1
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Prassanawar SS, Sarkar T, Panda D. CEP41, a ciliopathy-linked centrosomal protein, regulates microtubule assembly and cell proliferation. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261927. [PMID: 38841887 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomal proteins play pivotal roles in orchestrating microtubule dynamics, and their dysregulation leads to disorders, including cancer and ciliopathies. Understanding the multifaceted roles of centrosomal proteins is vital to comprehend their involvement in disease development. Here, we report novel cellular functions of CEP41, a centrosomal and ciliary protein implicated in Joubert syndrome. We show that CEP41 is an essential microtubule-associated protein with microtubule-stabilizing activity. Purified CEP41 binds to preformed microtubules, promotes microtubule nucleation and suppresses microtubule disassembly. When overexpressed in cultured cells, CEP41 localizes to microtubules and promotes microtubule bundling. Conversely, shRNA-mediated knockdown of CEP41 disrupts the interphase microtubule network and delays microtubule reassembly, emphasizing its role in microtubule organization. Further, we demonstrate that the association of CEP41 with microtubules relies on its conserved rhodanese homology domain (RHOD) and the N-terminal region. Interestingly, a disease-causing mutation in the RHOD domain impairs CEP41-microtubule interaction. Moreover, depletion of CEP41 inhibits cell proliferation and disrupts cell cycle progression, suggesting its potential involvement in cell cycle regulation. These insights into the cellular functions of CEP41 hold promise for unraveling the impact of its mutations in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shyam Prassanawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tuhin Sarkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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2
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Han X, Xing L, Hong Y, Zhang X, Hao B, Lu JY, Huang M, Wang Z, Ma S, Zhan G, Li T, Hao X, Tao Y, Li G, Zhou S, Zheng Z, Shao W, Zeng Y, Ma D, Zhang W, Xie Z, Deng H, Yan J, Deng W, Shen X. Nuclear RNA homeostasis promotes systems-level coordination of cell fate and senescence. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:694-716.e11. [PMID: 38631356 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding cellular coordination remains a challenge despite knowledge of individual pathways. The RNA exosome, targeting a wide range of RNA substrates, is often downregulated in cellular senescence. Utilizing an auxin-inducible system, we observed that RNA exosome depletion in embryonic stem cells significantly affects the transcriptome and proteome, causing pluripotency loss and pre-senescence onset. Mechanistically, exosome depletion triggers acute nuclear RNA aggregation, disrupting nuclear RNA-protein equilibrium. This disturbance limits nuclear protein availability and hinders polymerase initiation and engagement, reducing gene transcription. Concurrently, it promptly disrupts nucleolar transcription, ribosomal processes, and nuclear exporting, resulting in a translational shutdown. Prolonged exosome depletion induces nuclear structural changes resembling senescent cells, including aberrant chromatin compaction, chromocenter disassembly, and intensified heterochromatic foci. These effects suggest that the dynamic turnover of nuclear RNA orchestrates crosstalk between essential processes to optimize cellular function. Disruptions in nuclear RNA homeostasis result in systemic functional decline, altering the cell state and promoting senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linqing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yantao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Hao
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - J Yuyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zuhui Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yibing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yitian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dacheng Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wulan Deng
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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3
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Liu JCY, Ackermann L, Hoffmann S, Gál Z, Hendriks IA, Jain C, Morlot L, Tatham MH, McLelland GL, Hay RT, Nielsen ML, Brummelkamp T, Haahr P, Mailand N. Concerted SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase activities of TOPORS and RNF4 are essential for stress management and cell proliferation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01294-7. [PMID: 38649616 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation provides a principal driving force for cellular stress responses, including DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) repair and arsenic-induced PML body degradation. In this study, using genome-scale screens, we identified the human E3 ligase TOPORS as a key effector of SUMO-dependent DPC resolution. We demonstrate that TOPORS promotes DPC repair by functioning as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL), combining ubiquitin ligase activity through its RING domain with poly-SUMO binding via SUMO-interacting motifs, analogous to the STUbL RNF4. Mechanistically, TOPORS is a SUMO1-selective STUbL that complements RNF4 in generating complex ubiquitin landscapes on SUMOylated targets, including DPCs and PML, stimulating efficient p97/VCP unfoldase recruitment and proteasomal degradation. Combined loss of TOPORS and RNF4 is synthetic lethal even in unstressed cells, involving defective clearance of SUMOylated proteins from chromatin accompanied by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our findings establish TOPORS as a STUbL whose parallel action with RNF4 defines a general mechanistic principle in crucial cellular processes governed by direct SUMO-ubiquitin crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Y Liu
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leena Ackermann
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Hoffmann
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zita Gál
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charu Jain
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Morlot
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gian-Luca McLelland
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael Lund Nielsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Haahr
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Gene Expression, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Mailand
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Theophanous A, Christodoulou A, Mattheou C, Sibai DS, Moss T, Santama N. Transcription factor UBF depletion in mouse cells results in downregulation of both downstream and upstream elements of the rRNA transcription network. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105203. [PMID: 37660911 PMCID: PMC10558777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription/processing of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor, as part of ribosome biosynthesis, is intensively studied and characterized in eukaryotic cells. Here, we constructed shRNA-based mouse cell lines partially silenced for the Upstream Binding Factor UBF, the master regulator of rRNA transcription and organizer of open rDNA chromatin. Full Ubf silencing in vivo is not viable, and these new tools allow further characterization of rRNA transcription and its coordination with cellular signaling. shUBF cells display cell cycle G1 delay and reduced 47S rRNA precursor and 28S rRNA at baseline and serum-challenged conditions. Growth-related mTOR signaling is downregulated with the fractions of active phospho-S6 Kinase and pEIF4E translation initiation factor reduced, similar to phosphorylated cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma, pRB, positive regulator of UBF availability/rRNA transcription. Additionally, we find transcription-competent pUBF (Ser484) severely restricted and its interacting initiation factor RRN3 reduced and responsive to extracellular cues. Furthermore, fractional UBF occupancy on the rDNA unit is decreased in shUBF, and expression of major factors involved in different aspects of rRNA transcription is severely downregulated by UBF depletion. Finally, we observe reduced RNA Pol1 occupancy over rDNA promoter sequences and identified unexpected regulation of RNA Pol1 expression, relative to serum availability and under UBF silencing, suggesting that regulation of rRNA transcription may not be restricted to modulation of Pol1 promoter binding/elongation rate. Overall, this work reveals that UBF depletion has a critical downstream and upstream impact on the whole network orchestrating rRNA transcription in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria Theophanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Dany S Sibai
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Quebec, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom Moss
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Quebec, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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5
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Rodina A, Xu C, Digwal CS, Joshi S, Patel Y, Santhaseela AR, Bay S, Merugu S, Alam A, Yan P, Yang C, Roychowdhury T, Panchal P, Shrestha L, Kang Y, Sharma S, Almodovar J, Corben A, Alpaugh ML, Modi S, Guzman ML, Fei T, Taldone T, Ginsberg SD, Erdjument-Bromage H, Neubert TA, Manova-Todorova K, Tsou MFB, Young JC, Wang T, Chiosis G. Systems-level analyses of protein-protein interaction network dysfunctions via epichaperomics identify cancer-specific mechanisms of stress adaptation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3742. [PMID: 37353488 PMCID: PMC10290137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systems-level assessments of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network dysfunctions are currently out-of-reach because approaches enabling proteome-wide identification, analysis, and modulation of context-specific PPI changes in native (unengineered) cells and tissues are lacking. Herein, we take advantage of chemical binders of maladaptive scaffolding structures termed epichaperomes and develop an epichaperome-based 'omics platform, epichaperomics, to identify PPI alterations in disease. We provide multiple lines of evidence, at both biochemical and functional levels, demonstrating the importance of these probes to identify and study PPI network dysfunctions and provide mechanistically and therapeutically relevant proteome-wide insights. As proof-of-principle, we derive systems-level insight into PPI dysfunctions of cancer cells which enabled the discovery of a context-dependent mechanism by which cancer cells enhance the fitness of mitotic protein networks. Importantly, our systems levels analyses support the use of epichaperome chemical binders as therapeutic strategies aimed at normalizing PPI networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rodina
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chander S Digwal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yogita Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Anand R Santhaseela
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sadik Bay
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Swathi Merugu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aftab Alam
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chenghua Yang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tanaya Roychowdhury
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Palak Panchal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Liza Shrestha
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yanlong Kang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Justina Almodovar
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Adriana Corben
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mary L Alpaugh
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Shanu Modi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumors, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Teng Fei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tony Taldone
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology & the NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Katia Manova-Todorova
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jason C Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Tai Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumors, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Gouveia B, Setru SU, King MR, Hamlin A, Stone HA, Shaevitz JW, Petry S. Acentrosomal spindles assemble from branching microtubule nucleation near chromosomes in Xenopus laevis egg extract. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3696. [PMID: 37344488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are generated at centrosomes, chromosomes, and within spindles during cell division. Whereas microtubule nucleation at the centrosome is well characterized, much remains unknown about where, when, and how microtubules are nucleated at chromosomes. To address these questions, we reconstitute microtubule nucleation from purified chromosomes in meiotic Xenopus egg extract and find that chromosomes alone can form spindles. We visualize microtubule nucleation near chromosomes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to find that this occurs through branching microtubule nucleation. By inhibiting molecular motors, we find that the organization of the resultant polar branched networks is consistent with a theoretical model where the effectors for branching nucleation are released by chromosomes, forming a concentration gradient that spatially biases branching microtbule nucleation. In the presence of motors, these branched networks are ultimately organized into functional spindles, where the number of emergent spindle poles scales with the number of chromosomes and total chromatin area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sagar U Setru
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Matthew R King
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Aaron Hamlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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7
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Su L, Sun Z, Qi F, Su H, Qian L, Li J, Zuo L, Huang J, Yu Z, Li J, Chen Z, Zhang S. GRP75-driven, cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca 2+ nanoparticles underlies distinct gene therapy effect in ovarian cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:340. [PMID: 35858873 PMCID: PMC9301890 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice of tumor-targeted suicide gene therapy is hampered by unsafe and low efficient delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Using HIV-Tat-derived peptide (Tat) to non-covalently form Tat/pDNA complexes advances the delivery performance. However, this innovative approach is still limited by intracellular delivery efficiency and cell-cycle status. In this study, Tat/pDNA complexes were further condensed into smaller, nontoxic nanoparticles by Ca2+ addition. Formulated Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles mainly use macropinocytosis for intercellular delivery, and their macropinocytic uptake was persisted in mitosis (M-) phase and highly activated in DNA synthesis (S-) phase of cell-cycle. Over-expression or phosphorylation of a mitochondrial chaperone, 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75), promoted monopolar spindle kinase 1 (MPS1)-controlled centrosome duplication and cell-cycle progress, but also driven cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles. Further in vivo molecular imaging based on DF (Fluc-eGFP)-TF (RFP-Rluc-HSV-ttk) system showed that Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles exhibited highly suicide gene therapy efficiency in mouse model xenografted with human ovarian cancer. Furthermore, arresting cell-cycle at S-phase markedly enhanced delivery performance of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles, whereas targeting GRP75 reduced their macropinocytic delivery. More importantly, in vivo targeting GRP75 combined with cell-cycle or macropinocytosis inhibitors exhibited distinct suicide gene therapy efficiency. In summary, our data highlight that mitochondrial chaperone GRP75 moonlights as a biphasic driver underlying cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fangzheng Qi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Huishan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Luomeng Qian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zuo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhinan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Mubarok W, Elvitigala KCML, Nakahata M, Kojima M, Sakai S. Modulation of Cell-Cycle Progression by Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Cross-Linking and Degradation of Cell-Adhesive Hydrogels. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050881. [PMID: 35269503 PMCID: PMC8909037 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is known to be regulated by features such as the mechanical properties of the surrounding environment and interaction of cells with the adhering substrates. Here, we investigated the possibility of regulating cell-cycle progression of the cells on gelatin/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogels obtained through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated cross-linking and degradation of the polymers by varying the exposure time to H2O2 contained in the air. The stiffness of the hydrogel varied with the exposure time. Human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and mouse mammary gland epithelial cells (NMuMG) expressing cell-cycle reporter Fucci2 showed the exposure-time-dependent different cell-cycle progressions on the hydrogels. Although HeLa/Fucci2 cells cultured on the soft hydrogel (Young’s modulus: 0.20 and 0.40 kPa) obtained through 15 min and 120 min of the H2O2 exposure showed a G2/M-phase arrest, NMuMG cells showed a G1-phase arrest. Additionally, the cell-cycle progression of NMuMG cells was not only governed by the hydrogel stiffness, but also by the low-molecular-weight HA resulting from H2O2-mediated degradation. These results indicate that H2O2-mediated cross-linking and degradation of gelatin/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel could be used to control the cell adhesion and cell-cycle progression.
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9
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Martin CK, Samolej J, Olson AT, Bertoli C, Wiebe MS, de Bruin RAM, Mercer J. Vaccinia Virus Arrests and Shifts the Cell Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:431. [PMID: 35216024 PMCID: PMC8874441 DOI: 10.3390/v14020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the host cell cycle is a common strategy used by viruses to create a pro-replicative environment. To facilitate viral genome replication, vaccinia virus (VACV) has been reported to alter cell cycle regulation and trigger the host cell DNA damage response. However, the cellular factors and viral effectors that mediate these changes remain unknown. Here, we set out to investigate the effect of VACV infection on cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression. Using a subset of VACV mutants, we characterise the stage of infection required for inhibition of cell proliferation and define the viral effectors required to dysregulate the host cell cycle. Consistent with previous studies, we show that VACV inhibits and subsequently shifts the host cell cycle. We demonstrate that these two phenomena are independent of one another, with viral early genes being responsible for cell cycle inhibition, and post-replicative viral gene(s) responsible for the cell cycle shift. Extending previous findings, we show that the viral kinase F10 is required to activate the DNA damage checkpoint and that the viral B1 kinase and/or B12 pseudokinase mediate degradation of checkpoint effectors p53 and p21 during infection. We conclude that VACV modulates host cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression through temporal expression of multiple VACV effector proteins. (209/200.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Martin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Annabel T. Olson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Matthew S. Wiebe
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Robertus A. M. de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jason Mercer
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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10
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Wee P, Wang RC, Wang Z. Synchronization of HeLa Cells to Various Interphases Including G1, S, and G2 Phases. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2579:87-97. [PMID: 36045200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2736-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of four phases including the G1, S, G2, and M phases. G1, S, and G2 together are called interphase. Cell synchronization is a process that brings cultured cells at different stages of the cell cycle to the same phase, which allows the study of phase-specific cellular events. While interphase cells can be easily distinguished from mitotic cells by examining their chromosome morphology, it is much more difficult to separate and distinguish the interphases from each other. Here, we describe drug-derived protocols for synchronizing HeLa cells to various interphases of the cell cycle: G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. G1 phase synchronization is achieved through serum starvation, S phase synchronization is achieved through a double thymidine block, and G2 phase synchronization is achieved through the release of the double thymidine block followed by roscovitine treatment. Successful synchronization can be assessed using flow cytometry to examine the DNA content and Western blot to examine the expression of various cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Yun HS, Lee J, Kim JY, Sim YJ, Lee CW, Park JK, Kim JS, Ahn J, Song JY, Baek JH, Hwang SG. A novel function of HRP-3 in regulating cell cycle progression via the HDAC-E2F1-Cyclin E pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:145-155. [PMID: 34714604 PMCID: PMC8748221 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the poor survival rate of lung cancer patients, we investigated the role of HDGF‐related protein 3 (HRP‐3) as a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The expression of endogenous HRP‐3 in human lung cancer tissues and xenograft tumor models is indicative of its clinical relevance in lung cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that HRP‐3 directly binds to the E2F1 promoter on chromatin. Interestingly, HRP‐3 depletion in A549 cells impedes the binding of HRP‐3 to the E2F1 promoter; this in turn hampers the interaction between Histone H3/H4 and HDAC1/2 on the E2F1 promoter, while concomitantly inducing Histone H3/H4 acetylation around the E2F1 promoter. The enhanced Histone H3/H4 acetylation on the E2F1 promoter through HRP‐3 depletion increases the transcription level of E2F1. Furthermore, the increased E2F1 transcription levels lead to the enhanced transcription of Cyclin E, known as the E2F1‐responsive gene, thus inducing S‐phase accumulation. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the utility of HRP‐3 as a biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the capacity of HRP‐3 to regulate the E2F1 transcription level via histone deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shik Yun
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Sim
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Cell Synchronization Protocols Based on Inhibition of DNA Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910759. [PMID: 34639098 PMCID: PMC8509769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronous cell populations are commonly used for the analysis of various aspects of cellular metabolism at specific stages of the cell cycle. Cell synchronization at a chosen cell cycle stage is most frequently achieved by inhibition of specific metabolic pathway(s). In this respect, various protocols have been developed to synchronize cells in particular cell cycle stages. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols for cell synchronization of mammalian cells based on the inhibition of synthesis of DNA building blocks-deoxynucleotides and/or inhibition of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action, examples of their use, and advantages and disadvantages are described with the aim of providing a guide for the selection of suitable protocol for different studied situations.
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13
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Liu JCY, Kühbacher U, Larsen NB, Borgermann N, Garvanska DH, Hendriks IA, Ackermann L, Haahr P, Gallina I, Guérillon C, Branigan E, Hay RT, Azuma Y, Nielsen ML, Duxin JP, Mailand N. Mechanism and function of DNA replication-independent DNA-protein crosslink repair via the SUMO-RNF4 pathway. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107413. [PMID: 34346517 PMCID: PMC8441304 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA‐protein crosslinks (DPCs) obstruct essential DNA transactions, posing a serious threat to genome stability and functionality. DPCs are proteolytically processed in a ubiquitin‐ and DNA replication‐dependent manner by SPRTN and the proteasome but can also be resolved via targeted SUMOylation. However, the mechanistic basis of SUMO‐mediated DPC resolution and its interplay with replication‐coupled DPC repair remain unclear. Here, we show that the SUMO‐targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 defines a major pathway for ubiquitylation and proteasomal clearance of SUMOylated DPCs in the absence of DNA replication. Importantly, SUMO modifications of DPCs neither stimulate nor inhibit their rapid DNA replication‐coupled proteolysis. Instead, DPC SUMOylation provides a critical salvage mechanism to remove DPCs formed after DNA replication, as DPCs on duplex DNA do not activate interphase DNA damage checkpoints. Consequently, in the absence of the SUMO‐RNF4 pathway cells are able to enter mitosis with a high load of unresolved DPCs, leading to defective chromosome segregation and cell death. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insights into SUMO‐driven pathways underlying replication‐independent DPC resolution and highlight their critical importance in maintaining chromosome stability and cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Y Liu
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Kühbacher
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai B Larsen
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Borgermann
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimitriya H Garvanska
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo A Hendriks
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leena Ackermann
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Haahr
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Gallina
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claire Guérillon
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Branigan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael Lund Nielsen
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien P Duxin
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Gunkel P, Iino H, Krull S, Cordes VC. ZC3HC1 Is a Novel Inherent Component of the Nuclear Basket, Resident in a State of Reciprocal Dependence with TPR. Cells 2021; 10:1937. [PMID: 34440706 PMCID: PMC8393659 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear basket (NB) scaffold, a fibrillar structure anchored to the nuclear pore complex (NPC), is regarded as constructed of polypeptides of the coiled-coil dominated protein TPR to which other proteins can bind without contributing to the NB's structural integrity. Here we report vertebrate protein ZC3HC1 as a novel inherent constituent of the NB, common at the nuclear envelopes (NE) of proliferating and non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells of different morphogenetic origin. Formerly described as a protein of other functions, we instead present the NB component ZC3HC1 as a protein required for enabling distinct amounts of TPR to occur NB-appended, with such ZC3HC1-dependency applying to about half the total amount of TPR at the NEs of different somatic cell types. Furthermore, pointing to an NB structure more complex than previously anticipated, we discuss how ZC3HC1 and the ZC3HC1-dependent TPR polypeptides could enlarge the NB's functional repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Volker C. Cordes
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; (P.G.); (H.I.); (S.K.)
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15
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Reciprocal interaction between SIRT6 and APC/C regulates genomic stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14253. [PMID: 34244565 PMCID: PMC8270898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that plays an important role in mitosis fidelity and genome stability. In the present study, we found that SIRT6 overexpression leads to mitosis defects and aneuploidy. We identified SIRT6 as a novel substrate of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is a master regulator of mitosis. Both CDH1 and CDC20, co-activators of APC/C, mediated SIRT6 degradation via the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Reciprocally, SIRT6 also deacetylated CDH1 at lysine K135 and promoted its degradation, resulting in an increase in APC/C-CDH1-targeted substrates, dysfunction in centrosome amplification, and chromosome instability. Our findings demonstrate the importance of SIRT6 for genome integrity during mitotic progression and reveal how SIRT6 and APC/C cooperate to drive mitosis.
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16
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Aquino Perez C, Burocziova M, Jenikova G, Macurek L. CK1-mediated phosphorylation of FAM110A promotes its interaction with mitotic spindle and controls chromosomal alignment. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51847. [PMID: 34080749 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by cyclin-dependent kinases that control gene expression, orchestration of mitotic spindle, and cell division. To identify new regulators of the cell cycle, we performed transcriptomic analysis of human non-transformed cells expressing a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator and identified 701 transcripts differentially expressed in G1 and G2 cells. Family with sequence similarity 110 member A (FAM110A) protein is highly expressed in G2 cells and localized at mitotic spindle and spindle poles during mitosis. Depletion of FAM110A impairs chromosomal alignment, delays metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and affects spindle positioning. Using mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation, we identified casein kinase I (CK1) in complex with FAM110A during mitosis. CK1 phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of FAM110A in vitro, and inhibition of CK1 reduces phosphorylation of mitotic FAM110A. Wild-type FAM110A, but not the FAM110A-S252-S255A mutant deficient in CK1 phosphorylation, rescues the chromosomal alignment, duration of mitosis, and orientation of the mitotic spindle after depletion of endogenous FAM110A. We propose that CK1 regulates chromosomal alignment by phosphorylating FAM110A and promoting its interaction with mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aquino Perez
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Burocziova
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Jenikova
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Yin Q, Jian Y, Xu M, Huang X, Wang N, Liu Z, Li Q, Li J, Zhou H, Xu L, Wang Y, Yang C. CDK4/6 regulate lysosome biogenesis through TFEB/TFE3. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151944. [PMID: 32662822 PMCID: PMC7401801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradation and signaling organelles that adapt their biogenesis to meet many different cellular demands; however, it is unknown how lysosomes change their numbers for cell division. Here, we report that the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4/6 regulate lysosome biogenesis during the cell cycle. Chemical or genetic inactivation of CDK4/6 increases lysosomal numbers by activating the lysosome and autophagy transcription factors TFEB and TFE3. CDK4/6 interact with and phosphorylate TFEB/TFE3 in the nucleus, thereby inactivating them by promoting their shuttling to the cytoplasm. During the cell cycle, lysosome numbers increase in S and G2/M phases when cyclin D turnover diminishes CDK4/6 activity. These findings not only uncover the molecular events that direct the nuclear export of TFEB/TFE3, but also suggest a mechanism that controls lysosome biogenesis in the cell cycle. CDK4/6 inhibitors promote autophagy and lysosome-dependent degradation, which has important implications for the therapy of cancer and lysosome-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Niya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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18
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Yoshino Y, Kobayashi A, Qi H, Endo S, Fang Z, Shindo K, Kanazawa R, Chiba N. RACK1 regulates centriole duplication through promoting the activation of polo-like kinase 1 by Aurora A. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238931. [PMID: 32788231 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) contributes to the regulation of centrosome number. We previously identified receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) as a BRCA1-interacting partner. RACK1, a scaffold protein that interacts with multiple proteins through its seven WD40 domains, directly binds to BRCA1 and localizes to centrosomes. RACK1 knockdown suppresses centriole duplication, whereas RACK1 overexpression causes centriole overduplication in a subset of mammary gland-derived cells. In this study, we showed that RACK1 binds directly to polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Aurora A, and promotes the Aurora A-PLK1 interaction. RACK1 knockdown decreased phosphorylated PLK1 (p-PLK1) levels and the centrosomal localization of Aurora A and p-PLK1 in S phase, whereas RACK1 overexpression increased p-PLK1 level and the centrosomal localization of Aurora A and p-PLK1 in interphase, resulting in an increase of cells with abnormal centriole disengagement. Overexpression of cancer-derived RACK1 variants failed to enhance the Aurora A-PLK1 interaction, PLK1 phosphorylation and the centrosomal localization of p-PLK1. These results suggest that RACK1 functions as a scaffold protein that promotes the activation of PLK1 by Aurora A in order to promote centriole duplication.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Huicheng Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shino Endo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Zhenzhou Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuha Shindo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Kanazawa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Aging, Development, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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19
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Superresolution imaging reveals spatiotemporal propagation of human replication foci mediated by CTCF-organized chromatin structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15036-15046. [PMID: 32541019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001521117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian DNA replication is initiated at numerous replication origins, which are clustered into thousands of replication domains (RDs) across the genome. However, it remains unclear whether the replication origins within each RD are activated stochastically or preferentially near certain chromatin features. To understand how DNA replication in single human cells is regulated at the sub-RD level, we directly visualized and quantitatively characterized the spatiotemporal organization, morphology, and in situ epigenetic signatures of individual replication foci (RFi) across S-phase at superresolution using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. Importantly, we revealed a hierarchical radial pattern of RFi propagation dynamics that reverses directionality from early to late S-phase and is diminished upon caffeine treatment or CTCF knockdown. Together with simulation and bioinformatic analyses, our findings point to a "CTCF-organized REplication Propagation" (CoREP) model, which suggests a nonrandom selection mechanism for replication activation at the sub-RD level during early S-phase, mediated by CTCF-organized chromatin structures. Collectively, these findings offer critical insights into the key involvement of local epigenetic environment in coordinating DNA replication across the genome and have broad implications for our conceptualization of the role of multiscale chromatin architecture in regulating diverse cell nuclear dynamics in space and time.
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20
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Fei Q, Zou Z, Roundtree IA, Sun HL, He C. YTHDF2 promotes mitotic entry and is regulated by cell cycle mediators. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000664. [PMID: 32267835 PMCID: PMC7170294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification regulates mRNA stability and translation. Here, we show that transcriptomic m6A modification can be dynamic and the m6A reader protein YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2) promotes mRNA decay during cell cycle. Depletion of YTHDF2 in HeLa cells leads to the delay of mitotic entry due to overaccumulation of negative regulators of cell cycle such as Wee1-like protein kinase (WEE1). We demonstrate that WEE1 transcripts contain m6A modification, which promotes their decay through YTHDF2. Moreover, we found that YTHDF2 protein stability is dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity. Thus, CDK1, YTHDF2, and WEE1 form a feedforward regulatory loop to promote mitotic entry. We further identified Cullin 1 (CUL1), Cullin 4A (CUL4A), damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1), and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) as components of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that mediate YTHDF2 proteolysis. Our study provides insights into how cell cycle mediators modulate transcriptomic m6A modification, which in turn regulates the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Fei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongyu Zou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Roundtree
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hui-Lung Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Rocha MA, Veronezi GMB, Felisbino MB, Gatti MSV, Tamashiro WMSC, Mello MLS. Sodium valproate and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine differentially modulate DNA demethylation in G1 phase-arrested and proliferative HeLa cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18236. [PMID: 31796828 PMCID: PMC6890691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium valproate/valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR), a DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor, induce DNA demethylation in several cell types. In HeLa cells, although VPA leads to decreased DNA 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels, the demethylation pathway involved in this effect is not fully understood. We investigated this process using flow cytometry, ELISA, immunocytochemistry, Western blotting and RT-qPCR in G1 phase-arrested and proliferative HeLa cells compared to the presumably passive demethylation promoted by 5-aza-CdR. The results revealed that VPA acts predominantly on active DNA demethylation because it induced TET2 gene and protein overexpression, decreased 5mC abundance, and increased 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine (5hmC) abundance, in both G1-arrested and proliferative cells. However, because VPA caused decreased DNMT1 gene expression levels, it may also act on the passive demethylation pathway. 5-aza-CdR attenuated DNMT1 gene expression levels but increased TET2 and 5hmC abundance in replicating cells, although it did not affect the gene expression of TETs at any stage of the cell cycle. Therefore, 5-aza-CdR may also function in the active pathway. Because VPA reduces DNA methylation levels in non-replicating HeLa cells, it could be tested as a candidate for the therapeutic reversal of DNA methylation in cells in which cell division is arrested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Amorim Rocha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Maria Breda Veronezi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Barreto Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Silvia Viccari Gatti
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wirla M S C Tamashiro
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Silveira Mello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Parkes GM, Niranjan M. Uncovering extensive post-translation regulation during human cell cycle progression by integrative multi-'omics analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:536. [PMID: 31664894 PMCID: PMC6820968 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of high-throughput multi-'omics interactions across the hierarchy of expression has wide interest in making inferences with regard to biological function and biomarker discovery. Expression levels across different scales are determined by robust synthesis, regulation and degradation processes, and hence transcript (mRNA) measurements made by microarray/RNA-Seq only show modest correlation with corresponding protein levels. RESULTS In this work we are interested in quantitative modelling of correlation across such gene products. Building on recent work, we develop computational models spanning transcript, translation and protein levels at different stages of the H. sapiens cell cycle. We enhance this analysis by incorporating 25+ sequence-derived features which are likely determinants of cellular protein concentration and quantitatively select for relevant features, producing a vast dataset with thousands of genes. We reveal insights into the complex interplay between expression levels across time, using machine learning methods to highlight outliers with respect to such models as proteins associated with post-translationally regulated modes of action. CONCLUSIONS We uncover quantitative separation between modified and degraded proteins that have roles in cell cycle regulation, chromatin remodelling and protein catabolism according to Gene Ontology; and highlight the opportunities for providing biological insights in future model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Parkes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mahesan Niranjan
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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23
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CD98hc (SLC3A2) sustains amino acid and nucleotide availability for cell cycle progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14065. [PMID: 31575908 PMCID: PMC6773781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) forms heteromeric amino acid (AA) transporters by interacting with different light chains. Cancer cells overexpress CD98hc-transporters in order to meet their increased nutritional and antioxidant demands, since they provide branched-chain AA (BCAA) and aromatic AA (AAA) availability while protecting cells from oxidative stress. Here we show that BCAA and AAA shortage phenocopies the inhibition of mTORC1 signalling, protein synthesis and cell proliferation caused by CD98hc ablation. Furthermore, our data indicate that CD98hc sustains glucose uptake and glycolysis, and, as a consequence, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Thus, loss of CD98hc triggers a dramatic reduction in the nucleotide pool, which leads to replicative stress in these cells, as evidenced by the enhanced DNA Damage Response (DDR), S-phase delay and diminished rate of mitosis, all recovered by nucleoside supplementation. In addition, proper BCAA and AAA availability sustains the expression of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In this regard, BCAA and AAA shortage results in decreased content of deoxynucleotides that triggers replicative stress, also recovered by nucleoside supplementation. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that CD98hc plays a central role in AA and glucose cellular nutrition, redox homeostasis and nucleotide availability, all key for cell proliferation.
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24
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Zheng Z, Wu M, Zhang J, Fu W, Xu N, Lao Y, Lin L, Xu H. The Natural Compound Neobractatin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest by Regulating E2F1 and Gadd45α. Front Oncol 2019; 9:654. [PMID: 31380287 PMCID: PMC6653061 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and multi-target feature of natural compounds have made it difficult to elucidate their mechanism of action (MoA), which hindered the development of lead anticancer compounds to some extent. In this study, we applied RNA-Seq and GSEA transcriptome analysis to rapidly and efficiently evaluate the anticancer mechanisms of neobractatin (NBT), a caged prenylxanthone isolated from the Chinese herb Garcinia bracteata. We found that NBT exerted anti-proliferative effect on various cancer cells and caused both G1/S and G2/M arrest in synchronized cancer cells through its effects on the expression of E2F1 and GADD45α. The in vivo animal study further suggested that NBT could reduce tumor burden in HeLa xenograft model with no apparent toxicity. By demonstrating the biological effect of NBT, we provided evidences for further investigations of this novel natural compound with anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
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25
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Williams MM, Mathison AJ, Christensen T, Greipp PT, Knutson DL, Klee EW, Zimmermann MT, Iovanna J, Lomberk GA, Urrutia RA. Aurora kinase B-phosphorylated HP1α functions in chromosomal instability. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1407-1421. [PMID: 31130069 PMCID: PMC6592258 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1618126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin Protein 1 α (HP1α) associates with members of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) during mitosis, at centromeres where it is required for full Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) activity. Conversely, recent reports have identified AURKB as the major kinase responsible for phosphorylation of HP1α at Serine 92 (S92) during mitosis. Thus, the current study was designed to better understand the functional role of this posttranslationally modified form of HP1α. We find that S92-phosphorylated HP1α is generated in cells at early prophase, localizes to centromeres, and associates with regulators of chromosome stability, such as Inner Centromere Protein, INCENP. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, HP1α knockout alone or reconstituted with a non-phosphorylatable (S92A) HP1α mutant results in mitotic chromosomal instability characterized by the formation of anaphase/telophase chromatin bridges and micronuclei. These effects are rescued by exogenous expression of wild type HP1α or a phosphomimetic (S92D) variant. Thus, the results from the current study extend our knowledge of the role of HP1α in chromosomal stability during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M. Williams
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela J. Mathison
- Genomics and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Trent Christensen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patricia T. Greipp
- Medical Genome Facility, Cytogenetics Core Laboratory, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darlene L. Knutson
- Medical Genome Facility, Cytogenetics Core Laboratory, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael T. Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Gwen A. Lomberk
- Genomics and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Raul A. Urrutia
- Genomics and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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26
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Ma HT, Poon RYC. TRIP13 Functions in the Establishment of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint by Replenishing O-MAD2. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1439-1450. [PMID: 29425500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents premature segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. This process requires structural remodeling of MAD2 from O-MAD2 to C-MAD2 conformation. After the checkpoint is satisfied, C-MAD2 is reverted to O-MAD2 to allow anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to trigger anaphase. Recently, the AAA+-ATPase TRIP13 was shown to act in concert with p31comet to catalyze C- to O-MAD2. Paradoxically, although C-MAD2 is present in TRIP13-deficient cells, the SAC cannot be activated. Using a degron-mediated system to uncouple TRIP13 from O- and C-MAD2 equilibrium, we demonstrated that the loss of TRIP13 did not immediately abolish the SAC, but the resulting C-MAD2-only environment was insufficient to enable the SAC. These results favor a model in which MAD2-CDC20 interaction is coupled directly to the conversion of O- to C-MAD2 instead of one that involves unliganded C-MAD2. TRIP13 replenishes the O-MAD2 pool for activation by unattached kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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27
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Fan P, Yang D, Wu J, Yang Y, Guo X, Tu J, Zhang D. Cell-cycle-dependences of membrane permeability and viability observed for HeLa cells undergoing multi-bubble-cell interactions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 53:178-186. [PMID: 30642802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble-mediated sonoporation is a promising strategy for intracellular gene/drug delivery, but the biophysical mechanisms involved in the interactions between microbubbles and cells are not well understood. Here, HeLa cells were synchronized in individual cycle phases, then the cell-cycle-dependences of the membrane permeability and viability of HeLa cells undergoing multi-bubble sonoporation were evaluated using focused ultrasound exposure apparatus coupled passive cavitation detection system. The results indicated that: (1) the microbubble cavitation activity should be independent on cell cycle phases; (2) G1-phase cells with the largest Young's modulus were the most robust against microbubble-mediated sonoporation; (3) G2/M-phase cells exhibited the greatest accumulated FITC uptake with the lowest viability, which should be mainly attributed to the chemical effect of synchronization drugs; and (4) more important, S-phase cells with the lowest stiffness seemed to be the most susceptible to the mechanical effect generated by microbubble cavitation activity, which resulted in the greatest enhancement in sonoporation-facilitated membrane permeabilization without further scarifying their viability. The current findings may benefit ongoing efforts aiming to pursue rational utilization of microbubble-mediated sonoporation in cell-cycle-targeted gene/drug delivery for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10080, China.
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28
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Zeng X, Xu WK, Lok TM, Ma HT, Poon RYC. Imbalance of the spindle-assembly checkpoint promotes spindle poison-mediated cytotoxicity with distinct kinetics. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:314. [PMID: 30952840 PMCID: PMC6450912 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting microtubule dynamics with spindle poisons activates the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) and induces mitotic cell death. However, mitotic exit can occur prematurely without proper chromosomal segregation or cytokinesis by a process termed mitotic slippage. It remains controversial whether mitotic slippage increases the cytotoxicity of spindle poisons or the converse. Altering the SAC induces either mitotic cell death or mitotic slippage. While knockout of MAD2-binding protein p31comet strengthened the SAC and promoted mitotic cell death, knockout of TRIP13 had the opposite effect of triggering mitotic slippage. We demonstrated that mitotic slippage prevented mitotic cell death caused by spindle poisons, but reduced subsequent long-term survival. Weakening of the SAC also reduced cell survival in response to spindle perturbation insufficient for triggering mitotic slippage, of which mitotic exit was characterized by displaced chromosomes during metaphase. In either mitotic slippage or mitotic exit with missegregated chromosomes, cell death occurred only after one cell cycle following mitotic exit and increased progressively during subsequent cell cycles. Consistent with these results, transient inhibition of the SAC using an MPS1 inhibitor acted synergistically with spindle perturbation in inducing chromosome missegregation and cytotoxicity. The specific temporal patterns of cell death after mitotic exit with weakened SAC may reconcile the contradictory results from many previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zeng
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wendy Kaichun Xu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tsun Ming Lok
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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29
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Bernard D, Mondesert O, Gomes A, Duthen Y, Lobjois V, Cussat-Blanc S, Ducommun B. A checkpoint-oriented cell cycle simulation model. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:795-808. [PMID: 30870080 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1591125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling and in silico simulations are of major conceptual and applicative interest in studying the cell cycle and proliferation in eukaryotic cells. In this paper, we present a cell cycle checkpoint-oriented simulator that uses agent-based simulation modeling to reproduce the dynamics of a cancer cell population in exponential growth. Our in silico simulations were successfully validated by experimental in vitro supporting data obtained with HCT116 colon cancer cells. We demonstrated that this model can simulate cell confluence and the associated elongation of the G1 phase. Using nocodazole to synchronize cancer cells at mitosis, we confirmed the model predictivity and provided evidence of an additional and unexpected effect of nocodazole on the overall cell cycle progression. We anticipate that this cell cycle simulator will be a potential source of new insights and research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernard
- a IRIT, CNRS, UT1 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France.,b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Odile Mondesert
- b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Aurélie Gomes
- b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Yves Duthen
- a IRIT, CNRS, UT1 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France.,b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Valérie Lobjois
- b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Sylvain Cussat-Blanc
- a IRIT, CNRS, UT1 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France.,b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Bernard Ducommun
- b ITAV, CNRS, UT3 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France.,c CHU de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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30
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Ngan AWL, Grace Tsui M, So DHF, Leung WY, Chan DW, Yao KM. Novel Nuclear Partnering Role of EPS8 With FOXM1 in Regulating Cell Proliferation. Front Oncol 2019; 9:154. [PMID: 30941306 PMCID: PMC6433973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of cancer cells is sustaining proliferative signaling that leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Both the Forkhead box (FOX) M1 transcription factor and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor Pathway Substrate 8 (EPS8) are known to be activated by mitogenic signaling and their levels upregulated in cancer. Well-known to regulate Rac-mediated actin remodeling at the cell cortex, EPS8 carries a nuclear localization signal but its possible nuclear role remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated interaction of FOXM1 with EPS8 in yeast two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays. Immunostaining revealed co-localization of the two proteins during G2/M phase of the cell cycle. EPS8 became nuclear localized when CRM1/Exportin 1-dependent nuclear export was inhibited by Leptomycin B, and a functional nuclear export signal could be identified within EPS8 using EGFP-tagging and site-directed mutagenesis. Downregulation of EPS8 using shRNAs suppressed expression of FOXM1 and the FOXM1-target CCNB1, and slowed down G2/M transition in cervical cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated recruitment of EPS8 to the CCNB1 and CDC25B promoters. Taken together, our findings support a novel partnering role of EPS8 with FOXM1 in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation and provides interesting insight into future design of therapeutic strategy to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaline Wan Ling Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Grace Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Hon Fai So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Ying Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David W Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Ming Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Courthéoux T, Reboutier D, Vazeille T, Cremet JY, Benaud C, Vernos I, Prigent C. Microtubule nucleation during central spindle assembly requires NEDD1 phosphorylation on Serine 405 by Aurora A. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231118. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the cell sequentially constructs two microtubule-based spindles to ensure faithful segregation of chromosomes. A bipolar spindle first pulls apart the sister chromatids, then a central spindle further separates them away. Although the assembly of the first spindle is well described, the assembly of the second remains poorly understood. We report here that the inhibition of Aurora A leads to an absence of the central spindle due to a lack of nucleation of microtubules in the midzone. In the absence of Aurora A, the HURP and NEDD1 proteins that are involved in nucleation of microtubules fail to concentrate in the midzone. HURP is an effector of RanGTP and NEDD1 serves as an anchor for the γTURC. Interestingly, Aurora A already phosphorylates them during assembly of the bipolar spindle. We show here that the expression of a NEDD1 isoform mimicking Aurora A phosphorylation is sufficient to restore microtubule nucleation in the midzone in a context of Aurora A inhibition. These results reveal a new control mechanism of nucleation of microtubules by Aurora A during assembly of the central spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Courthéoux
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
| | - David Reboutier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Yves Cremet
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Benaud
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claude Prigent
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR6290, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2014, F35000 Rennes, France
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Srivastava S, Panda D. A centrosomal protein STARD9 promotes microtubule stability and regulates spindle microtubule dynamics. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2052-2068. [PMID: 30160609 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1513764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomal proteins play important roles in the spindle assembly and the segregation of chromosomes in the eukaryotic cells. STARD9, a recently identified centrosomal protein, was reported to influence the spindle pole assembly. However, the role of STARD9 in maintaining the stability and organization of microtubules are not known. Here, we show that STARD9 regulates the assembly and dynamics of both interphase and mitotic microtubules. The knockdown of STARD9 in HeLa or HCT116 cells with siRNA or shRNA induced a strong depolymerization of the interphase microtubules. The over-expression of the motor domain of STARD9 stabilizes microtubules against cold and nocodazole suggesting that STARD9 stabilizes microtubules in HeLa cells. Using fluorescent recovery after photobleaching, we showed that the knockdown of STARD9 strongly reduced microtubule dynamics in the live spindles of HeLa cells. The reassembly of microtubules in the STARD9-depleted cells was strongly reduced as compared to the microtubules in the control cells implying the role of STARD9 in the nucleation of microtubules. Further, the depletion of STARD9 inhibited chromosome separation and the STARD9-depleted HeLa cells were blocked at mitosis. Interestingly, the frequency of multipolar spindle formation increased significantly in the STARD9-depleted HeLa cells in the presence of vinblastine and the STARD9-depleted cells showed much higher sensitivity towards vinblastine than the control cells indicating a new approach for cancer chemotherapy. The evidence suggests that STARD9 regulates the assembly and stability of both interphase and spindle microtubules and thereby, play important roles in the cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Srivastava
- a Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai , India
| | - Dulal Panda
- a Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai , India
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Khan QA, Pediaditakis P, Malakhau Y, Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A, Ashkavand Z, Sereda V, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. CHIP E3 ligase mediates proteasomal degradation of the proliferation regulatory protein ALDH1L1 during the transition of NIH3T3 fibroblasts from G0/G1 to S-phase. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199699. [PMID: 29979702 PMCID: PMC6034817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ALDH1L1 is a folate-metabolizing enzyme abundant in liver and several other tissues. In human cancers and cell lines derived from malignant tumors, the ALDH1L1 gene is commonly silenced through the promoter methylation. It was suggested that ALDH1L1 limits proliferation capacity of the cell and thus functions as putative tumor suppressor. In contrast to cancer cells, mouse cell lines NIH3T3 and AML12 do express the ALDH1L1 protein. In the present study, we show that the levels of ALDH1L1 in these cell lines fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. During S-phase, ALDH1L1 is markedly down regulated at the protein level. As the cell cultures become confluent and cells experience increased contact inhibition, ALDH1L1 accumulates in the cells. In agreement with this finding, NIH3T3 cells arrested in G1/S-phase by a thymidine block completely lose the ALDH1L1 protein. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 prevents such loss in proliferating NIH3T3 cells, suggesting the proteasomal degradation of the ALDH1L1 protein. The co-localization of ALDH1L1 with proteasomes, demonstrated by confocal microscopy, supports this mechanism. We further show that ALDH1L1 interacts with the chaperone-dependent E3 ligase CHIP, which plays a key role in the ALDH1L1 ubiquitination and degradation. In NIH3T3 cells, silencing of CHIP by siRNA halts, while transient expression of CHIP promotes, the ALDH1L1 loss. The downregulation of ALDH1L1 is associated with the accumulation of the ALDH1L1 substrate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, which is required for de novo purine biosynthesis, a key pathway activated in S-phase. Overall, our data indicate that CHIP-mediated proteasomal degradation of ALDH1L1 facilitates cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A. Khan
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuryi Malakhau
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amin Esmaeilniakooshkghazi
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valentin Sereda
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalia I. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fisi V, Kátai E, Orbán J, Dossena S, Miseta A, Nagy T. O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transiently Elevates in HeLa Cells during Mitosis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061275. [PMID: 29861440 PMCID: PMC6100377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc modification influences many cellular mechanisms, including carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and protein degradation. Multiple studies also showed that cell cycle might be modulated by O-GlcNAc. Although the role of O-GlcNAc in the regulation of some cell cycle processes such as mitotic spindle organization or histone phosphorylation is well established, the general behaviour of O-GlcNAc regulation during cell cycle is still controversial. In this study, we analysed the dynamic changes of overall O-GlcNAc levels in HeLa cells using double thymidine block. O-GlcNAc levels in G1, S, G2 and M phase were measured. We observed that O-GlcNAc levels are significantly increased during mitosis in comparison to the other cell cycle phases. However, this change could only be detected when mitotic cells were enriched by harvesting round shaped cells from the G2/M fraction of the synchronized cells. Our data verify that O-GlcNAc is elevated during mitosis, but also emphasize that O-GlcNAc levels can significantly change in a short period of time. Thus, selection and collection of cells at specific cell-cycle checkpoints is a challenging, but necessary requirement for O-GlcNAc studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Fisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - József Orbán
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
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S-phase Synchronization Facilitates the Early Progression of Induced-Cardiomyocyte Reprogramming through Enhanced Cell-Cycle Exit. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051364. [PMID: 29734659 PMCID: PMC5983785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) holds a great promise for regenerative medicine and has been studied in several major directions. However, cell-cycle regulation, a fundamental biological process, has not been investigated during iCM-reprogramming. Here, our time-lapse imaging on iCMs, reprogrammed by Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT) monocistronic retroviruses, revealed that iCM-reprogramming was majorly initiated at late-G1- or S-phase and nearly half of GMT-reprogrammed iCMs divided soon after reprogramming. iCMs exited cell cycle along the process of reprogramming with decreased percentage of 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU)+/α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC)-GFP+ cells. S-phase synchronization post-GMT-infection could enhance cell-cycle exit of reprogrammed iCMs and yield more GFPhigh iCMs, which achieved an advanced reprogramming with more expression of cardiac genes than GFPlow cells. However, S-phase synchronization did not enhance the reprogramming with a polycistronic-viral vector, in which cell-cycle exit had been accelerated. In conclusion, post-infection synchronization of S-phase facilitated the early progression of GMT-reprogramming through a mechanism of enhanced cell-cycle exit.
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Design and synthesis of BPR1K653 derivatives targeting the back pocket of Aurora kinases for selective isoform inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:533-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vianay B, Senger F, Alamos S, Anjur-Dietrich M, Bearce E, Cheeseman B, Lee L, Théry M. Variation in traction forces during cell cycle progression. Biol Cell 2018; 110:91-96. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vianay
- University of Paris Diderot; INSERM; CEA; Hôpital Saint Louis; Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie; UMRS1160; CytoMorpho Lab; 75010 Paris France
| | - Fabrice Senger
- University of Grenoble-Alpes; CEA; CNRS; INRA; Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble; Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale; CytoMorpho Lab; 38054 Grenoble France
| | - Simon Alamos
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | | | | | - Bevan Cheeseman
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Lisa Lee
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Manuel Théry
- University of Paris Diderot; INSERM; CEA; Hôpital Saint Louis; Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie; UMRS1160; CytoMorpho Lab; 75010 Paris France
- University of Grenoble-Alpes; CEA; CNRS; INRA; Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble; Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale; CytoMorpho Lab; 38054 Grenoble France
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Wu X, Li Z, Shen Y. The small molecule CS1 inhibits mitosis and sister chromatid resolution in HeLa cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1134-1147. [PMID: 29410075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitosis, the most dramatic event in the cell cycle, involves the reorganization of virtually all cellular components. Antimitotic agents are useful for dissecting the mechanism of this reorganization. Previously, we found that the small molecule CS1 accumulates cells in G2/M phase [1], but the mechanism of its action remains unknown. METHODS Cell cycle analysis, live cell imaging and nuclear staining were used. Chromosomal morphology was detected by chromosome spreading. The effects of CS1 on microtubules were confirmed by tubulin polymerization, colchicine tubulin-binding, cellular tubulin polymerization and immunofluorescence assays and by analysis of microtubule dynamics and molecular modeling. Histone phosphoproteomics was performed using mass spectrometry. Cell signaling cascades were analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, siRNA knockdown and chemical inhibition of specific proteins. RESULTS The small molecule CS1 was shown to be an antimitotic agent. CS1 potently inhibited microtubule polymerization via interaction with the colchicine-binding pocket of tubulin in vitro and inhibited the formation of the spindle apparatus by reducing the bulk of growing microtubules in HeLa cells, which led to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and mitotic arrest of HeLa cells. Compared with colchicine, CS1 impaired the progression of sister chromatid resolution independent of cohesin dissociation, and this was reversed by the removal of CS1. Additionally, CS1 induced unique histone phosphorylation patterns distinct from those induced by colchicine. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE CS1 is a unique antimitotic small molecule and a powerful tool with unprecedented value over colchicine that makes it possible to specifically and conditionally perturb mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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Huang S, Tang R, Poon RYC. BCL-W is a regulator of microtubule inhibitor-induced mitotic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38718-38730. [PMID: 27231850 PMCID: PMC5122423 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule inhibitors including taxanes and vinca alkaloids are among the most widely used anticancer agents. Disrupting the microtubules activates the spindle-assembly checkpoint and traps cells in mitosis. Whether cells subsequently undergo mitotic cell death is an important factor for the effectiveness of the anticancer agents. Given that apoptosis accounts for the majority of mitotic cell death induced by microtubule inhibitors, we performed a systematic study to determine which members of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family are involved in determining the duration of mitotic block before cell death or slippage. Depletion of several anti-apoptotic BCL-2-like proteins significantly shortened the time before apoptosis. Among these proteins, BCL-W has not been previously characterized to play a role in mitotic cell death. Although the expression of BCL-W remained constant during mitotic block, it varied significantly between different cell lines. Knockdown of BCL-W with siRNA or disruption of the BCL-W gene with CRISPR-Cas9 speeded up mitotic cell death. Conversely, overexpression of BCL-W delayed mitotic cell death, extending the mitotic block to allow mitotic slippage. Taken together, these results showed that BCL-W contributes to the threshold of anti-apoptotic activity during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Tang
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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Horning AM, Wang Y, Lin CK, Louie AD, Jadhav RR, Hung CN, Wang CM, Lin CL, Kirma NB, Liss MA, Kumar AP, Sun L, Liu Z, Chao WT, Wang Q, Jin VX, Chen CL, Huang THM. Single-Cell RNA-seq Reveals a Subpopulation of Prostate Cancer Cells with Enhanced Cell-Cycle-Related Transcription and Attenuated Androgen Response. Cancer Res 2017; 78:853-864. [PMID: 29233929 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the presence of minor cell subpopulations in prostate cancer that are androgen independent and poised for selection as dominant clones after androgen deprivation therapy. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon by stratifying cell subpopulations based on transcriptome profiling of 144 single LNCaP prostate cancer cells treated or untreated with androgen after cell-cycle synchronization. Model-based clustering of 397 differentially expressed genes identified eight potential subpopulations of LNCaP cells, revealing a previously unappreciable level of cellular heterogeneity to androgen stimulation. One subpopulation displayed stem-like features with a slower cell doubling rate, increased sphere formation capability, and resistance to G2-M arrest induced by a mitosis inhibitor. Advanced growth of this subpopulation was associated with enhanced expression of 10 cell-cycle-related genes (CCNB2, DLGAP5, CENPF, CENPE, MKI67, PTTG1, CDC20, PLK1, HMMR, and CCNB1) and decreased dependence upon androgen receptor signaling. In silico analysis of RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas further demonstrated that concordant upregulation of these genes was linked to recurrent prostate cancers. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves implicates aberrant expression of these genes and could be useful for early identification of tumors that subsequently develop biochemical recurrence. Moreover, this single-cell approach provides a better understanding of how prostate cancer cells respond heterogeneously to androgen deprivation therapies and reveals characteristics of subpopulations resistant to this treatment.Significance: Illustrating the challenge in treating cancers with targeted drugs, which by selecting for drug resistance can drive metastatic progression, this study characterized the plasticity and heterogeneity of prostate cancer cells with regard to androgen dependence, defining the character or minor subpopulations of androgen-independent cells that are poised for clonal selection after androgen-deprivation therapy. Cancer Res; 78(4); 853-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Horning
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Che-Kuang Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anna D Louie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rohit R Jadhav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chia-Nung Hung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nameer B Kirma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio at San Antonio, Texas
| | - LuZhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Tim H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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He L, Sneider A, Chen W, Karl M, Prasath V, Wu PH, Mattson G, Wirtz D. Mammalian Cell Division in 3D Matrices via Quantitative Confocal Reflection Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286363 DOI: 10.3791/56364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of how mammalian cell division is regulated in a 3D environment remains largely unexplored despite its physiological relevance and therapeutic significance. Possible reasons for the lack of exploration are the experimental limitations and technical challenges that render the study of cell division in 3D culture inefficient. Here, we describe an imaging-based method to efficiently study mammalian cell division and cell-matrix interactions in 3D collagen matrices. Cells labeled with fluorescent H2B are synchronized using the combination of thymidine blocking and nocodazole treatment, followed by a mechanical shake-off technique. Synchronized cells are then embedded into a 3D collagen matrix. Cell division is monitored using live-cell microscopy. The deformation of collagen fibers during and after cell division, which is an indicator of cell-matrix interaction, can be monitored and quantified using quantitative confocal reflection microscopy. The method provides an efficient and general approach to study mammalian cell division and cell-matrix interactions in a physiologically relevant 3D environment. This approach not only provides novel insights into the molecular basis of the development of normal tissue and diseases, but also allows for the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Alexandra Sneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Weitong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Michelle Karl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Vishnu Prasath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Gunnar Mattson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University; Departments of Oncology and Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine;
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Nguyen N, Kumar A, Chacko S, Ouellette RJ, Ghosh A. Human hyaluronic acid synthase-1 promotes malignant transformation via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, micronucleation and centrosome abnormalities. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:48. [PMID: 29137675 PMCID: PMC5686803 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human hyaluronic acid (HA) molecules are synthesized by three membrane spanning Hyaluronic Acid Synthases (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3). Of the three, HAS1 is found to be localized more into the cytoplasmic space where it synthesizes intracellular HA. HA is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan, mainly present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and on the cell surface, but are also detected intracellularly. Accumulation of HA in cancer cells, the cancer-surrounding stroma, and ECM is generally considered an independent prognostic factors for patients. Higher HA production also correlates with higher tumor grade and more genetic heterogeneity in multiple cancer types which is known to contribute to drug resistance and results in treatment failure. Tumor heterogeneity and intra-tumor clonal diversity are major challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Identification of the driver pathway(s) that initiate genomic instability, tumor heterogeneity and subsequent phenotypic/clinical manifestations, are fundamental for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Thus far, no evidence was shown to correlate intracellular HA status (produced by HAS1) and the generation of genetic diversity in tumors. Methods We tested different cell lines engineered to induce HAS1 expression. We measured the epithelial traits, centrosomal abnormalities, micronucleation and polynucleation of those HAS1-expressing cells. We performed real-time PCR, 3D cell culture assay, confocal microscopy, immunoblots and HA-capture methods. Results Our results demonstrate that overexpression of HAS1 induces loss of epithelial traits, increases centrosomal abnormalities, micronucleation and polynucleation, which together indicate manifestation of malignant transformation, intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, and possibly create suitable niche for cancer stem cells generation. Conclusions The intracellular HA produced by HAS1 can aggravate genomic instability and intratumor heterogeneity, pointing to a fundamental role of intracellular HA in cancer initiation and progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-017-0204-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyet Nguyen
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Awanit Kumar
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Simi Chacko
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Rodney J Ouellette
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.
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43
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Plitzko B, Kaweesa EN, Loesgen S. The natural product mensacarcin induces mitochondrial toxicity and apoptosis in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21102-21116. [PMID: 29074620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mensacarcin is a highly oxygenated polyketide that was first isolated from soil-dwelling Streptomyces bacteria. It exhibits potent cytostatic properties (mean of 50% growth inhibition = 0.2 μm) in almost all cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-60 cell line screen and relatively selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Moreover, its low COMPARE correlations with known standard antitumor agents indicate a unique mechanism of action. Effective therapies for managing melanoma are limited, so we sought to investigate mensacarcin's unique cytostatic and cytotoxic effects and its mode of action. By assessing morphological and biochemical features, we demonstrated that mensacarcin activates caspase-3/7-dependent apoptotic pathways and induces cell death in melanoma cells. Upon mensacarcin exposure, SK-Mel-28 and SK-Mel-5 melanoma cells, which have the BRAFV600E mutation associated with drug resistance, showed characteristic chromatin condensation as well as distinct poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 cleavage. Flow cytometry identified a large population of apoptotic melanoma cells, and single-cell electrophoresis indicated that mensacarcin causes genetic instability, a hallmark of early apoptosis. To visualize mensacarcin's subcellular localization, we synthesized a fluorescent mensacarcin probe that retained activity. The natural product probe was localized to mitochondria within 20 min of treatment. Live-cell bioenergetic flux analysis confirmed that mensacarcin disturbs energy production and mitochondrial function rapidly. The subcellular localization of the fluorescently labeled mensacarcin together with its unusual metabolic effects in melanoma cells provide evidence that mensacarcin targets mitochondria. Mensacarcin's unique mode of action suggests that it may be a useful probe for examining energy metabolism, particularly in BRAF-mutant melanoma, and represent a promising lead for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Plitzko
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Elizabeth N Kaweesa
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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44
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Chang YW, Huang YS. Midbody localization of vinexin recruits rhotekin to facilitate cytokinetic abscission. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2046-2057. [PMID: 28118077 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1284713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinexin is a SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein that has diverse roles in cell adhesion, signal transduction, gene regulation and stress granule assembly. In this study, we found that vinexin localizes at the midbody during cell division and facilitates cytokinesis. Knockdown of vinexin in HeLa cells delayed the mitotic cell cycle progression and increased the time of cell abscission and the failure to resolve the cytoplasmic bridge. Midbody-localized vinexin is essential for recruiting rhotekin to this structure for cytokinesis because overexpression of a vinexin mutant without a rhotekin-binding motif or knockdown of rhotekin also impaired cytokinetic abscission and increased the number of cells arrested at the midbody stage. Aberrant expression of vinexin and rhotekin in various cancers has been implicated to promote metastasis because of their functions in cell adhesion and signaling. Our findings reveal a novel role of vinexin and rhotekin in cytokinetic abscission and provide another perspective of how both molecules may affect oncogenic transformation via this fundamental cell cycle process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chang
- a Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- a Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
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45
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Gao Z, Niu X, Zhang Q, Chen H, Gao A, Qi S, Xiang R, Belting M, Zhang S. Mitochondria chaperone GRP75 moonlighting as a cell cycle controller to derail endocytosis provides an opportunity for nanomicrosphere intracellular delivery. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58536-58552. [PMID: 28938577 PMCID: PMC5601673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cancer cells regulate endocytosis during the cell cycle could lead us to capitalize this event pharmacologically. Although certain endocytosis pathways are attenuated during mitosis, the endocytosis shift and regulation during the cell cycle have not been well clarified. The conventional concept of glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) as protein folding chaperones was updated by discoveries that translocated GRPs assume moonlighting functions that modify the immune response, regulate viral release, and control intracellular trafficking. In this study, GRP75, a mitochondria matrix chaperone, was discovered to be highly expressed in mitotic cancer cells. Using synchronized cell models and the GRP75 gene knockdown and ectopic overexpression strategy, we showed that: (1) clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) was inhibited whereas clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) was unchanged or even up-regulated in the cell cycle M-phase; (2) GRP75 inhibited CME but promoted CIE in the M-phase, which is largely due to its high expression in cancer cell mitochondria; (3) GRP75 targeting by its small molecular inhibitor MKT-077 enhanced cell cycle G1 phase-privileged CME, which provides an opportunity for intracellular delivery of nanomicrospheres sized from 40 nm to 100 nm. Together, our results revealed that GRP75 moonlights as a cell cycle controller and endocytosis regulator in cancer cells, and thus has potential as a novel interference target for nanoparticle drugs delivery into dormant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Gao
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuran Niu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiai Gao
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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46
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Ren R, Deng L, Xue Y, Suzuki K, Zhang W, Yu Y, Wu J, Sun L, Gong X, Luan H, Yang F, Ju Z, Ren X, Wang S, Tang H, Geng L, Zhang W, Li J, Qiao J, Xu T, Qu J, Liu GH. Visualization of aging-associated chromatin alterations with an engineered TALE system. Cell Res 2017; 27:483-504. [PMID: 28139645 PMCID: PMC5385610 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization of specific genomic loci in live cells is a prerequisite for the investigation of dynamic changes in chromatin architecture during diverse biological processes, such as cellular aging. However, current precision genomic imaging methods are hampered by the lack of fluorescent probes with high specificity and signal-to-noise contrast. We find that conventional transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) tend to form protein aggregates, thereby compromising their performance in imaging applications. Through screening, we found that fusing thioredoxin with TALEs prevented aggregate formation, unlocking the full power of TALE-based genomic imaging. Using thioredoxin-fused TALEs (TTALEs), we achieved high-quality imaging at various genomic loci and observed aging-associated (epi) genomic alterations at telomeres and centromeres in human and mouse premature aging models. Importantly, we identified attrition of ribosomal DNA repeats as a molecular marker for human aging. Our study establishes a simple and robust imaging method for precisely monitoring chromatin dynamics in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Deng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanhong Xue
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaojun Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Huiqin Luan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Lingling Geng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jian Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Li D, Jiang J, Wang Y, Si S. Identification of a novel Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor that specifically blocks the functions of Polo-Box domain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1234-1246. [PMID: 27902479 PMCID: PMC5352051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a promising target for cancer therapy due to its essential role in cell division. In addition to a highly conserved kinase domain, Plk1 also contains a Polo-Box domain (PBD), which is essential for Plk1's subcellular localization and mitotic functions. We adopted a fluorescence polarization assay and identified a new Plk1 PBD inhibitor T521 from a small-molecule compound library. T521 specifically inhibits the PBD of Plk1, but not those of Plk2-3. T521 exhibits covalent binding to some lysine residues of Plk1 PBD, which causes significant changes in the secondary structure of Plk1 PBD. Using a cell-based assay, we showed that T521 impedes the interaction between Plk1 and Bub1, a mitotic checkpoint protein. Moreover, HeLa cells treated with T521 exhibited dramatic mitotic defects. Importantly, T521 suppresses the growth of A549 cells in xenograft nude mice. Taken together, we have identified a novel Plk1 inhibitor that specifically disrupts the functions of Plk1 PBD and shows anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Shuyi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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Halicka D, Zhao H, Li J, Garcia J, Podhorecka M, Darzynkiewicz Z. DNA Damage Response Resulting from Replication Stress Induced by Synchronization of Cells by Inhibitors of DNA Replication: Analysis by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1524:107-119. [PMID: 27815899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell synchronization is often achieved by transient inhibition of DNA replication. When cultured in the presence of such inhibitors as hydroxyurea, aphidicolin or excess of thymidine the cells that become arrested at the entrance to S-phase upon release from the block initiate progression through S then G2 and M. However, exposure to these inhibitors at concentrations commonly used to synchronize cells leads to activation of ATR and ATM protein kinases as well as phosphorylation of Ser139 of histone H2AX. This observation of DNA damage signaling implies that synchronization of cells by these inhibitors is inducing replication stress. Thus, a caution should be exercised while interpreting data obtained with use of cells synchronized this way since they do not represent unperturbed cell populations in a natural metabolic state. This chapter critically outlines virtues and vices of most cell synchronization methods. It also presents the protocol describing an assessment of phosphorylation of Ser139 on H2AX and activation of ATM in cells treated with aphidicolin, as a demonstrative of one of several DNA replication inhibitors that are being used for cell synchronization. Phosphorylation of Ser139H2AX and Ser1981ATM in individual cells is detected immunocytochemically with phospho-specific Abs and intensity of immunofluorescence is measured by flow cytometry. Concurrent measurement of cellular DNA content followed by multiparameter analysis allows one to correlate the extent of phosphorylation of these proteins in response to aphidicolin with the cell cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jiangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Jorge Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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Growth of the Mammalian Golgi Apparatus during Interphase. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2344-59. [PMID: 27325676 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00046-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cell cycle, genetic materials and organelles are duplicated to ensure that there is sufficient cellular content for daughter cells. While Golgi growth in interphase has been observed in lower eukaryotes, the elaborate ribbon structure of the mammalian Golgi apparatus has made it challenging to monitor. Here we demonstrate the growth of the mammalian Golgi apparatus in its protein content and volume during interphase. Through ultrastructural analyses, physical growth of the Golgi apparatus was revealed to occur by cisternal elongation of the individual Golgi stacks. By examining the timing and regulation of Golgi growth, we established that Golgi growth starts after passage through the cell growth checkpoint at late G1 phase and continues in a manner highly correlated with cell size growth. Finally, by identifying S6 kinase 1 as a major player in Golgi growth, we revealed the coordination between cell size and Golgi growth via activation of the protein synthesis machinery in early interphase.
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50
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Retargeting the Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin to the neuronal cytosol. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23707. [PMID: 27025362 PMCID: PMC4812341 DOI: 10.1038/srep23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological toxins are known to attack specific cell types, delivering their enzymatic payloads to the cytosol. This process can be manipulated by molecular engineering of chimeric toxins. Using toxins with naturally unlinked components as a starting point is advantageous because it allows for the development of payloads separately from the binding/translocation components. Here the Clostridium botulinum C2 binding/translocation domain was retargeted to neural cell populations by deleting its non-specific binding domain and replacing it with a C. botulinum neurotoxin binding domain. This fusion protein was used to deliver fluorescently labeled payloads to Neuro-2a cells. Intracellular delivery was quantified by flow cytometry and found to be dependent on artificial enrichment of cells with the polysialoganglioside receptor GT1b. Visualization by confocal microscopy showed a dissociation of payloads from the early endosome indicating translocation of the chimeric toxin. The natural Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin was then delivered to human glioblastoma A172 and synchronized HeLa cells. In the presence of the fusion protein, native cytosolic enzymatic activity of the enzyme was observed and found to be GT1b-dependent. This retargeted toxin may enable delivery of therapeutics to peripheral neurons and be of use in addressing experimental questions about neural physiology.
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