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Panagiotakis S, Mavroidi B, Athanasopoulos A, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG, Pelecanou M, Yannakopoulou K. Amphiphilic Chlorin-β-cyclodextrin Conjugates in Photo-Triggered Drug Delivery: The Role of Aggregation. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300743. [PMID: 38345604 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Conjugates of chlorins with β-cyclodextrin connected either directly or via a flexible linker were prepared. In aqueous medium these amphiphilic conjugates were photostable, produced singlet oxygen at a rate similar to clinically used temoporfin and formed irregular nanoparticles via aggregation. Successful loading with the chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen was evidenced in solution by the UV-Vis spectral changes and dynamic light scattering profiles. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with the conjugates revealed intense spotted intracellular fluorescence suggestive of accumulation in endosome/lysosome compartments, and no dark toxicity. Incubation with the tamoxifen-loaded conjugates revealed also practically no dark toxicity. Irradiation of cells incubated with empty conjugates at 640 nm and 4.18 J/cm2 light fluence caused >50 % cell viability reduction. Irradiation following incubation with tamoxifen-loaded conjugates resulted in even higher toxicity (74 %) indicating that the produced reactive oxygen species had triggered tamoxifen release in a photochemical internalization (PCI) mechanism. The chlorin-β-cyclodextrin conjugates displayed less-lasting effects with time, compared to the corresponding porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin conjugates, possibly due to lower tamoxifen loading of their aggregates and/or their less effective lodging in the cell compartments' membranes. The results suggest that further to favorable photophysical properties, other parameters are important for the in vitro effectiveness of the photodynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Panagiotakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- current address: Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & 27 Neapoleos str., 15341, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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Komatsu N, Kosai A, Kuroda M, Hamakubo T, Abe T. Cetuximab-Toxin Conjugate and NPe6 with Light Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro. Biomedicines 2024; 12:973. [PMID: 38790935 PMCID: PMC11117702 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer-targeted treatment that uses a photosensitizer (PS) and irradiation of a specific wavelength to exert cytotoxic effects. To enhance the antitumor effect against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we developed a new phototherapy, intelligent targeted antibody phototherapy (iTAP). This treatment uses a combination of immunotoxin (IT) and a PS for PDT and light irradiation. In our prior study, we demonstrated that an immunotoxin (IT) consisting of an anti-ROBO1 antibody conjugated to saporin, when used in combination with the photosensitizer (PS) disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2a) and irradiated with light at the appropriate wavelength, resulted in increased cytotoxicity against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. ROBO1 is a receptor known to be involved in the progression of cancer. In this study, we newly investigate the iTAP targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is widely used as a therapeutic target for HNSCC. METHODS We checked the expression of EGFR in HNSCC cell lines, SAS, HO-1-u-1, Sa3, and HSQ-89. We analyzed the cytotoxicity of saporin-conjugated anti-EGFR antibody (cetuximab) (IT-Cmab), mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6, talaporfin sodium), and light (664 nm) irradiation (i.e., iTAP) in SAS, HO-1-u-1, Sa3, and HSQ-89 cells. RESULTS EGFR was expressed highly in Sa3, moderately in HO-1-u-1, SAS, and nearly not in HSQ-89. Cmab alone or IT-Cmab alone did not show cytotoxic effects in Sa3, HO-1-u-1, and HSQ-89 cells, which have moderate or low expression levels of EGFR protein. However, the iTAP method enhanced the cytotoxicity of IT-Cmab by the photodynamic effect in Sa3 and HO-1-u-1 cells, which have moderate levels of EGFR expression. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to report on the iTAP method using IT-Cmab and NPe6 for HNSCC. The cytotoxic effects are enhanced in cell lines with moderate levels of EGFR protein expression, but not in nonexpressing cell lines, which is expected to expand the range of therapeutic windows and potentially reduce complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Komatsu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8570, Japan; (N.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Azuma Kosai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8570, Japan; (N.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikako Kuroda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8570, Japan; (N.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Takahiro Abe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8570, Japan; (N.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
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Ghosh C, Ali LMA, Bessin Y, Clément S, Richeter S, Bettache N, Ulrich S. Self-assembled porphyrin-peptide cages for photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1484-1494. [PMID: 38289387 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01887c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The development of photodynamic therapy requires access to smart photosensitizers which combine appropriate photophysical and biological properties. Interestingly, supramolecular and dynamic covalent chemistries have recently shown their ability to produce novel architectures and responsive systems through simple self-assembly approaches. Herein, we report the straightforward formation of porphyrin-peptide conjugates and cage compounds which feature on their surface chemical groups promoting cell uptake and specific organelle targeting. We show that they self-assemble, in aqueous media, into positively-charged nanoparticles which generate singlet oxygen upon green light irradiation, while also undergoing a chemically-controlled disassembly due to the presence of reversible covalent linkages. Finally, the biological evaluation in cells revealed that they act as effective photosensitizers and promote synergistic effects in combination with Doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Ghosh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Lamiaa M A Ali
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Biochemistry Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 21561 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yannick Bessin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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Enzian P, Rahmanzadeh R. Photochemical Internalization with Fimaporfin: Enhanced Bleomycin Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2040. [PMID: 37631254 PMCID: PMC10458762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) still represents the world's sixth most common tumor entity, with increasing incidence. The reachability of light makes HNSCC suitable for light-based therapies such as Photochemical Internalization (PCI). The drug Bleomycin is cytotoxic and used as an anti-tumor medication. Since Bleomycin is endocytosed as a relatively large molecule, part of it is degraded in lysosomes before reaching its intracellular target. The goal of our study was to improve the intracellular availability of Bleomycin with PCI. We investigate the intracellular delivery of Bleomycin after PCI with the photosensitizer Fimaporfin. A systematic variation of Bleomycin and Fimaporfin concentrations and light irradiation led to the pronounced cell death of HNSCC cells. After optimization, the same level of tumor cell death of 75% was reached with a 20-fold lower Bleomycin concentration. This would allow treatment of HNSCC with high local tumor cell death and reduce the side effects of Bleomycin, e.g., lung fibrosis, at the same time. This demonstrates the increased efficacy of the anti-tumor medication Bleomycin in combination with PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramtin Rahmanzadeh
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
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Songca SP. Combinations of Photodynamic Therapy with Other Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Technologies against Cancer and Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10875. [PMID: 37446050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise in research and development following the discovery of photodynamic therapy to establish novel photosensitizers and overcome the limitations of the technology soon after its clinical translation has given rise to a few significant milestones. These include several novel generations of photosensitizers, the widening of the scope of applications, leveraging of the offerings of nanotechnology for greater efficacy, selectivity for the disease over host tissue and cells, the advent of combination therapies with other similarly minimally invasive therapeutic technologies, the use of stimulus-responsive delivery and disease targeting, and greater penetration depth of the activation energy. Brought together, all these milestones have contributed to the significant enhancement of what is still arguably a novel technology. Yet the major applications of photodynamic therapy still remain firmly located in neoplasms, from where most of the new innovations appear to launch to other areas, such as microbial, fungal, viral, acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, environmental sanitization, pest control, and dermatology. Three main value propositions of combinations of photodynamic therapy include the synergistic and additive enhancement of efficacy, the relatively low emergence of resistance and its rapid development as a targeted and high-precision therapy. Combinations with established methods such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy and demonstrated applications in mop-up surgery promise to enhance these top three clinical tools. From published in vitro and preclinical studies, clinical trials and applications, and postclinical case studies, seven combinations with photodynamic therapy have become prominent research interests because they are potentially easily applied, showing enhanced efficacy, and are rapidly translating to the clinic. These include combinations with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization is a critical mechanism for some combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandile Phinda Songca
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Mohammad Hadi L, Stamati K, Yaghini E, MacRobert AJ, Loizidou M. Treatment of 3D In Vitro Tumoroids of Ovarian Cancer Using Photochemical Internalisation as a Drug Delivery Method. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020572. [PMID: 36831108 PMCID: PMC9953023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a means of achieving spatio-temporal control of cytosolic drug delivery using sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT), with a photosensitiser that can be activated by non-ionising visible light. Various 3D models including those developed at our laboratory, where spheroids are grown in a compressed collagen matrix, have been used for studying anti-cancer drug effects. However, the use of a more biomimetic tumouroid model which consists of a relatively hypoxic central cancer mass surrounded by its microenvironment (stroma) has not yet been explored in either toxicity or phototoxicity studies involving PCI. Here, we examined the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxin (Saporin) on ovarian cancer tumouroids, with HEY ovarian cancer cells in the central cancer compartment, and HDF fibroblast cells and HUVEC endothelial cells in the surrounding stromal compartment. The efficacy was compared to tumouroids treated with either Saporin or PDT alone, or no treatment. PCI treatment was shown to be effective in the tumouroids (determined through viability assays and imaging) and caused a considerable decrease in the viability of cancer cells both within the central cancer mass and those which had migrated into the stroma, as well as a reduction in the cell density of surrounding HUVEC and HDFs. Post-treatment, the mean distance of stromal invasion by cancer cells from the original cancer mass following treatment with Saporin alone was 730 μm vs. 125 μm for PCI. PDT was also effective at reducing viability in the central cancer mass and stroma but required a higher photosensitiser dose and light dose than PCI. Tumouroids, as tissue mimics, are suitable models for interrogating multicellular events following pharmacological assault.
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Sonokawa T, Obi N, Usuda J, Sudo Y, Hamakubo T. Development of a new minimally invasive phototherapy for lung cancer using antibody-toxin conjugate. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:645-653. [PMID: 36655546 PMCID: PMC9981311 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer-targeted treatment that uses a photosensitizer (PS) and laser irradiation. The effectiveness of current PDT using red light for advanced cancers is limited, because red light can only reach depths within a few millimeters. To enhance the antitumor effect for lung cancers, we developed a new phototherapy, intelligent targeted antibody phototherapy (iTAP). This treatment uses a combination of immunotoxin and a PS, mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6). METHODS We examined whether cetuximab encapsulated in endosomes was released into the cytosol by PS in PDT under light irradiation. A431 cells were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled cetuximab, NPe6, and light irradiation and were observed with fluorescence microscopy. We analyzed the cytotoxicity of saporin-conjugated cetuximab (IT-cetuximab) in A431, A549, and MCF7 cells and the antitumor effect in model A549-bearing mice in vivo using the iTAP method. RESULTS Fluorescent microscopy analysis showed that the photodynamic effect of NPe6 (20 μM) and light irradiation (37.6 J/cm2 ) caused the release of cetuximab from the endosome into the cytosol. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the iTAP method enhanced the cytotoxicity of IT-cetuximab by the photodynamic effect. In in vivo experiments, compared with IT-cetuximab alone or PDT alone, the iTAP method using a low dose of IT-cetuximab showed the greatest enhancement of the antitumor effect. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first report of the iTAP method using NPe6 for lung cancer cells. The iTAP method may become a new, minimally invasive treatment superior to current PDT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko Obi
- Research & Development DivisionPhotoQ3 Inc.TokyoJapan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Yukio Sudo
- Research & Development DivisionPhotoQ3 Inc.TokyoJapan
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Photosensitizer-induced HPV16 E7 nanovaccines for cervical cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Suzuki IL, de Araujo MM, Bagnato VS, Bentley MVLB. TNFα siRNA delivery by nanoparticles and photochemical internalization for psoriasis topical therapy. J Control Release 2021; 338:316-329. [PMID: 34437914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that presents increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine. The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA), made it possible for the expression of some genes to be eliminated. However, for its application, it is necessary to use carriers that can protect siRNA and release it in the target cells. Herein, we developed a delivery system for siRNA based on hybrid polymer-lipid nanoparticles (PLNs) and combined this system with photochemical internalization (PCI), photoactivating the photosensitizer TPPS2a, to optimize the endosomal escape of TNFα siRNA in the cytoplasm, aiming to use the system as a topical formulation to treat psoriasis. The PLNs composed of 2.0% of Compritol® 888 ATO (lipid), 1.5% of poloxamer 188 and 0.1% of the cationic polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) showed an average nanoparticle size of 142 nm, a zeta potential of +25 mV, and the ability to efficiently coencapsulate TPPS2a and complexed siRNA. In addition, these materials did not present cellular toxicity and showed high cellular uptake. In vitro delivery studies using porcine skin model revealed that the PLNs delivered siRNA and TPPS2a into the skin. The efficacy was verified using an in vivo psoriasis animal (hairless mouse) model induced by imiquimod (IMQ) cream. The results revealed that PLN-TPPS2a-TNFα siRNA combined with PCI resulted in a decrease in the levels of TNFα, showing the efficiency of the treatment to silence this cytokine in psoriatic lesions, which was accompanied by a reduction in the redness and scaling of the mouse skin. The results showed the potential of the developed PLNs in combined silencing gene therapy and PCI for topical treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Luiz Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Margarete Moreno de Araujo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Maria Vitoria Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Qin L, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Umeshappa CS, Gao H. Nanovaccine-Based Strategies to Overcome Challenges in the Whole Vaccination Cascade for Tumor Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006000. [PMID: 33768693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanovaccine-based immunotherapy (NBI) has received greater attention recently for its potential to prime tumor-specific immunity and establish a long-term immune memory that prevents tumor recurrence. Despite encouraging results in the recent studies, there are still numerous challenges to be tackled for eliciting potent antitumor immunity using NBI strategies. Based on the principles that govern immune response, here it is proposed that these challenges need to be addressed at the five critical cascading events: Loading tumor-specific antigens by nanoscale drug delivery systems (L); Draining tumor antigens to lymph nodes (D); Internalization by dendritic cells (DCs) (I); Maturation of DCs by costimulatory signaling (M); and Presenting tumor-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T cells (P) (LDIMP cascade in short). This review provides a detailed and objective overview of emerging NBI strategies to improve the efficacy of nanovaccines in each step of the LDIMP cascade. It is concluded that the balance between each step must be optimized by delicate designing and modification of nanovaccines and by combining with complementary approaches to provide a synergistic immunity in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chongqing Vocational College of Transportation, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Vikan AK, Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Selbo PK, Wesche J. Efficacy and Selectivity of FGF2-Saporin Cytosolically Delivered by PCI in Cells Overexpressing FGFR1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061476. [PMID: 34204611 PMCID: PMC8231185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have become an attractive target in cancer research and therapy due to their implication in several cancers. Limitations of current treatment options require a need for additional, more specific and potent strategies to overcome cancers driven by FGFRs. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a light-controlled method for cytosolic delivery of drugs that are entrapped in endosomes and lysosomes. We here evaluated the efficacy and selectivity of PCI of FGF2-saporin (FGF-SAP) in cells overexpressing FGFR1. FGF-SAP is a conjugate of FGF2 and the highly cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin, which is used as payload to eliminate cancer cells. Evaluation of the targeting effect of PCI of FGF-SAP was done by comparing the cytotoxic response in osteosarcoma cells with very low levels of FGFR1 (U2OS) to cells overexpressing FGFR1 (U2OS-R1). We demonstrate that PCI greatly enhances cytotoxicity of the drug showing efficient cell killing at pM concentrations of the drug in U2OS-R1 cells. However, U2OS cells were also sensitive to the toxin after PCI. Binding experiments using confocal microscopy and Western blotting techniques indicate that FGF-SAP is taken up by cells through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in U2OS cells. We further show that the cytotoxicity of FGF-SAP in U2OS cells was reduced when cells were co-treated with heparin to compete out binding to HSPG, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect was due to internalization by HSPGs. We conclude that to prevent off-target effects of FGF-based toxins, it will be necessary to circumvent binding to HSPGs, for example by mutating the binding site of FGF2 to HSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora K. Vikan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål K. Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
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Puri A, Viard M, Zakrevsky P, Zampino S, Chen A, Isemann C, Alvi S, Clogston J, Chitgupi U, Lovell JF, Shapiro BA. Photoactivation of sulfonated polyplexes enables localized gene silencing by DsiRNA in breast cancer cells. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2020; 26:102176. [PMID: 32151748 PMCID: PMC8117728 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Translation potential of RNA interference nanotherapeutics remains challenging due to in vivo off-target effects and poor endosomal escape. Here, we developed novel polyplexes for controlled intracellular delivery of dicer substrate siRNA, using a light activation approach. Sulfonated polyethylenimines covalently linked to pyropheophorbide-α for photoactivation and bearing modified amines (sulfo-pyro-PEI) for regulated endosomal escape were investigated. Gene knock-down by the polymer-complexed DsiRNA duplexes (siRNA-NPs) was monitored in breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, sulfo-pyro-PEI/siRNA-NPs failed to downregulate the PLK1 or eGFP proteins. However, photoactivation of these cell associated-polyplexes with a 661-nm laser clearly restored knock-down of both proteins. In contrast, protein down-regulation by non-sulfonated pyro-PEI/siRNA-NPs occurred without any laser treatments, indicating cytoplasmic disposition of DsiRNA followed a common intracellular release mechanism. Therefore, sulfonated pyro-PEI holds potential as a unique trap and release light-controlled delivery platform for on-demand gene silencing bearing minimal off target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Puri
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Mathias Viard
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Paul Zakrevsky
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Serena Zampino
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Arabella Chen
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Camryn Isemann
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sohaib Alvi
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Clogston
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA; Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A Shapiro
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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13
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Mohammad Hadi L, Yaghini E, MacRobert AJ, Loizidou M. Synergy between Photodynamic Therapy and Dactinomycin Chemotherapy in 2D and 3D Ovarian Cancer Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3203. [PMID: 32366058 PMCID: PMC7247344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we explored the efficacy of combining low dose photodynamic therapy using a porphyrin photosensitiser and dactinomycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. The studies were carried out on compressed collagen 3D constructs of two human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) versus their monolayer counterparts. An amphiphilc photosensitiser was employed, disulfonated tetraphenylporphine, which is not a substrate for ABC efflux transporters that can mediate drug resistance. The combination treatment was shown to be effective in both monolayer and 3D constructs of both cell lines, causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability. Compared to dactinomycin alone or PDT alone, higher cell kill was found using 2D monolayer culture vs. 3D culture for the same doses. In 3D culture, the combination therapy resulted in 10 and 22 times higher cell kill in SKOV3 and HEY cells at the highest light dose compared to dactinomycin monotherapy, and 2.2 and 5.5 times higher cell kill than PDT alone. The combination of low dose PDT and dactinomycin appears to be a promising way to repurpose dactinomycin and widen its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Mohammad Hadi
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (E.Y.); (A.J.M.)
| | | | | | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK; (E.Y.); (A.J.M.)
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14
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Saponin Facilitates Anti-Robo1 Immunotoxin Cytotoxic Effects on Maxillary Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:9593516. [PMID: 32256588 PMCID: PMC7086449 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9593516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The standard treatment of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy can result in long-term complications which lower the patient's quality of life, such as eating disorders, speech problems, and disfiguring or otherwise untoward cosmetic issues. Antibody therapy against cancer-specific antigens is advantageous in terms of its lesser side effects achieved by its greater specificity, though the antitumor activity is still usually not enough to obtain a complete cure. Robo1, an axon guidance receptor, has received considerable attention as a possible drug target in various cancers. We have shown previously the enhanced cytotoxic effects of saporin-conjugated anti-Robo1 immunotoxin (IT-Robo1) on the HNSCC cell line HSQ-89 in combination with a photochemical internalization technique. Considering the light source, which has only limited tissue penetrance, we examined the drug internalization effect of saponin. Treatment with saponin facilitated significant cytotoxic effects of IT-Robo1 on HSQ-89 cells. Saponin exerts its own nonspecific cytotoxicity, which may cover the actual extent of the internalization effect. We thus examined whether a flashed treatment with saponin exerted a significant specific cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. The combination of an immunotoxin with saponin also exhibited a significant tumor-suppressive effect on mice HSQ-19 xenografts. These results suggest the utility of saponin treatment as an enhancer of immunotoxin treatment in cancer.
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15
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Pandya AD, Øverbye A, Sahariah P, Gaware VS, Høgset H, Masson M, Høgset A, Mælandsmo GM, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Iversen TG. Drug-Loaded Photosensitizer-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Combinatorial Chemo- and Photodynamic-Therapy of Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1489-1498. [PMID: 32092254 PMCID: PMC7307886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
this study we have developed biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles
(NPs) containing the cytostatic drugs mertansine (MRT) or cabazitaxel
(CBZ). The NPs are based on chitosan (CS) conjugate polymers synthesized
with different amounts of the photosensitizer tetraphenylchlorin (TPC).
These TPC–CS NPs have high loading capacity and strong drug
retention due to π–π stacking interactions between
the drugs and the aromatic photosensitizer groups of the polymers.
CS polymers with 10% of the side chains containing TPC were found
to be optimal in terms of drug loading capacity and NP stability.
The TPC–CS NPs loaded with MRT or CBZ displayed higher cytotoxicity
than the free form of these drugs in the breast cancer cell lines
MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. Furthermore, light-induced photochemical
activation of the NPs elicited a strong photodynamic therapy effect
on these breast cancer cells. Biodistribution studies in mice showed
that most of the TPC–CS NPs accumulated in liver and lungs,
but they were also found to be localized in tumors derived from HCT-116
cells. These data suggest that the drug-loaded TPC–CS NPs have
a potential in combinatory anticancer therapy and as contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash D Pandya
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital,N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Øverbye
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Priyanka Sahariah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vivek S Gaware
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Håkon Høgset
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Màr Masson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anders Høgset
- PCI Biotech AS, Ullernchause'en 64, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital,N-0379 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Photochemical Internalization: Light Paves Way for New Cancer Chemotherapies and Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010165. [PMID: 31936595 PMCID: PMC7016662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a further development of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this report, we describe PCI as a potential tool for cellular internalization of chemotherapeutic agents or antigens and systematically review the ongoing research. Eighteen published papers described the pre-clinical and clinical developments of PCI-mediated delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or antigens. The studies were screened against pre-defined eligibility criteria. Pre-clinical studies suggest that PCI can be effectively used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the cytosol of tumor cells and, thereby, improve treatment efficacy. One Phase-I clinical trial has been conducted, and it demonstrated that PCI-mediated bleomycin treatment was safe and identified tolerable doses of the photosensitizer disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a). Likewise, PCI was pre-clinically shown to mediate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation and generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes (CTL) and cancer remission. A first clinical Phase I trial with the photosensitizer TPCS2a combined with human papilloma virus antigen (HPV) was recently completed and results are expected in 2020. Hence, photosensitizers and light can be used to mediate cytosolic delivery of endocytosed chemotherapeutics or antigens. While the therapeutic potential in cancer has been clearly demonstrated pre-clinically, further clinical trials are needed to reveal the true translational potential of PCI in humans.
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17
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Bächle F, Siemens N, Ziegler T. Glycoconjugated Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers for PDT – Overcoming Aggregation in Solution. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bächle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology University of Greifswald Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 8 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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18
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Yanovsky RL, Bartenstein DW, Rogers GS, Isakoff SJ, Chen ST. Photodynamic therapy for solid tumors: A review of the literature. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:295-303. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana W. Bartenstein
- Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Internal Medicine Residency Program Brigham & Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Gary S. Rogers
- Tufts University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Department of Hematology Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven T. Chen
- Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
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19
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Ji Y, Li J, Zhao J, Shan S, Chu CC. A light-facilitated drug delivery system from a pseudo-protein/hyaluronic acid nanocomplex with improved anti-tumor effects. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9987-10003. [PMID: 31080976 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01909j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-sensitive nanomedicine is a promising strategy to achieve controlled release of payloads in response to intracellular reductive milieu. However, endolysosomal sequestration of internalized carriers and insufficient redox potential in endolysosomes may delay the release of payloads and impact their therapeutic efficacy. Photochemical internalization (PCI), which takes advantage of light-induced endolysosomal rupture, is an effective technique for endosomal escape and cytosolic release of cargos. In this study, a biodegradable and reduction-sensitive nanocomplex was developed from arginine based poly(ester amide)s and hyaluronic acid (HA), and the PCI-photosensitizer AlPcS2a was conjugated to the surface of the nanocomplex (ArgPEA-ss-HA(AP)). This nanocomplex was used for the co-delivery of both PCI-photosensitizers and therapeutic agents to eliminate the biodistribution discrepancy resulting from the separated administration of free therapeutics. The PCI effect of the ArgPEA-ss-HA(AP) nanocomplex was validated in both monolayers and 3D spheroid models of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Synergism was detected between the PCI effect and doxorubicin-loaded nanocomplex in the inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the ArgPEA-ss-HA(AP) nanocomplex also provided enhanced intratumoral penetration in 3D spheroids compared to free AlPcS2a. The in vivo results suggested that the conjugation of AlPCs2a in the nanocomplex enabled the consistent and preferential accumulation of both doxorubicin and AlPcS2a in tumor sites. A light-enhanced anti-tumor effect was observed for the doxorubicin-loaded nanocomplex at well-tolerable dosage. The ArgPEA-ss-HA(AP) nanocomplex, as a reduction-responsive delivery vehicle, can hold great potential to achieve spatio-temporally controllable anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jihui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Shuo Shan
- Biomedical Engineering Field. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA
| | - Chih-Chang Chu
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA. and Biomedical Engineering Field. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA
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20
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Thang DC, Wang Z, Lu X, Xing B. Precise cell behaviors manipulation through light-responsive nano-regulators: recent advance and perspective. Theranostics 2019; 9:3308-3340. [PMID: 31244956 PMCID: PMC6567964 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-assisted spatiotemporal manipulation of biological events holds great promise in advancing the practice of precision medicine in healthcare systems. The progress in internal and/or external stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for highly specific cellular regulations and theranostic controls offer potential clinical translations of the revolutionized nanomedicine. To successfully implement this new paradigm, the emerging light-responsive nanoregulators with unparalleled precise cell functions manipulation have gained intensive attention, providing UV-Vis light-triggered photocleavage or photoisomerization studies, as well as near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated deep-tissue applications for stimulating cellular signal cascades and treatment of mortal diseases. This review discusses current developments of light-activatable nanoplatforms for modulations of various cellular events including neuromodulations, stem cell monitoring, immunomanipulation, cancer therapy, and other biological target intervention. In summary, the propagation of light-controlled nanomedicine would place a bright prospect for future medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Cong Thang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Bengang Xing
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (SSIJRI), Guangzhou 510000, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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21
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Edler KJ, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Codelivery of a cytotoxin and photosensitiser via a liposomal nanocarrier: a novel strategy for light-triggered cytosolic release. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20366-20376. [PMID: 30376028 PMCID: PMC6251340 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is a key issue for the intracellular delivery of many nano-sized biotherapeutics to their cytosolic or nuclear targets. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a novel light-based solution that can be used to trigger the endosomal escape of a range of bioactive agents into the cytosol leading to improved efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical studies. PCI typically depends upon the endolysosomal colocalisation of the bioactive agent with a suitable photosensitiser that is administered separately. In this study we demonstrate that both these components may be combined for codelivery via a novel multifunctional liposomal nanocarrier, with a corresponding increase in the biological efficacy of the encapsulated agent. As proof of concept, we show here that the cytotoxicity of the 30 kDa protein toxin, saporin, in MC28 fibrosarcoma cells is significantly enhanced when delivered via a cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified liposome, with the CPP additionally functionalised with a photosensitiser that is targeted to endolysosomal membranes. This innovation opens the way for the efficient delivery of a range of biotherapeutics by the PCI approach, incorporating a clinically proven liposome delivery platform and using bioorthogonal ligation chemistries to append photosensitisers and peptides of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
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22
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Hadi LM, Yaghini E, Stamati K, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. Therapeutic enhancement of a cytotoxic agent using photochemical internalisation in 3D compressed collagen constructs of ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:80-92. [PMID: 30267880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a method for enhancing delivery of drugs to their intracellular target sites of action. In this study we investigated the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxic agent on spheroid and non-spheroid compressed collagen 3D constructs of ovarian cancer versus conventional 2D culture. The therapeutic responses of two human carcinoma cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) were compared using a range of assays including optical imaging. The treatment was shown to be effective in non-spheroid constructs of both cell lines causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability measured at 48 or 96 h post-illumination. In the larger spheroid constructs, PCI was still effective but required higher saporin and photosensitiser doses. Moreover, in contrast to the 2D and non-spheroid experiments, where comparable efficacy was found for the two cell lines, HEY spheroid constructs were found to be more susceptible to PCI and a lower dose of saporin could be used. PCI treatment was observed to induce death principally by apoptosis in the 3D constructs compared to the mostly necrotic cell death caused by PDT. At low oxygen levels (1%) both PDT and PCI were significantly less effective in the constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Assessment of new drugs or delivery systems for cancer therapy prior to conducting in vivo studies often relies on the use of conventional 2D cell culture, however 3D cancer constructs can provide more physiologically relevant information owing to their 3D architecture and the presence of an extracellular matrix. This study investigates the efficacy of Photochemical Internalisation mediated drug delivery in 3D constructs. In 3D cultures, both oxygen and drug delivery to the cells are limited by diffusion through the extracellular matrix unlike 2D models, and in our model we have used compressed collagen constructs where the density of collagen mimics physiological values. These 3D constructs are therefore well suited to studying drug delivery using PCI. Our study highlights the potential of these constructs for identifying differences in therapeutic response to PCI of two ovarian carcinoma lines.
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23
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Haug M, Brede G, Håkerud M, Nedberg AG, Gederaas OA, Flo TH, Edwards VT, Selbo PK, Høgset A, Halaas Ø. Photochemical Internalization of Peptide Antigens Provides a Novel Strategy to Realize Therapeutic Cancer Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 29670624 PMCID: PMC5893651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective priming and activation of tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is crucial for realizing the potential of therapeutic cancer vaccination. This requires cytosolic antigens that feed into the MHC class I presentation pathway, which is not efficiently achieved with most current vaccination technologies. Photochemical internalization (PCI) provides an emerging technology to route endocytosed material to the cytosol of cells, based on light-induced disruption of endosomal membranes using a photosensitizing compound. Here, we investigated the potential of PCI as a novel, minimally invasive, and well-tolerated vaccination technology to induce priming of cancer-specific CTL responses to peptide antigens. We show that PCI effectively promotes delivery of peptide antigens to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro. This resulted in a 30-fold increase in MHC class I/peptide complex formation and surface presentation, and a subsequent 30- to 100-fold more efficient activation of antigen-specific CTLs compared to using the peptide alone. The effect was found to be highly dependent on the dose of the PCI treatment, where optimal doses promoted maturation of immature dendritic cells, thus also providing an adjuvant effect. The effect of PCI was confirmed in vivo by the successful induction of antigen-specific CTL responses to cancer antigens in C57BL/6 mice following intradermal peptide vaccination using PCI technology. We thus show new and strong evidence that PCI technology holds great potential as a novel strategy for improving the outcome of peptide vaccines aimed at triggering cancer-specific CD8+ CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haug
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infection, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaute Brede
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Monika Håkerud
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Grete Nedberg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odrun A Gederaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude H Flo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Victoria T Edwards
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,PCI Biotech AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål K Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Halaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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24
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Denkova AG, de Kruijff RM, Serra‐Crespo P. Nanocarrier-Mediated Photochemotherapy and Photoradiotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701211. [PMID: 29282903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) both utilize light to induce a therapeutic effect. These therapies are rapidly gaining importance due to the noninvasiveness of light and the limited adverse effect associated with these treatments. However, most preclinical studies show that complete elimination of tumors is rarely observed. Combining PDT and PTT with chemotherapy or radiotherapy can improve the therapeutic outcome and simultaneously decrease side effects of these conventional treatments. Nanocarriers can help to facilitate such a combined treatment. Here, the most recent advancements in the field of photochemotherapy and photoradiotherapy, in which nanocarriers are employed, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia G. Denkova
- Radiation Science and TechnologyDelft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 2629 JB Delft The Netherlands
| | - Robine M. de Kruijff
- Radiation Science and TechnologyDelft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 2629 JB Delft The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Serra‐Crespo
- Radiation Science and TechnologyDelft University of Technology Mekelweg 15 2629 JB Delft The Netherlands
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25
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Giansanti F, Flavell DJ, Angelucci F, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R. Strategies to Improve the Clinical Utility of Saporin-Based Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020082. [PMID: 29438358 PMCID: PMC5848183 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) including the type I RIP Saporin have been used for the construction of Immunotoxins (ITxs) obtained via chemical conjugation of the toxic domain to whole antibodies or by generating genetic fusions to antibody fragments/targeting domains able to direct the chimeric toxin against a desired sub-population of cancer cells. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and especially the possibility to express recombinant fusions in yeast, make Saporin a well-suited tool for anti-cancer therapy approaches. Previous clinical work on RIPs-based Immunotoxins (including Saporin) has shown that several critical issues must be taken into deeper consideration to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. This review focuses on possible combinatorial strategies (chemical and genetic) to augment Saporin-targeted toxin efficacy. Combinatorial approaches may facilitate RIP escape into the cytosolic compartment (where target ribosomes are), while genetic manipulations may minimize potential adverse effects such as vascular-leak syndrome or may identify T/B cell epitopes in order to decrease the immunogenicity following similar strategies as those used in the case of bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas Exotoxin A or as for Type I RIP Bouganin. This review will further focus on strategies to improve recombinant production of Saporin-based chimeric toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory (Leukaemia Busters), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 8AT, UK.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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26
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Bridges RJ, Bradbury NA. Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and Drugs: Insights from Cellular Trafficking. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:385-425. [PMID: 29460152 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-delineated compartments that are characterized by specific cadres of proteins sustaining biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is key to proper organelle function and provides a physiological context for cellular processes. Disruption of normal trafficking pathways for proteins is seen in several genetic diseases, where a protein's absence for a specific subcellular compartment leads to organelle disruption, and in the context of an individual, a disruption of normal physiology. Importantly, several drug therapies can also alter protein trafficking, causing unwanted side effects. Thus, a deeper understanding of trafficking pathways needs to be appreciated as novel therapeutic modalities are proposed. Despite the promising efficacy of novel therapeutic agents, the intracellular bioavailability of these compounds has proved to be a potential barrier, leading to failures in treatments for various diseases and disorders. While endocytosis of drug moieties provides an efficient means of getting material into cells, the subsequent release and endosomal escape of materials into the cytosol where they need to act has been a barrier. An understanding of cellular protein/lipid trafficking pathways has opened up strategies for increasing drug bioavailability. Approaches to enhance endosomal exit have greatly increased the cytosolic bioavailability of drugs and will provide a means of investigating previous drugs that may have been shelved due to their low cytosolic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bridges
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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27
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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28
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Tewari KM, Loizidou M, Eggleston IM, MacRobert AJ. Endolysosomal targeting of a clinical chlorin photosensitiser for light-triggered delivery of nano-sized medicines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6059. [PMID: 28729656 PMCID: PMC5519633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with many promising nano-sized biotherapeutics including macromolecules is that owing to their size they are subject to cellular uptake via endocytosis, and become entrapped and then degraded within endolysosomes, which can significantly impair their therapeutic efficacy. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for inducing cytosolic release of the entrapped agents that harnesses sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a photosensitiser that localises in endolysosomal membranes. Using light to trigger reactive oxygen species-mediated rupture of the photosensitised endolysosomal membranes, the spatio-temporal selectivity of PCI then enables cytosolic release of the agents at the selected time after administration so that they can reach their intracellular targets. However, conventional photosensitisers used clinically for PDT are ineffective for photochemical internalisation owing to their sub-optimal intracellular localisation. In this work we demonstrate that such a photosensitiser, chlorin e6, can be repurposed for PCI by conjugating the chlorin to a cell penetrating peptide, using bioorthogonal ligation chemistry. The peptide conjugation enables targeting of endosomal membranes so that light-triggered cytosolic release of an entrapped nano-sized cytotoxin can be achieved with consequent improvement in cytotoxicity. The photoproperties of the chlorin moiety are also conserved, with comparable singlet oxygen quantum yields found to the free chlorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kunal M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
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29
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Could clinical photochemical internalisation be optimised to avoid neuronal toxicity? Int J Pharm 2017; 528:133-143. [PMID: 28579544 PMCID: PMC5571751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) is a novel drug delivery technology in which low dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) can selectively rupture endo/lysosomes by light activation of membrane-incorporated photosensitisers, facilitating intracellular drug release in the treatment of cancer. For PCI to be developed further, it is important to understand whether nerve damage is an impending side effect when treating cancers within or adjacent to nervous system tissue. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and their associated satellite glia were subjected to PCI treatment in a 3D co-culture system following incubation with photosensitisers: meso-tetraphenylporphine (TPPS2a) or tetraphenylchlorin disulfonate (TPCS2a) and Bleomycin. Results from the use of 3D co-culture models demonstrate that a cancer cell line PCI30 and satellite glia were more sensitive to PCI than neurons and mixed glial cells, athough neurite length was affected. Neurons in culture survived PCI treatment under conditions sufficient to kill tumour cells, suggesting cancers within or adjacent to nervous system tissue could be treated with this novel technology.
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30
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Rajendrakumar SK, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Trigger-Responsive Gene Transporters for Anticancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E120. [PMID: 28587119 PMCID: PMC5485767 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of gene delivery, trigger-responsive nanoparticles for the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA, siRNAs, and miRNAs, to cancer cells have attracted considerable interest. The cationic gene transporters commonly used are typically in the form of polyplexes, lipoplexes or mixtures of both, and their gene transfer efficiency in cancer cells depends on several factors, such as cell binding, intracellular trafficking, buffering capacity for endosomal escape, DNA unpacking, nuclear transportation, cell viability, and DNA protection against nucleases. Some of these factors influence other factors adversely, and therefore, it is of critical importance that these factors are balanced. Recently, with the advancements in contemporary tools and techniques, trigger-responsive nanoparticles with the potential to overcome their intrinsic drawbacks have been developed. This review summarizes the mechanisms and limitations of cationic gene transporters. In addition, it covers various triggers, such as light, enzymes, magnetic fields, and ultrasound (US), used to enhance the gene transfer efficiency of trigger-responsive gene transporters in cancer cells. Furthermore, the challenges associated with and future directions in developing trigger-responsive gene transporters for anticancer therapy are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kalash Rajendrakumar
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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31
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Chen W, Deng W, Goldys EM. Light-Triggerable Liposomes for Enhanced Endolysosomal Escape and Gene Silencing in PC12 Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624212 PMCID: PMC5423320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are an effective gene and/or drug delivery system, widely used in biomedical applications including gene therapy and chemotherapy. Here, we designed a photo-responsive liposome (lipVP) loaded with a photosensitizer verteporfin (VP). This photosensitizer is clinically approved for photodynamic therapy (PDT). LipVP was employed as a DNA carrier for pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor 1 (PAC1R) gene knockdown in PC12 cells. This has been done by incorporating PAC1R antisense oligonucleotides inside the lipVP cavity. Cells that have taken up the lipVP were exposed to light from a UV light source. As a result of this exposure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated from VP, destabilizing the endolysosomal membranes and enhancing the liposomal release of antisense DNA into the cytoplasm. Endolysosomal escape of DNA was documented at different time points based on quantitative analysis of colocalization between fluorescently labeled DNA and endosomes and lysosomes. The released antisense oligonucleotides were found to silence PAC1R mRNA. The efficiency of this photo-induced gene silencing was demonstrated by a 74% ± 5% decrease in PAC1R fluorescence intensity. Following the light-induced DNA transfer into cells, cell differentiation with exposure to two kinds of PACAP peptides was observed to determine the cell phenotypic change after PAC1R gene knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wei Deng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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32
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Malatesti N, Munitic I, Jurak I. Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:149-168. [PMID: 28510089 PMCID: PMC5425819 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitiser, light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative stress that can be used to kill pathogens, cancer cells and other highly proliferative cells. There is a growing number of clinically approved photosensitisers and applications of PDT, whose main advantages include the possibility of selective targeting, localised action and stimulation of the immune responses. Further improvements and broader use of PDT could be accomplished by designing new photosensitisers with increased selectivity and bioavailability. Porphyrin-based photosensitisers with amphiphilic properties, bearing one or more positive charges, are an effective tool in PDT against cancers, microbial infections and, most recently, autoimmune skin disorders. The aim of the review is to present some of the recent examples of the applications and research that employ this specific group of photosensitisers. Furthermore, we will highlight the link between their structural characteristics and PDT efficiency, which will be helpful as guidelines for rational design and evaluation of new PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Igor Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
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33
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Glycosylated Triterpenoids as Endosomal Escape Enhancers in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020014. [PMID: 28536357 PMCID: PMC5489800 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major reason for this is the limited entry of the toxin into the cytosol of the target cell, which is required to mediate the fatal effect. Target receptor bound and internalized toxins are mostly either recycled back to the cell surface or lysosomally degraded. This might explain why no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date although more than 500 targeted toxins have been developed within the last decades. To overcome the problem of insufficient endosomal escape, a number of strategies that make use of diverse chemicals, cell-penetrating or fusogenic peptides, and light-induced techniques were designed to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This review focuses on glycosylated triterpenoids as endosomal escape enhancers and throws light on their structure, the mechanism of action, and on their efficacy in cell culture and animal models. Obstacles, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects are discussed.
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34
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Cervia LD, Chang CC, Wang L, Yuan F. Distinct effects of endosomal escape and inhibition of endosomal trafficking on gene delivery via electrotransfection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171699. [PMID: 28182739 PMCID: PMC5300164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent theory suggests that endocytosis is involved in uptake and intracellular transport of electrotransfected plasmid DNA (pDNA). The goal of the current study was to understand if approaches used previously to improve endocytosis of gene delivery vectors could be applied to enhancing electrotransfection efficiency (eTE). Results from the study showed that photochemically induced endosomal escape, which could increase poly-L-lysine (PLL)-mediated gene delivery, decreased eTE. The decrease could not be blocked by treatment of cells with endonuclease inhibitors (aurintricarboxylic acid and zinc ion) or antioxidants (L-glutamine and ascorbic acid). Chemical treatment of cells with an endosomal trafficking inhibitor that blocks endosome progression, bafilomycin A1, resulted in a significant decrease in eTE. However, treatment of cells with lysosomotropic agents (chloroquine and ammonium chloride) had little effects on eTE. These data suggested that endosomes played important roles in protecting and intracellular trafficking of electrotransfected pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Cervia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liangli Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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35
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Zhang P, Wagner E. History of Polymeric Gene Delivery Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:26. [PMID: 28181193 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As an option for genetic disease treatment and an alternative for traditional cancer chemotherapy, gene therapy achieves significant attention. Nucleic acid delivery, however, remains a main challenge in human gene therapy. Polymer-based delivery systems offer a safer and promising route for therapeutic gene delivery. Over the past five decades, various cationic polymers have been optimized for increasingly effective nucleic acid transfer. This resulted in a chemical evolution of cationic polymers from the first-generation polycations towards bioinspired multifunctional sequence-defined polymers and nanocomposites. With the increasing of knowledge in molecular biological processes and rapid progress of macromolecular chemistry, further improvement of polymeric nucleic acid delivery systems will provide effective tool for gene-based therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), 80799, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), 80799, Munich, Germany.,Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80799, Munich, Germany
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36
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Madsen S. Photochemical internalisation for solid malignancies. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:1173-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Simon N, FitzGerald D. Immunotoxin Therapies for the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent Cancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050137. [PMID: 27153091 PMCID: PMC4885052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers rely on enhanced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to drive proliferation and survival pathways. Development of therapeutics to target EGFR signaling has been of high importance, and multiple examples have been approved for human use. However, many of the current small molecule or antibody-based therapeutics are of limited effectiveness due to the inevitable development of resistance and toxicity to normal tissues. Recombinant immunotoxins are therapeutic molecules consisting of an antibody or receptor ligand joined to a protein cytotoxin, combining the specific targeting of a cancer-expressed receptor with the potent cell killing of cytotoxic enzymes. Over the decades, many bacterial- or plant-based immunotoxins have been developed with the goal of targeting the broad range of cancers reliant upon EGFR overexpression. Many examples demonstrate excellent anti-cancer properties in preclinical development, and several EGFR-targeted immunotoxins have progressed to human trials. This review summarizes much of the past and current work in the development of immunotoxins for targeting EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Simon
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 37/5124 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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38
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Bull-Hansen B, Berstad MB, Berg K, Cao Y, Skarpen E, Fremstedal AS, Rosenblum MG, Peng Q, Weyergang A. Photochemical activation of MH3-B1/rGel: a HER2-targeted treatment approach for ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12436-51. [PMID: 26002552 PMCID: PMC4494949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-targeted therapy has been shown to have limited efficacy in ovarian cancer despite frequent overexpression of this receptor. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a modality for cytosolic drug delivery, currently undergoing clinical evaluation. In the present project we studied the application of PCI in combination with the HER2-targeted recombinant fusion toxin, MH3-B1/rGel, for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The SKOV-3 cell line, resistant to trastuzumab- and MH3-B1/rGel- monotherapy, was shown to respond strongly to PCI of MH3-B1/rGel to a similar extent as observed for the treatment-sensitive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Extensive hydrolytic degradation of MH3-B1/rGel in acidic endocytic vesicles was indicated as the mechanism of MH3-B1/rGel resistance in SKOV-3 cells. This was shown by the positive Pearson's correlation coefficient between Alexa488-labeled MH3-B1/rGel and Lysotracker in SKOV-3 cells in contrast to the negative Pearson's correlation coefficient in SK-BR-3 cells. The application of PCI to induce the release of MH3-B1/rGel was also demonstrated to be effective on SKOV-3 xenografts. Application of PCI with MH3-B1/rGel was further found highly effective in the HER2 expressing HOC-7 and NuTu-19 ovarian cancer cell lines. The presented results warrant future development of PCI in combination with MH3-B1/rGel as a novel therapeutic approach in preclinical models of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Bull-Hansen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria B Berstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yu Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Current address: The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Sofie Fremstedal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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39
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van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Huijbers EJM, Thijssen VL, Griffioen AW. The great escape; the hallmarks of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:441-61. [PMID: 25769965 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of antiangiogenic therapy in cancer treatment has led to the approval of different agents, most of them targeting the well known vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy in the clinical setting remains limited. Recently, awareness has emerged on resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. It has become apparent that the intricate complex interplay between tumors and stromal cells, including endothelial cells and associated mural cells, allows for escape mechanisms to arise that counteract the effects of these targeted therapeutics. Here, we review and discuss known and novel mechanisms that contribute to resistance against antiangiogenic therapy and provide an outlook to possible improvements in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
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Lavado AS, Chauhan VM, Zen AA, Giuntini F, Jones DRE, Boyle RW, Beeby A, Chan WC, Aylott JW. Controlled intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in human mesenchymal stem cells using porphyrin conjugated nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14525-14531. [PMID: 26259822 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00795j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles capable of generating controlled amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), that advance the study of oxidative stress and cellular communication, were synthesized by functionalizing polyacrylamide nanoparticles with zinc(II) porphyrin photosensitisers. Controlled ROS production was demonstrated in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) through (1) production of nanoparticles functionalized with varying percentages of Zn(II) porphyrin and (2) modulating the number of doses of excitation light to internalized nanoparticles. hMSCs challenged with nanoparticles functionalized with increasing percentages of Zn(II) porphyrin and high numbers of irradiations of excitation light were found to generate greater amounts of ROS. A novel dye, which is transformed into fluorescent 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, provided an indirect indicator for cumulative ROS production. The mitochondrial membrane potential was monitored to investigate the destructive effect of increased intracellular ROS production. Flow cytometric analysis of nanoparticle treated hMSCs suggested irradiation with excitation light signalled controlled apoptotic cell death, rather than uncontrolled necrotic cell death. Increased intracellular ROS production did not induce phenotypic changes in hMSC subcultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Lavado
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Deregulation of EGFR/PI3K and activation of PTEN by photodynamic therapy combined with carboplatin in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and xenograft tumors in nude mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Avci P, Erdem SS, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy: one step ahead with self-assembled nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 10:1937-52. [PMID: 25580097 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for cancer with possible advantages over current treatment alternatives. It involves combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS), which is activated by absorption of specific wavelength light and creates local tissue damage through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce a cascade of cellular and molecular events. However, as of today, PDT is still in need of improvement and nanotechnology may play a role. PDT frequently employs PS with molecular structures that are highly hydrophobic, water insoluble and prone to aggregation. Aggregation of PS leads to reduced ROS generation and thus lowers the PDT activity. Some PS such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) cannot penetrate through the stratum corneum of the skin and systemic administration is not an option due to frequently encountered side effects. Therefore PS are often encapsulated or conjugated in/on nano-drug delivery vehicles to allow them to be better taken up by cells and to more selectively deliver them to tumors or other target tissues. Several nano-drug delivery vehicles including liposomes, fullerosomes and nanocells have been tested and reviewed. Here we cover non-liposomal self-assembled nanoparticles consisting of polymeric micelles including block co-polymers, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and porphysomes.
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Bostad M, Olsen CE, Peng Q, Berg K, Høgset A, Selbo PK. Light-controlled endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin by photochemical internalization - A minimally invasive cancer stem cell-targeting strategy. J Control Release 2015; 206:37-48. [PMID: 25758331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD133 is an attractive target to improve antitumor therapy. We have used photochemical internalization (PCI) for the endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin (PCIAC133-saporin). PCI employs an endocytic vesicle-localizing photosensitizer, which generates reactive oxygen species upon light-activation causing a rupture of the vesicle membranes and endosomal escape of entrapped drugs. Here we show that AC133-saporin co-localizes with the PCI-photosensitizer TPCS2a, which upon light exposure induces cytosolic release of AC133-saporin. PCI of picomolar levels of AC133-saporin in colorectal adenocarcinoma WiDr cells blocked cell proliferation and induced 100% inhibition of cell viability and colony forming ability at the highest light doses, whereas no cytotoxicity was obtained in the absence of light. Efficient PCI-based CD133-targeting was in addition demonstrated in the stem-cell-like, triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and in the aggressive malignant melanoma cell line FEMX-1, whereas no enhanced targeting was obtained in the CD133-negative breast cancer cell line MCF-7. PCIAC133-saporin induced mainly necrosis and a minimal apoptotic response based on assessing cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, and the TUNEL assay. PCIAC133-saporin resulted in S phase arrest and reduced LC3-II conversion compared to control treatments. Notably, co-treatment with Bafilomycin A1 and PCIAC133-saporin blocked LC3-II conversion, indicating a termination of the autophagic flux in WiDr cells. For the first time, we demonstrate laser-controlled targeting of CD133 in vivo. After only one systemic injection of AC133-saporin and TPCS2a, a strong anti-tumor response was observed after PCIAC133-saporin. The present PCI-based endosomal escape technology represents a minimally invasive strategy for spatio-temporal, light-controlled targeting of CD133+ cells in localized primary tumors or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bostad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Høgset
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PCI Biotech AS, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (SFI-CAST), Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, Weiss A, van Beijnum JR, Wong TJ, Kilarski WW, Szewczyk G, Verheul HMW, Sarna T, van den Bergh H, Griffioen AW. Photoactivation of lysosomally sequestered sunitinib after angiostatic treatment causes vascular occlusion and enhances tumor growth inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1641. [PMID: 25675301 PMCID: PMC4669819 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiogenesis inhibitor sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts mainly on the VEGF and PDGF pathways. We have previously shown that sunitinib is sequestered in the lysosomes of exposed tumor and endothelial cells. This phenomenon is part of the drug-induced resistance observed in the clinic. Here, we demonstrate that when exposed to light, sequestered sunitinib causes immediate destruction of the lysosomes, resulting in the release of sunitinib and cell death. We hypothesized that this photoactivation of sunitinib could be used as a vaso-occlusive vascular-targeting approach to treating cancer. Spectral properties of sunitinib and its lysosomal accumulation were measured in vitro. The human A2780 ovarian carcinoma transplanted onto the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and the Colo-26 colorectal carcinoma model in Balb/c mice were used to test the effects of administrating sunitinib and subsequently exposing tumor tissue to light. Tumors were subsequently resected and subject to immunohistochemical analysis. In A2780 ovarian carcinoma tumors, treatment with sunitinib+light resulted in immediate specific angio-occlusion, leading to a necrotic tumor mass 24 h after treatment. Tumor growth was inhibited by 70% as compared with the control group (**P<0.0001). Similar observations were made in the Colo-26 colorectal carcinoma, where light exposure of the sunitinib-treated mice inhibited tumor growth by 50% as compared with the control and by 25% as compared with sunitinib-only-treated tumors (N≥4; P=0.0002). Histology revealed that photoactivation of sunitinib resulted in a change in tumor vessel architecture. The current results suggest that the spectral properties of sunitinib can be exploited for application against certain cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nowak-Sliwinska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Weiss
- 1] Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R van Beijnum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, SV IBI LLCB, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - H M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - H van den Bergh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A W Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lund K, Bostad M, Skarpen E, Braunagel M, Kiprijanov S, Krauss S, Duncan A, Høgset A, Selbo PK. The novel EpCAM-targeting monoclonal antibody 3-17I linked to saporin is highly cytotoxic after photochemical internalization in breast, pancreas and colon cancer cell lines. MAbs 2015; 6:1038-50. [PMID: 24525727 PMCID: PMC4171007 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed by a wide range of human carcinomas, making it an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target in oncology. Its recent identification on cancer stem cells has raised further interest in its use for tumor targeting and therapy. Here, we present the characterization and therapeutic potential of 3-17I, a novel human EpCAM-targeting monoclonal antibody. Strong reaction of 3-17I was observed in all lung, colon, and breast human tumor biopsies evaluated. By flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that 3-17I specifically targets EpCAM-positive cell lines. We also show evidence for mAb-sequestration in endo-/lysosomes, suggesting internalization of 3-17I by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The ribosomal-inactivating toxin saporin was linked to 3-17I, creating the per se non-toxic immunotoxin 3-17I-saporin, a promising candidate for the drug delivery technology photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI is based on a light-controlled destruction of endolysosomal membranes and subsequent cytosolic release of the sequestered payload upon light exposure. EpCAM-positive human cancer cell lines MCF7 (breast), BxPC-3 (pancreas), WiDr (colon), and the EpCAM-negative COLO320DM (colon), were treated with 3-17I-saporin in combination with the clinically relevant photosensitizer TPCS2a (Amphinex), followed by exposure to light. No cytotoxicity was observed after treatment with 3-17I-saporin without light exposure. However, cell viability, proliferation and colony-forming capacity was strongly reduced in a light-dependent manner after PCI of 3-17I. Our results show that 3-17I is an excellent candidate for diagnosis of EpCAM-positive tumors and for development of clinically relevant antibody-drug conjugates, using PCI for the treatment of localized tumors.
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Viral transduction of the HER2-extracellular domain expands trastuzumab-based photoimmunotherapy for HER2-negative breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:597-605. [PMID: 25616354 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer has been improved by trastuzumab therapy, which features high specificity and limited side effects. However, trastuzumab-based therapy has shortcomings. Firstly, HER2-targeted therapy is only applicable to HER2-expressing tumors, which comprise only 20-25% of primary breast cancers. Secondly, many patients who initially respond to trastuzumab ultimately develop disease progression. To overcome these problems, we employed virus-mediated HER2 transduction and photoimmunotherapy (PIT) which involves trastuzumab conjugated with a photosensitizer, trastuzumab-IR700, and irradiation of near-infrared light. We hypothesized that the gene transduction technique together with PIT would expand the range of tumor entities suitable for trastuzumab-based therapy and improve its antitumor activity. The HER2-extracellular domain (ECD) was transduced by the adenoviral vector, Ad-HER2-ECD, and PIT with trastuzumab-IR700 was applied in the HER2-negative cancer cells. Ad-HER2-ECD can efficiently transduce HER2-ECD into HER2-negative human cancer cells. PIT with trastuzumab-IR700 induced direct cell membrane destruction of Ad-HER2-ECD-transduced HER2-negative cancer cells. Novel combination of viral transduction of a target antigen and an antibody-based PIT would expand and potentiate molecular-targeted therapy even for target-negative or attenuated cancer cells.
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Liu G, Hu J, Zhang G, Liu S. Rationally Engineering Phototherapy Modules of Eosin-Conjugated Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers via Intracellular Endocytic pH Gradients. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1328-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500548r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for
Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for
Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for
Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for
Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Rosenkranz AA, Ulasov AV, Slastnikova TA, Khramtsov YV, Sobolev AS. Use of intracellular transport processes for targeted drug delivery into a specified cellular compartment. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:928-46. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Enhanced efficacy of bleomycin in bladder cancer cells by photochemical internalization. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:921296. [PMID: 25101299 PMCID: PMC4101207 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent widely used in cancer treatment. However, its efficacy in different cancers is low, possibly due to limited cellular internalization. In this study, a novel approach known as photochemical internalization (PCI) was explored to enhance bleomycin delivery in bladder cancer cells (human T24 and rat AY-27), as bladder cancer is a potential indication for use of PCI with bleomycin. The PCI technique was mediated by the amphiphilic photosensitizer disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a) and blue light (435 nm). Two additional strategies were explored to further enhance the cytotoxicity of bleomycin; a novel peptide drug ATX-101 which is known to impair DNA damage responses, and the protease inhibitor E-64 which may reduce bleomycin degradation by inhibition of bleomycin hydrolase. Our results demonstrate that the PCI technique enhances the bleomycin effect under appropriate conditions, and importantly we show that PCI-bleomycin treatment leads to increased levels of DNA damage supporting that the observed effect is due to increased bleomycin uptake. Impairing the DNA damage responses by ATX-101 further enhances the efficacy of the PCI-bleomycin treatment, while inhibiting the bleomycin hydrolase does not.
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50
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Muthukrishnan N, Donovan S, Pellois JP. The photolytic activity of poly-arginine cell penetrating peptides conjugated to carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine is modulated by arginine residue content and fluorophore conjugation site. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1034-42. [PMID: 24815901 DOI: 10.1111/php.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon light irradiation, Fluorophore-cell-penetrating peptide (Fl-CPP) conjugates can disrupt the integrity of biological membranes. This activity can in turn be used to photoinduce the disruption of endocytic organelles and promote the delivery of entrapped macromolecules such as proteins or RNAs into live cells. Recent mechanistic studies have shown that ROS production by the fluorophore and a latent lytic ability of CPPs act in synergy to elicit photolysis. However, how the structure of fluorophore-CPP conjugates impacts this synergistic activity remains unclear. Herein, using red blood cells (RBCs) as a model of biological membranes, we show that the number of arginine residues in a CPP as well as the position of fluorophore with respect to the CPP dramatically affect the photolytic activity of a fluorophore-CPP conjugate. These factors should therefore be considered for the development of effective photoinducible delivery agents.
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