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Manohar SM. Shedding Light on Intracellular Proteins using Flow Cytometry. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1693-1707. [PMID: 38831173 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular protein abundance is routinely measured in mammalian cells using population-based techniques such as western blotting which fail to capture single cell protein levels or using fluorescence microscopy which is although suitable for single cell protein detection but not for rapid analysis of large no. of cells. Flow cytometry offers rapid, high-throughput, multiparameter-based analysis of intracellular protein expression in statistically significant no. of cells at single cell resolution. In past few decades, customized assays have been developed for flow cytometric detection of specific intracellular proteins. This review discusses the scope of flow cytometry for intracellular protein detection in mammalian cells along with specific applications. Technological advancements to overcome the limitations of traditional flow cytometry for the same are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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2
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Ramalingam TR. Role of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of inherited heterogeneous disorders affecting the immune system characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulation, and lymphoproliferation. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a rapid and reliable technique for evaluation and enumeration of immune cells. It also helps in understanding the functional and signaling pathways of the immune system. Lymphocyte subset analysis is a simple and effective screening tool in suspected combined and humoral immunodeficiency patients. Qualitative phagocytic defects such as chronic granulomatous disease and leucocyte adhesion defect are easily diagnosed by FCM. Study of intracellular proteins (e.g., BTK, WASP, DOCK8), cytokine production, and signaling molecules (e.g., STAT3) by FCM is very useful but also quite challenging to establish. T and B lymphocyte interaction for normal class switching of B cells can be assessed and can help in diagnosis of combined variable immunodeficiency and hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome. FCM is also used in posttransplant monitoring of IEI patients and also in prenatal diagnosis in suspected cases. It is also useful in validation of variants of uncertain significance obtained in exome sequencing. FCM results should always be interpreted with clinical history and, if needed, should be confirmed with molecular genetic studies before establishing the final diagnosis. Ensuring good sample quality and running parallel controls with patient samples will avoid the preanalytical and analytical errors. This review describes the applications of FCM in the diagnosis of various IEI.
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3
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The Molecular Basis of Different Approaches for the Study of Cancer Stem Cells and the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Three-Dimensional Culture. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092615. [PMID: 33947095 PMCID: PMC8124970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare tumor subpopulation with high differentiation, proliferative and tumorigenic potential compared to the remaining tumor population. CSCs were first discovered by Bonnet and Dick in 1997 in acute myeloid leukemia. The identification and isolation of these cells in this pioneering study were carried out through the flow cytometry, exploiting the presence of specific cell surface molecular markers (CD34+/CD38−). In the following years, different strategies and projects have been developed for the study of CSCs, which are basically divided into surface markers assays and functional assays; some of these techniques also allow working with a cellular model that better mimics the tumor architecture. The purpose of this mini review is to summarize and briefly describe all the current methods used for the identification, isolation and enrichment of CSCs, describing, where possible, the molecular basis, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique with a particular focus on those that offer a three-dimensional culture.
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Koenig A, Charmetant X, Barba T, Sicard A, Espi M, Dussurgey S, Thaunat O. Improved cell signaling analysis by biofunctionalized nanospheres and imaging flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1079-1090. [PMID: 33866668 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of immune cell signaling is critical for the understanding of the biology and pathology of the immune system, and thus a mandatory step for the development of efficient biomarkers and targeted therapies. Phosflow, which has progressively replaced the traditional western blot approach, relies on flow cytometry to analyze various signaling pathways at a single-cell level. This technique however suffers a lack of sensitivity largely due to the low signal/noise ratio that characterizes cell signaling analysis. In this study, we describe a new technique, which combines the use of biofunctionalized nanospheres (i.e., synthetic particulate antigens, SPAg) to stimulate the immune cells in suspension and imaging flow cytometry to identify homogenously-stimulated cells and quantify the activity of the chosen signaling pathway in selected subcellular regions of interest. Using BCR signaling as model, we demonstrate that SIBERIAN (SPAg-assIsted suB-cEllulaR sIgnaling ANalysis) allows assessing immune cell signaling with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Koenig
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Charmetant
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Barba
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Espi
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Dussurgey
- University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Inserm, CNRS SFR Biosciences US8 UMS3444, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
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Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a sophisticated technique that works on the principle of light scattering and fluorescence emission by the specific fluorescent probe-labeled cells as they pass through a laser beam. It offers several unique advantages as it allows fast, relatively quantitative, multiparametric analysis of cell populations at the single cell level. In addition, it also enables physical sorting of the cells to separate the subpopulations based on different parameters. In this constantly evolving field, innovative technologies such as imaging FCM, mass cytometry and Raman FCM are being developed in order to address limitations of traditional FCM. This review explains the general principles, main applications and recent advances in the field of FCM.
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Lambert C, Preijers FWMB, Yanikkaya Demirel G, Sack U. Monocytes and macrophages in flow: an ESCCA initiative on advanced analyses of monocyte lineage using flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 92:180-188. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lambert
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS UMR5307 Labo Georges Friedel (LGF); Pole De Biologie-Pathologie, University Hospital; St Etienne France
| | - Frank W. M. B. Preijers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Laboratory of Hematology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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7
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Coppin E, Malergue F, Thibult ML, Scifo C, Favre C, Nunès JA. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular phosphoproteins in human monocytes. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 92:207-210. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Coppin
- Inserm, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Marseille France
- CNRS, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UM105; Marseille France
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Life Sciences Global Assay and Applications Development; Marseille France
| | - Marie-Laure Thibult
- Inserm, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Marseille France
- CNRS, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UM105; Marseille France
| | - Caroline Scifo
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Life Sciences Global Assay and Applications Development; Marseille France
| | - Cédric Favre
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Life Sciences Global Assay and Applications Development; Marseille France
| | - Jacques A. Nunès
- Inserm, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Marseille France
- CNRS, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UM105; Marseille France
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Ascierto PA, Kalos M, Schaer DA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Biomarkers for immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies in combination strategies for melanoma and other tumor types. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1009-20. [PMID: 23460532 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system by targeting coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors has become a promising new approach of immunotherapy for cancer. The recent approval of the CTLA-4-blocking antibody ipilimumab for the treatment of melanoma was a watershed event, opening up a new era in the field of immunotherapy. Ipilimumab was the first treatment to ever show enhanced overall survival (OS) for patients with stage IV melanoma. However, measuring response rates using standard Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) or modified World Health Organization criteria or progression-free survival does not accurately capture the potential for clinical benefit for ipilimumab-treated patients. As immunotherapy approaches are translated into more tumor types, it is important to study biomarkers, which may be more predictive of OS to identify the patients most likely to have clinical benefit. Ipilimumab is the first-in-class of a series of immunomodulating antibodies that are in clinical development. Anti-PD1 (nivolumab and MK-3475), anti-PD-L1 (BMS-936 559, RG7446, and MEDI4736), anti-CD137 (urelumab), anti-OX40, anti-GITR, and anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies are just some of the agents that are being actively investigated in clinical trials, each having the potential for combination with the ipilimumab to enhance its effectiveness. Development of rational combinations of immunomodulatory antibodies with small-molecule pathway inhibitor therapies such as vemurafenib makes the discovery of predictive biomarkers even more important. Identifying reliable biomarkers is a necessary step in personalizing the treatment of each patient's cancer through a baseline assessment of tumor gene expression and/or immune profile to optimize therapy for the best chance of therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
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Nagy LH, Grishina I, Macal M, Hirao LA, Hu WK, Sankaran-Walters S, Gaulke CA, Pollard R, Brown J, Suni M, Baumler AJ, Ghanekar S, Marco ML, Dandekar S. Chronic HIV infection enhances the responsiveness of antigen presenting cells to commensal Lactobacillus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72789. [PMID: 24023646 PMCID: PMC3758347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation despite long-term therapy poses an obstacle to immune recovery in HIV infection. The role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in chronic immune activation during HIV infection remains to be fully determined. APCs, the frontline of immune defense against pathogens, are capable of distinguishing between pathogens and non-pathogenic, commensal bacteria. We hypothesized that HIV infection induces dysfunction in APC immune recognition and response to some commensal bacteria and that this may promote chronic immune activation. Therefore we examined APC inflammatory cytokine responses to commensal lactobacilli. We found that APCs from HIV-infected patients produced an enhanced inflammatory response to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as compared to APCs from healthy, HIV-negative controls. Increased APC expression of TLR2 and CD36, signaling through p38-MAPK, and decreased expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in HIV infection was associated with this heightened immune response. Our findings suggest that chronic HIV infection enhances the responsiveness of APCs to commensal lactobacilli, a mechanism that may partly contribute to chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H. Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Macal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Hirao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Gaulke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Pollard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Suni
- Becton Dickinson Biosciences, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas J. Baumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Smita Ghanekar
- Becton Dickinson Biosciences, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Food Science and Technology University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abrams B, Diwu Z, Guryev O, Suni M, Dubrovsky T. New violet-excitable reagents for multicolor flow applications. Cytometry A 2013; 83:752-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barny Abrams
- BD Biosciences Cell Analysis; Reagent and Application Development; 2350 Qume Drive; San Jose; CA 95131
| | - Zhenjun Diwu
- AAT Bioquest, Inc., Dye Development; 520 Mercury Drive; Sunnyvale; CA 94085
| | - Oleg Guryev
- BD Biosciences Cell Analysis; Reagent and Application Development; 2350 Qume Drive; San Jose; CA 95131
| | - Maria Suni
- BD Biosciences Cell Analysis; Reagent and Application Development; 2350 Qume Drive; San Jose; CA 95131
| | - Tim Dubrovsky
- BD Biosciences Cell Analysis; Reagent and Application Development; 2350 Qume Drive; San Jose; CA 95131
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11
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Biomarkers in T-cell therapy clinical trials. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:632-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Use of PD biomarkers to drive dose selection and early clinical decision making. Bioanalysis 2013; 4:2485-97. [PMID: 23157357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge facing the development of new therapies is the high level of compound attrition in late-stage clinical studies. A key factor in reducing these unsustainable levels of attrition is the successful evaluation of the level of drug effect on its target pathway in early development, otherwise known as testing the compound mechanism. Incorporation of PD biomarkers into Phase I/II trials to demonstrate compound binding to its molecular target and the subsequent modulation of downstream pathways enables early testing of compound mechanism and provides a data-driven framework for decisions on compound progression. This review will discuss the identification and validation of such 'fit-for-purpose' PD biomarkers, and case studies illustrating their use and value in dose selection and accelerating the clinical development of small-molecule drugs will be described.
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O'Donnell EA, Ernst DN, Hingorani R. Multiparameter flow cytometry: advances in high resolution analysis. Immune Netw 2013; 13:43-54. [PMID: 23700394 PMCID: PMC3659255 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, flow cytometry has emerged as a leading, application-rich technology that supports high-resolution characterization of individual cells which function in complex cellular networks such as the immune system. This brief overview highlights advances in multiparameter flow cytometric technologies and reagent applications for characterization and functional analysis of cells modulating the immune network. These advances significantly support high-throughput and high-content analyses and enable an integrated understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that underlie complex biological systems.
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14
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Kang I. Analysis of T Cells Using Flow Cytometry. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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15
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Wu M, Perroud TD, Srivastava N, Branda CS, Sale KL, Carson BD, Patel KD, Branda SS, Singh AK. Microfluidically-unified cell culture, sample preparation, imaging and flow cytometry for measurement of cell signaling pathways with single cell resolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2823-2831. [PMID: 22777012 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a microfluidic platform that enables, in one experiment, monitoring of signaling events spanning multiple time-scales and cellular locations through seamless integration of cell culture, stimulation and preparation with downstream analysis. A combination of two single-cell resolution techniques-on-chip multi-color flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging provides multiplexed and orthogonal data on cellular events. Automated, microfluidic operation allows quantitatively- and temporally-precise dosing leading to fine time-resolution and improved reproducibility of measurements. The platform was used to profile the toll-like receptor (TLR4) pathway in macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-beginning with TLR4 receptor activation by LPS, through intracellular MAPK signaling, RelA/p65 translocation in real time, to TNF-α cytokine production, all in one small macrophage population (< 5000 cells) while using minute reagent volume (540 nL/condition). The platform is easily adaptable to many cell types including primary cells and provides a generic platform for profiling signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiye Wu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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Abstract
Targeted therapies are all the rage in oncology research these days. The problem remains as to how to confirm that the target is actually being hit in vivo. This report describes the application of phospho-specific flow cytometry to establish in vivo target inhibition in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Kalos M. Biomarkers in T cell therapy clinical trials. J Transl Med 2011; 9:138. [PMID: 21851646 PMCID: PMC3170602 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell therapy represents an emerging and promising modality for the treatment of both infectious disease and cancer. Data from recent clinical trials have highlighted the potential for this therapeutic modality to effect potent anti-tumor activity. Biomarkers, operationally defined as biological parameters measured from patients that provide information about treatment impact, play a central role in the development of novel therapeutic agents. In the absence of information about primary clinical endpoints, biomarkers can provide critical insights that allow investigators to guide the clinical development of the candidate product. In the context of cell therapy trials, the definition of biomarkers can be extended to include a description of parameters of the cell product that are important for product bioactivity. This review will focus on biomarker studies as they relate to T cell therapy trials, and more specifically: i. An overview and description of categories and classes of biomarkers that are specifically relevant to T cell therapy trials, and ii. Insights into future directions and challenges for the appropriate development of biomarkers to evaluate both product bioactivity and treatment efficacy of T cell therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicines, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, 422 Curie Boulevard, Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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