter in the new protocol group (median, 2 versus 4 hours; P = 0.007). The success rate improved from 12 of 30 (40.0%) to 21 of 30 (70.0%) with the use of the new protocol (P = 0.037), and median viable cell yield increased from 7.3 × 104 to 28.3 × 104 cells/g tissue (P = 0.003). After adjusting for delay, success rate (P = 0.014) and viable cell yield/g tissue (P = 0.001) remained significantly improved. Albumin and urea synthesis were similar or superior in the new protocol group. Conclusions NAC and Liberase improve the success of hepatocyte isolation, with a significantly higher yield of viable cells. The use of these agents may improve the availability of hepatocytes for transplantation and laboratory research.
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Abstract
The treatment of end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure remains a clinically relevant issue. Although orthotopic liver transplantation is a well-established procedure, whole-organ transplantation is invasive and increasingly limited by the unavailability of suitable donor organs. Artificial and bioartificial liver support systems have been developed to provide an alternative to whole organ transplantation, but despite three decades of scientific efforts, the results are still not convincing with respect to clinical outcome. In this Review, conceptual limitations of clinically available liver support therapy systems are discussed. Furthermore, alternative concepts, such as hepatocyte transplantation, and cutting-edge developments in the field of liver support strategies, including the repopulation of decellularized organs and the biofabrication of entirely new organs by printing techniques or induced organogenesis are analysed with respect to clinical relevance. Whereas hepatocyte transplantation shows promising clinical results, at least for the temporary treatment of inborn metabolic diseases, so far data regarding implantation of engineered hepatic tissue have only emerged from preclinical experiments. However, the evolving techniques presented here raise hope for bioengineered liver support therapies in the future.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Franco
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Sud; Inserm, UMR972, France.
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36
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Schwartz RE, Fleming HE, Khetani SR, Bhatia SN. Pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:504-13. [PMID: 24440487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is an important clinical problem, impacting over 30 million Americans and over 600 million people worldwide. It is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States and the 16th worldwide. Due to a paucity of donor organs, several thousand Americans die yearly while waiting for liver transplantation. Unfortunately, alternative tissue sources such as fetal hepatocytes and hepatic cell lines are unreliable, difficult to reproduce, and do not fully recapitulate hepatocyte phenotype and functions. As a consequence, alternative cell sources that do not have these limitations have been sought. Human embryonic stem (hES) cell- and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells may enable cell based therapeutics, the study of the mechanisms of human disease and human development, and provide a platform for screening the efficacy and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. iPS cells can be differentiated in a step-wise fashion with high efficiency and reproducibility into hepatocyte-like cells that exhibit morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of hepatocytes. In addition, iPS-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) possess some functional hepatic activity as they secrete urea, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and albumin. However, the combined phenotypic and functional traits exhibited by iHLCs resemble a relatively immature hepatic phenotype that more closely resembles that of fetal hepatocytes rather than adult hepatocytes. Specifically, iHLCs express fetal markers such as alpha-fetoprotein and lack key mature hepatocyte functions, as reflected by drastically reduced activity (~0.1%) of important detoxification enzymes (i.e. CYP2A6, CYP3A4). These key differences between iHLCs and primary adult human hepatocytes have limited the use of stem cells as a renewable source of functional adult hepatocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. Unfortunately, the developmental pathways that control hepatocyte maturation from a fetal into an adult hepatocyte are poorly understood, which has hampered the field in its efforts to induce further maturation of iPS-derived hepatic lineage cells. This review analyzes recent developments in the derivation of hepatocyte-like cells, and proposes important points to consider and assays to perform during their characterization. In the future, we envision that iHLCs will be used as in vitro models of human disease, and in the longer term, provide an alternative cell source for drug testing and clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Schwartz
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA
| | - H E Fleming
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S R Khetani
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S N Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA.
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Szkolnicka D, Farnworth SL, Lucendo-Villarin B, Storck C, Zhou W, Iredale JP, Flint O, Hay DC. Accurate prediction of drug-induced liver injury using stem cell-derived populations. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:141-8. [PMID: 24375539 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major progress in the knowledge and management of human liver injury, there are millions of people suffering from chronic liver disease. Currently, the only cure for end-stage liver disease is orthotopic liver transplantation; however, this approach is severely limited by organ donation. Alternative approaches to restoring liver function have therefore been pursued, including the use of somatic and stem cell populations. Although such approaches are essential in developing scalable treatments, there is also an imperative to develop predictive human systems that more effectively study and/or prevent the onset of liver disease and decompensated organ function. We used a renewable human stem cell resource, from defined genetic backgrounds, and drove them through developmental intermediates to yield highly active, drug-inducible, and predictive human hepatocyte populations. Most importantly, stem cell-derived hepatocytes displayed equivalence to primary adult hepatocytes, following incubation with known hepatotoxins. In summary, we have developed a serum-free, scalable, and shippable cell-based model that faithfully predicts the potential for human liver injury. Such a resource has direct application in human modeling and, in the future, could play an important role in developing renewable cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; FibromEd Products Ltd., Edinburgh Bio-Quarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; Department of Oncology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chu YK, Wang SZ, Liu YL, Kang ZL. Relationship between insulin/insulin-like growth factor and liver regeneration. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3961-3964. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i35.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers, and the main treatments include intervention, radiofrequency ablation, surgical resection and liver transplantation. Metastasis and recurrence contribute greatly to the high mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, many efforts have been taken to find the ways to promote liver regeneration after liver resection. This article will discuss the relationship between liver regeneration and insulin/insulin-like growth factor.
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Iwasaki J, Hata T, Uemoto S, Fujimoto Y, Kanazawa H, Teratani T, Hishikawa S, Kobayashi E. Portocaval shunt for hepatocyte package: challenging application of small intestinal graft in animal models. Organogenesis 2013; 9:273-9. [PMID: 23974217 DOI: 10.4161/org.25968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing therapeutic alternatives to liver transplantation, we have used the strategy of applying a small intestinal segment as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation and also as a portocaval shunt (PCS) system to address both liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of such an intestinal segment in animal models. Hepatocytes isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats were transplanted into jejunal segments of wild-type Lewis rats with mucosa removal without PCS application. Luciferase-derived luminescence from transplanted hepatocytes was stably detected for 30 days. Then, we performed autologous hepatocyte transplantation into the submucosal layer of an isolated and vascularized small intestinal segment in pigs. Transplanted hepatocytes were isolated from the resected left-lateral lobe of the liver. On day 7, hepatocyte clusters and bile duct-like structures were observed histologically. To create an intestinal PCS system in pigs, an auto-graft of the segmental ileum and interposing vessel graft were anastomosed to the portal vein trunk and inferior vena cava. However, thrombi were observed in vessels of the intestinal PCSs. We measured the correlation between infusion pressure and flow volume in whole intestines ex vivo in both species and found that the high pressure corresponding to portal hypertension was still insufficient to maintain the patency of the intestinal grafts. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of the small intestine as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation in rat and pig models, but PCS using an intestinal graft failed to maintain patency in a pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Iwasaki
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan; Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hata
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujimoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanazawa
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Teratani
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuji Hishikawa
- Division of Medical Skill Training; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
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40
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Ribes-Koninckx C, Ibars EP, Calzado Agrasot MÁ, Bonora-Centelles A, Miquel BP, Vila Carbó JJ, Aliaga ED, Pallardó JM, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV. Clinical outcome of hepatocyte transplantation in four pediatric patients with inherited metabolic diseases. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:2267-82. [PMID: 23231960 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation (HT) has become an effective therapy for patients with metabolic inborn errors. We report the clinical outcome of four children with metabolic inborn errors that underwent HT, describing the cell infusion protocol and the metabolic outcome of transplanted patients. Cryopreserved hepatocytes were used as this allows scheduling of treatments. Functional competence (viability, cell attachment, major cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 activities, and urea synthesis) and microbiological safety of cell batches were assessed prior to clinical use. Four pediatric patients with liver metabolic diseases [ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, Crigler-Najjar (CNI) syndrome, glycogen storage disease Ia (GSD-Ia), and tyrosinemia type I (TYR-I)] underwent HT. Indication for HT was based on severity of disease, deterioration of quality of life, and benefits for the patients, with the ultimate goal to improve their clinical status whenever liver transplantation (LT) was not indicated or to bridge LT. Cells were infused into the portal vein while monitoring portal flow. The protocol included antibiotic prophylaxis and immunosuppressant therapy. After HT, analytical data on the disease were obtained. The OTC-deficient patient showed a sustained decrease in plasma ammonia levels and increased urea production after HT. Further cell infusions could not be administered given a fatal nosocomial fungus sepsis 2 weeks after the last HT. The CNI and GSD-Ia patients improved their clinical status after HT. They displayed reduced serum bilirubin levels (by ca. 50%) and absence of hypoglycaemic episodes, respectively. In both cases, the HT contributed to stabilize their clinical status as LT was not indicated. In the infant with TYR-I, HT stabilized temporarily the biochemical parameters, resulting in the amelioration of his clinical status while diagnosis of the disease was unequivocally confirmed by full gene sequencing. In this patient, HT served as a bridge therapy to LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ribes-Koninckx
- Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Because of their high proliferative capacity, resistance to cryopreservation, and ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, stem and progenitor cells have recently emerged as attractive cell sources for liver cell therapy, a technique used as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation in the treatment of various hepatic ailments ranging from metabolic disorders to end-stage liver disease. Although stem and progenitor cells have been isolated from various tissues, obtaining them from the liver could be an advantage for the treatment of hepatic disorders. However, the techniques available to isolate these stem/progenitor cells are numerous and give rise to cell populations with different morphological and functional characteristics. In addition, there is currently no established consensus on the tests that need to be performed to ensure the quality and safety of these cells when used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the different types of liver stem/progenitor cells currently reported in the literature, discuss their suitability and limitations in terms of clinical applications, and examine how the culture and transplantation techniques can potentially be improved to achieve a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lombard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Prigent
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Construction of liver tissue in vivo with preparative partial hepatic irradiation and growth stimulus: investigations of less invasive techniques and progenitor cells. J Surg Res 2013; 185:889-95. [PMID: 23845872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective proliferation of transplanted hepatocytes with a growth stimulus, such as partial hepatectomy or hepatocyte growth factor, concomitant with hepatic irradiation (HIR), which can suppress proliferation of host hepatocytes, has been reported. We have conducted experiments that focused on less invasive and clinically applicable techniques and progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV-F344 or jaundiced Gunn rats underwent partial HIR (only 30% of whole liver) and portal vein branch ligation (PVBL) of one lobe, followed by intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation at 1 × 10(7). Second, after partial HIR and PVBL, two types of progenitor cells were transplanted (i.e., small hepatocytes (SHs) or adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. RESULTS Sixteen weeks after transplantation, the donor cells constituted > 70% of the hepatocytes of the irradiated lobe, showing connexin 32, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1, and glycogen storage. Moreover, the serum bilirubin level had decreased significantly in the jaundiced Gunn rats and remained at this level throughout the 24 wk experimental period. The SHs grew more quickly than the hepatocytes. After 8 wk, around 40% of the host hepatocytes had been replaced by transplanted SHs. Although the donor adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were engrafted after 8 wk, their proliferation was not observed. CONCLUSIONS HIR, combined with PVBL, can be given to a selective liver lobe and is a less-invasive but effective method for proliferation of transplanted hepatocytes. Even a smaller number of SHs can construct liver tissue with their prevailing proliferative ability.
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Hepatic differentiation of mouse iPS cells and analysis of liver engraftment potential of multistage iPS progeny. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:835-45. [PMID: 23715756 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation is considered a promising therapy for patients with liver diseases. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an unlimited source for the generation of functional hepatocytes. While several protocols that direct the differentiation of iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells have already been reported, the liver engraftment potential of iPSC progeny obtained at each step of hepatic differentiation has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we present an efficient strategy to differentiate mouse iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells and evaluate their liver engraftment potential at different time points of the protocol (5, 10, 15, and 20 days of differentiation). iPSCs were differentiated in the presence of cytokines, growth factors, and small molecules to finally generate hepatocyte-like cells. These iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells exhibited hepatocyte-associated functions, such as albumin secretion and urea synthesis. When we transplanted iPSC progeny into the spleen, we found that 15- and 20-day iPSC progeny engrafted into the livers and further acquired hepatocyte morphology. In contrast, 5- and 10-day iPSC progeny were also able to engraft but did not generate hepatocyte-like cells in vivo. Our data may aid in improving current protocols geared towards the use of iPSCs as a new source of liver-targeted cell therapies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The success of liver transplantation has increased over the past 20 years due to improved immunosuppressive medications, surgical technique and donor-recipient selection. To date, the number of patients waiting for a liver transplant exceeds the number of transplants performed yearly by over a 2 : 1 ratio. Despite efforts to expand the donor pool, mortality of patients waiting for a liver remains high due to the shortage of donor organs. Herein, we discuss options for liver replacement that are currently under development. RECENT FINDINGS Extracorporeal bioactive liver perfusion devices were investigated in the late 1990s and preliminarily demonstrated safety but failed to show clinical efficacy. Current research is ongoing, but the focus has shifted to xenotransplantation of whole organs, organ engineering and cell transplantation. These new modalities are limited to small and large animal studies and each present unique advantages and limitations. SUMMARY Discovery of new sources of organs or cells to replace a damaged liver may be the only long-term solution to provide definitive therapy to all patients who require transplantation. The past 2 years have seen notable achievements in xenotransplantation, tissue engineering and cell transplantation. Though challenges remain, now identified, they may be readily solved.
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Raschzok N, Morgül MH, Stelter L, Sauer IM. Noninvasive monitoring of liver cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou H, Dong X, Kabarriti R, Chen Y, Avsar Y, Wang X, Ding J, Liu L, Fox IJ, Roy-Chowdhury J, Roy-Chowdhury N, Guha C. Single liver lobe repopulation with wildtype hepatocytes using regional hepatic irradiation cures jaundice in Gunn rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46775. [PMID: 23091601 PMCID: PMC3473037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Preparative hepatic irradiation (HIR), together with mitotic stimulation of hepatocytes, permits extensive hepatic repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes in rats and mice. However, whole liver HIR is associated with radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), which limits its potential therapeutic application. In clinical experience, restricting HIR to a fraction of the liver reduces the susceptibility to RILD. Here we test the hypothesis that repopulation of selected liver lobes by regional HIR should be sufficient to correct some inherited metabolic disorders. METHODS Hepatocytes (10(7)) isolated from wildtype F344 rats or Wistar-RHA rats were engrafted into the livers of congeneic dipeptidylpeptidase IV deficient (DPPIV(-)) rats or uridinediphosphoglucuronateglucuronosyltransferase-1A1-deficient jaundiced Gunn rats respectively by intrasplenic injection 24 hr after HIR (50 Gy) targeted to the median lobe, or median plus left liver lobes. An adenovector expressing hepatocyte growth factor (10(11) particles) was injected intravenously 24 hr after transplantation. RESULTS Three months after hepatocyte transplantation in DPPIV(-) rats, 30-60% of the recipient hepatocytes were replaced by donor cells in the irradiated lobe, but not in the nonirradiated lobes. In Gunn rats receiving median lobe HIR, serum bilirubin declined from pretreatment levels of 5.17 ± 0.78 mg/dl to 0.96 ± 0.30 mg/dl in 8 weeks and remained at this level throughout the 16 week observation period. A similar effect was observed in the group, receiving median plus left lobe irradiation. CONCLUSIONS As little as 20% repopulation of 30% of the liver volume was sufficient to correct hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rats, highlighting the potential of regiospecific HIR in hepatocyte transplantation-based therapy of inherited metabolic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafi Kabarriti
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yesim Avsar
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Xia Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianqiang Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Laibin Liu
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ira J. Fox
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (CG); (NR-C)
| | - Chandan Guha
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (CG); (NR-C)
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Bierwolf J, Lutgehetmann M, Deichmann S, Erbes J, Volz T, Dandri M, Cohen S, Nashan B, Pollok JM. Primary Human Hepatocytes from Metabolic-Disordered Children Recreate Highly Differentiated Liver-Tissue-Like Spheroids on Alginate Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1443-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Bierwolf
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lutgehetmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Deichmann
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Erbes
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Smadar Cohen
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Bjoern Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Matthias Pollok
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Atari M, Gil-Recio C, Fabregat M, García-Fernández D, Barajas M, Carrasco MA, Jung HS, Alfaro FH, Casals N, Prosper F, Ferrés-Padró E, Giner L. Dental pulp of the third molar: a new source of pluripotent-like stem cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3343-56. [PMID: 22467856 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp is particularly interesting in regenerative medicine because of the accessibility and differentiation potential of the tissue. Dental pulp has an early developmental origin with multi-lineage differentiation potential as a result of its development during childhood and adolescence. However, no study has previously identified the presence of stem cell populations with embryonic-like phenotypes in human dental pulp from the third molar. In the present work, we describe a new population of dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSCs) that were isolated by culture in medium containing LIF, EGF and PDGF. These cells are SSEA4(+), OCT3/4(+), NANOG(+), SOX2(+), LIN28(+), CD13(+), CD105(+), CD34(-), CD45(-), CD90(+), CD29(+), CD73(+), STRO1(+) and CD146(-), and they show genetic stability in vitro based on genomic analysis with a newly described CGH technique. Interestingly, DPPSCs were able to form both embryoid-body-like structures (EBs) in vitro and teratoma-like structures that contained tissues derived from all three embryonic germ layers when injected in nude mice. We examined the capacity of DPPSCs to differentiate in vitro into tissues that have similar characteristics to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm layers in both 2D and 3D cultures. We performed a comparative RT-PCR analysis of GATA4, GATA6, MIXL1, NANOG, OCT3/4, SOX1 and SOX2 to determine the degree of similarity between DPPSCs, EBs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs). Our analysis revealed that DPPSCs, hIPSC and EBs have the same gene expression profile. Because DPPSCs can be derived from healthy human molars from patients of different sexes and ages, they represent an easily accessible source of stem cells, which opens a range of new possibilities for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Atari
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, College of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona 08009, Spain.
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Siaj R, Sauer V, Stöppeler S, Gerß J, Spiegel HU, Köhler G, Zibert A, Schmidt HHJ. Longitudinal analysis of serum miR-122 in a rat model of Wilson's disease. Hepatol Int 2012; 6:770-7. [PMID: 23125884 PMCID: PMC3480588 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) has recently been shown to represent a novel biomarker of liver disease. However, the presence of serum miR-122 after liver injury was mostly studied at singular time points. The course of serum miR-122 was determined at consecutive time points during the onset of disease. METHODS Fulminant hepatitis was induced by a high-copper diet in Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats that were used as models for Wilson's disease (WD). Levels of serum miR-122, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, and liver histology were determined. RESULTS Toxic copper given to isolated hepatocytes induced release of miR-122 into the tissue culture medium. Levels of serum miR-122 were highly elevated (21.9 ± 5) in LEC rats after high-copper diet in fulminant hepatitis, whereas healthy rats showed low (<0.6) baseline levels of miR-122. Levels of miR-122 in the serum of LEC rats after high-copper diet continuously increased for about 4 weeks prior to the onset of fulminant hepatitis. In most of the animals (77.8%), significantly increased levels of miR-122 were detected about 2 weeks (13.7 ± 2 days) earlier as compared to hepatitis-associated serum markers ALT, AST, and bilirubin. Analysis of miR-122 in survivors after cell-based therapy of WD demonstrated a rapid decrease of miR-122 levels following hepatocyte transplantation. miR-122 expression in the serum was normalized to baseline levels in most of the (4/5) survivors. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that longitudinal analysis of miR-122 allows detection of severe liver disease at an early stage and might be excellently suited to monitor therapy, at least when severe liver disease can be restored as observed after cell-based therapy of WD. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12072-012-9348-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsi Siaj
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Transplantationsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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