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Kwasniak-Owczarek M, Janska H. Experimental approaches to studying translation in plant semi-autonomous organelles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5175-5187. [PMID: 38592734 PMCID: PMC11389837 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles originated from free-living bacteria that have retained reduced genomes during evolution. As a consequence, relatively few of the mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are encoded in the organellar genomes and synthesized by the organellar ribosomes. Since both organellar genomes encode mainly components of the energy transduction systems, oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthetic apparatus in chloroplasts, understanding organellar translation is critical for a thorough comprehension of key aspects of mitochondrial and chloroplast activity affecting plant growth and development. Recent studies have clearly shown that translation is a key regulatory node in the expression of plant organellar genes, underscoring the need for an adequate methodology to study this unique stage of gene expression. The organellar translatome can be analysed by studying newly synthesized proteins or the mRNA pool recruited to the organellar ribosomes. In this review, we present experimental approaches used for studying translation in plant bioenergetic organelles. Their benefits and limitations, as well as the critical steps, are discussed. Additionally, we briefly mention several recently developed strategies to study organellar translation that have not yet been applied to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kwasniak-Owczarek
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, Wroclaw, 50-383, Poland
| | - Hanna Janska
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, Wroclaw, 50-383, Poland
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Romand S, Abdelkefi H, Lecampion C, Belaroussi M, Dussenne M, Ksas B, Citerne S, Caius J, D'Alessandro S, Fakhfakh H, Caffarri S, Havaux M, Field B. A guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) mediated brake on photosynthesis is required for acclimation to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2022; 11:e75041. [PMID: 35156611 PMCID: PMC8887892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate (together referred to as ppGpp) are hyperphosphorylated nucleotides found in bacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae. In plants and algae artificial ppGpp accumulation can inhibit chloroplast gene expression, and influence photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, growth, and immunity. However, it is so far unknown whether ppGpp is required for abiotic stress acclimation in plants. Here, we demonstrate that ppGpp biosynthesis is necessary for acclimation to nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis. We show that ppGpp is required for remodeling the photosynthetic electron transport chain to downregulate photosynthetic activity and for protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ppGpp is required for coupling chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression during nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our work indicates that ppGpp is a pivotal regulator of chloroplast activity for stress acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Hela Abdelkefi
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
| | - Cécile Lecampion
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Melanie Dussenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Jose Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
| | | | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of BizerteBizerteTunisia
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
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Romani I, Tadini L, Rossi F, Masiero S, Pribil M, Jahns P, Kater M, Leister D, Pesaresi P. Versatile roles of Arabidopsis plastid ribosomal proteins in plant growth and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:922-34. [PMID: 22900828 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A lack of individual plastid ribosomal proteins (PRPs) can have diverse phenotypic effects in Arabidopsis thaliana, ranging from embryo lethality to compromised vitality, with the latter being associated with photosynthetic lesions and decreases in the expression of plastid proteins. In this study, reverse genetics was employed to study the function of eight PRPs, five of which (PRPS1, -S20, -L27, -L28 and -L35) have not been functionally characterised before. In the case of PRPS17, only leaky alleles or RNA interference lines had been analysed previously. PRPL1 and PRPL4 have been described as essential for embryo development, but their mutant phenotypes are analysed in detail here. We found that PRPS20, -L1, -L4, -L27 and -L35 are required for basal ribosome activity, which becomes crucial at the globular stage and during the transition from the globular to the heart stage of embryogenesis. Thus, lack of any of these PRPs leads to alterations in cell division patterns, and embryo development ceases prior to the heart stage. PRPL28 is essential at the latest stages of embryo-seedling development, during the greening process. PRPS1, -S17 and -L24 appear not to be required for basal ribosome activity and the organism can complete its entire life cycle in their absence. Interestingly, despite the prokaryotic origin of plastids, the significance of individual PRPs for plant development cannot be predicted from the relative phenotypic severity of the corresponding mutants in prokaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Romani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, ItalyLehrstuhl für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, GermanyPlant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tadini L, Romani I, Pribil M, Jahns P, Leister D, Pesaresi P. Thylakoid redox signals are integrated into organellar-gene-expression-dependent retrograde signaling in the prors1-1 mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:282. [PMID: 23293642 PMCID: PMC3530781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations in organellar gene expression (OGE) and the thylakoid redox state (TRS) activate retrograde signaling pathways that adaptively modify nuclear gene expression (NGE), according to developmental and metabolic needs. The prors1-1 mutation in Arabidopsis down-regulates the expression of the nuclear gene Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase1 (PRORS1) which acts in both plastids and mitochondria, thereby impairing protein synthesis in both organelles and triggering OGE-dependent retrograde signaling. Because the mutation also affects thylakoid electron transport, TRS-dependent signals may likewise have an impact on the changes in NGE observed in this genotype. In this study, we have investigated whether signals related to TRS are actually integrated into the OGE-dependent retrograde signaling pathway. To this end, the chaos mutation (for chlorophyll a/b binding protein harvesting-organelle specific), which shows a partial loss of PSII antennae proteins and thus a reduction in PSII light absorption capability, was introduced into the prors1-1 mutant background. The resulting double mutant displayed a prors1-1-like reduction in plastid translation rate and a chaos-like decrease in PSII antenna size, whereas the hyper-reduction of the thylakoid electron transport chain, caused by the prors1-1 mutation, was alleviated, as determined by monitoring chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and thylakoid phosphorylation. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the nucleus-encoded photosynthesis genes down-regulated in the prors1-1 mutant are expressed at nearly wild-type rates in prors1-1 chaos leaves, and this recovery is reflected in the steady-state levels of their protein products in the chloroplast. We therefore conclude that signals related to photosynthetic electron transport and TRS, and indirectly to carbohydrate metabolism and energy balance, are indeed fed into the OGE-dependent retrograde pathway to modulate NGE and adjust the abundance of chloroplast proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tadini
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Isidora Romani
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dario Leister, Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. e-mail:
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
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