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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Xia L, Bellomo TR, Gibadullin R, Congdon MD, Edmondson EF, Li M, Wlodawer A, Li C, Temme JS, Patel P, Butcher D, Gildersleeve JC. Development of a GalNAc-Tyrosine-Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Detection of Tyrosine O-GalNAcylation in Numerous Human Tissues and Cell Lines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16410-16422. [PMID: 36054098 PMCID: PMC10655760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification involved in a range of biological processes including protein folding, signaling, and cell-cell interactions. In 2011, a new type of O-linked glycosylation was discovered, wherein the side-chain oxygen of tyrosine is modified with a GalNAc residue (GalNAc-Tyr). At present, very little is known about GalNAc-Tyr prevalence, function, or biosynthesis. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a GalNAc-Tyr-derived hapten and its use in generating a GalNAc-Tyr selective monoclonal antibody. The antibody, G10C, has an unusually high affinity (app KD = 100 pM) and excellent selectivity for GalNAc-Tyr. We also obtained a crystal structure of the G10C Fab region in complex with 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-α-d-galactosaminide (a small molecule mimic of GalNAc-Tyr) providing insights into the structural basis for high affinity and selectivity. Using this antibody, we discovered that GalNAc-Tyr is widely expressed in most human tissues, indicating that it is a ubiquitous and underappreciated post-translational modification. Localization to specific cell types and organ substructures within those tissues indicates that GalNAc-Tyr is likely regulated in a cell-specific manner. GalNAc-Tyr was also observed in a variety of cell lines and primary cells but was only present on the external cell surface in certain cancer cell lines, suggesting that GalNAc-Tyr localization may be altered in cancer cells. Collectively, the results shed new light on this under-studied form of glycosylation and provide access to new tools that will enable expanded biochemical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Tiffany R Bellomo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruslan Gibadullin
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Molly D Congdon
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Mi Li
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Crystal Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Pavan Patel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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4
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Temme JS, Crainic JA, Walker LM, Yang W, Tan Z, Huang X, Gildersleeve JC. Microarray-guided evaluation of the frequency, B cell origins, and selectivity of human glycan-binding antibodies reveals new insights and novel antibodies. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102468. [PMID: 36087840 PMCID: PMC9576894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system produces a diverse collection of antiglycan antibodies that are critical for host defense. At present, however, we know very little about the binding properties, origins, and sequences of these antibodies because of a lack of access to a variety of defined individual antibodies. To address this challenge, we used a glycan microarray with over 800 different components to screen a panel of 516 human monoclonal antibodies that had been randomly cloned from different B-cell subsets originating from healthy human subjects. We obtained 26 antiglycan antibodies, most of which bound microbial carbohydrates. The majority of the antiglycan antibodies identified in the screen displayed selective binding for specific glycan motifs on our array and lacked polyreactivity. We found that antiglycan antibodies were about twice as likely than expected to originate from IgG+ memory B cells, whereas none were isolated from naïve, early emigrant, or immature B cells. Therefore, our results indicate that certain B-cell subsets in our panel are enriched in antiglycan antibodies, and IgG+ memory B cells may be a promising source of such antibodies. Furthermore, some of the newly identified antibodies bound glycans for which there are no reported monoclonal antibodies available, and these may be useful as research tools, diagnostics, or therapeutic agents. Overall, the results provide insight into the types and properties of antiglycan antibodies produced by the human immune system and a framework for the identification of novel antiglycan antibodies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Jennifer A Crainic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Zibin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702.
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5
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Cutolo G, Didak B, Tomas J, Roubinet B, Lafite P, Nehmé R, Schuler M, Landemarre L, Tatibouët A. The myrosinase-glucosinolate system to generate neoglycoproteins: A case study targeting mannose binding lectins. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Temme JS, Gildersleeve JC. General Strategies for Glycan Microarray Data Processing and Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2460:67-87. [PMID: 34972931 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput technology for rapidly profiling interactions between carbohydrates and glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). Use of glycan microarrays involves several general steps, including construction of the microarray, carrying out the assay, detection of binding events, and analysis of the results. While multiple platforms have been developed to construct microarrays, most utilize fluorescence for detection of binding events. This chapter describes methods to acquire and process microarray images, including generating GAL files, imaging of the slide, aligning the grid, detecting problematic spots, and evaluating the quality of the data. The chapter focuses on processing our neoglycoprotein microarrays, but many of the lessons we have learned are applicable to other array formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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7
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Zhang L, Yu H, Bai Y, Mishra B, Yang X, Wang J, Yu EB, Li R, Chen X. A Neoglycoprotein-Immobilized Fluorescent Magnetic Bead Suspension Multiplex Array for Galectin-Binding Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:6194. [PMID: 34684775 PMCID: PMC8541226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein conjugates have diverse applications. They have been used clinically as vaccines against bacterial infection and have been developed for high-throughput assays to elucidate the ligand specificities of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and antibodies. Here, we report an effective process that combines highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates, production of carbohydrate-bovine serum albumin (glycan-BSA) conjugates using a squarate linker, and convenient immobilization of the resulting neoglycoproteins on carboxylate-coated fluorescent magnetic beads for the development of a suspension multiplex array platform. A glycan-BSA-bead array containing BSA and 50 glycan-BSA conjugates with tuned glycan valency was generated. The binding profiles of six plant lectins with binding preference towards Gal and/or GalNAc, as well as human galectin-3 and galectin-8, were readily obtained. Our results provide useful information to understand the multivalent glycan-binding properties of human galectins. The neoglycoprotein-immobilized fluorescent magnetic bead suspension multiplex array is a robust and flexible platform for rapid analysis of glycan and GBP interactions and will find broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Evan B. Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Riyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (L.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (E.B.Y.); (R.L.)
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8
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Carbohydrate antigen microarray analysis of serum IgG and IgM antibodies before and after adult porcine islet xenotransplantation in cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253029. [PMID: 34138941 PMCID: PMC8211184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the anti-carbohydrate antibody response toward epitopes expressed on porcine cells, tissues, and organs is critical to advancing xenotransplantation toward clinical application. In this study, we determined IgM and IgG antibody specificities and relative concentrations in five cynomolgus monkeys at baseline and at intervals following intraportal xenotransplantation of adult porcine islets. This study utilized a carbohydrate antigen microarray that comprised more than 400 glycoconjugates, including historically reported α-Gal and non-α-Gal carbohydrate antigens with various modifications. The elicited anti-carbohydrate antibody responses were predominantly IgM compared to IgG in 4 out of 5 monkeys. Patterns of elicited antibody responses greater than 1.5 difference (log2 base units; 2.8-fold on a linear scale) from pre-serum to post-serum sampling specific for carbohydrate antigens were heterogeneous and recipient-specific. Increases in the elicited antibody response to α-Gal, Sda, GM2 antigens, or Lexis X antigen were found in individual monkeys. The novel carbohydrate structures Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1 and N-linked glycans with Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ structure were common targets of elicited IgM antibodies. These results provide important insights into the carbohydrate epitopes that elicit antibodies following pig-to-monkey islet xenotransplantation and reveal possible targets for gene editing.
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Martinez JER, Thomas B, Flitsch SL. Glycan Array Technology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:435-456. [PMID: 31907566 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycan (or carbohydrate) arrays have become an essential tool in glycomics, providing fast and high-throughput data on protein-carbohydrate interactions with small amounts of carbohydrate ligands. The general concepts of glycan arrays have been adopted from other microarray technologies such as those used for nucleic acid and proteins. However, carbohydrates have presented their own challenges, in particular in terms of access to glycan probes, linker attachment chemistries and analysis, which will be reviewed in this chapter. As more and more glycan probes have become available through chemical and enzymatic synthesis and robust linker chemistries have been developed, the applications of glycan arrays have dramatically increased over the past 10 years, which will be illustrated with recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baptiste Thomas
- School of Chemistry and MIB, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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10
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Nanno Y, Sterner E, Gildersleeve JC, Hering BJ, Burlak C. Profiling natural serum antibodies of non-human primates with a carbohydrate antigen microarray. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12567. [PMID: 31762117 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineering of α-Galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs circumvented hyperacute rejection of pig organs after xenotransplantation in non-human primates. Overcoming this hurdle revealed the importance of non-α-Gal carbohydrate antigens in the immunobiology of acute humoral xenograft rejection. METHODS This study analyzed serum from seven naïve cynomolgus monkeys (blood type O/B/AB = 3/2/2) for the intensity of natural IgM and IgG signals using carbohydrate antigen microarray, which included historically reported α-Gal and non-α-Gal carbohydrate antigens with various modifications. RESULTS The median (range) of IgM and IgG signals were 12.71 (7.23-16.38) and 9.05 (7.23-15.90), respectively. The highest IgM and IgG signals with narrowest distribution were from mono- and disaccharides, followed by modified structures. Natural anti-α-Gal antibody signals were medium to high in IgM (11.2-15.9) and medium in IgG (8.5-11.6) spectra, and was highest with Lac core structure (Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glc, iGb3) and lowest with LacNAc core structure (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc). Similar signal intensities (up to 15.8 in IgM and up to 11.8 in IgG) were observed for historically detected natural non-α-Gal antigens, which included Tn antigen, T antigen, GM2 glycolipid, and Sda antigen. The hierarchical clustering analysis revealed the presence of clusters of anti-A antibodies and was capable of distinguishing between the blood group B and AB non-human primates. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here provide the most comprehensive evaluation of natural antibodies present in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Nanno
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Sterner
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Temme JS, Campbell CT, Gildersleeve JC. Factors contributing to variability of glycan microarray binding profiles. Faraday Discuss 2019; 219:90-111. [PMID: 31338503 PMCID: PMC9335900 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play significant roles in a wide variety of biological systems. Glycan microarrays are commonly utilized to interrogate the selectivity, sensitivity, and breadth of these complex protein-carbohydrate interactions. During the past two decades, numerous distinct glycan microarray platforms have been developed, each assembled from a variety of slide-surface chemistries, glycan-attachment chemistries, glycan presentations, linkers, and glycan densities. Comparative analyses of glycan microarray data have shown that while many protein-carbohydrate interactions behave predictably across microarrays, there are instances when various array formats produce different results. For optimal construction and use of this technology, it is important to understand sources of variances across array platforms. In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of microarray data from 8 lectins across a range of concentrations on the CFG and neoglycoprotein array platforms. While there was good general agreement on the binding specificity of the lectins on the two arrays, there were some cases of large discrepancies. Differences in glycan density and linker composition contributed significantly to variability. The results provide insights for interpreting microarray data and designing future glycan microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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12
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Trabbic KR, Whalen K, Abarca-Heideman K, Xia L, Temme JS, Edmondson EF, Gildersleeve JC, Barchi JJ. A Tumor-Selective Monoclonal Antibody from Immunization with a Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5662. [PMID: 30952968 PMCID: PMC6450958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously studied the generation of immune responses after vaccination with tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA)-containing glycopeptides from the tandem repeat (TR) sequence of MUC4, an aberrantly expressed mucin in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A specific lead antigen from that study containing the Thomsen-Friedenreich TACA disaccharide facilitated the pursuit of a monoclonal antibody to this synthetic hapten. Initial evaluation of polyclonal antiserum resulting from immunization with a KLH conjugate of this glycopeptide into rabbits showed high titer antibodies by ELISA assays, and selective immunoreactivity with MUC4+ cells by western blot and flow cytometry techniques. Glycan microarray analysis showed an intriguing binding pattern where the antiserum showed near complete specificity for MUC4 TR glycopeptides and peptides, relative to all components on the array. Tissue staining also showed distinct tumor specificity to pancreatic tumor tissue in relation to normal pancreatic tissue, with a preference for more aggressive tumor foci. Based on this data, we produced a monoclonal antibody whose binding and reactivity profile was similar to that of the polyclonal serum, with the added benefit of being more specific for the N-terminal glycosylated peptide domain. This epitope represents a novel immunogen to potentially develop diagnostic antibodies or immunotherapies against various MUC4-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Trabbic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Li Xia
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Pathology and Histotechnology Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Durbin S, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC. Development of a Multiplex Glycan Microarray Assay and Comparative Analysis of Human Serum Anti-Glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM Repertoires. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16882-16891. [PMID: 30613809 PMCID: PMC6312630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serum antibodies that recognize carbohydrate antigens play a fundamental role in immune defense, homeostasis, and autoimmunity. In addition, they serve as potential biomarkers for a variety of medical applications. For most anti-glycan antibodies found in human serum, however, the origins, regulation, and biological significance are not well understood. Antibody subpopulations that are relevant to a particular biological process or disease are often difficult to identify from the myriad of anti-glycan antibodies present in human serum. While prior studies have examined anti-glycan IgG and/or IgM repertoires, little is known about IgA repertoires or how IgA, IgG, and IgM are related. In this study, we describe the development of a multiplex assay to simultaneously detect IgA, IgG, and IgM on a glycan microarray and its application to studying anti-glycan repertoires in healthy subjects. The multiplex glycan microarray assay revealed unique insights and systems-level relationships that would be difficult to uncover using traditional approaches. In particular, we found that anti-glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM expression levels appear to be tightly regulated, coordinated within individuals, and stable over time. Additionally, our results help define natural fluctuations over time, which is critical for identifying changes that are beyond normal biological variation.
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Briard JG, Jiang H, Moremen KW, Macauley MS, Wu P. Cell-based glycan arrays for probing glycan-glycan binding protein interactions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:880. [PMID: 29491407 PMCID: PMC5830402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput means of profiling the interactions of glycan-binding proteins with their ligands. However, the construction of current glycan microarray platforms is time consuming and expensive. Here, we report a fast and cost-effective method for the assembly of cell-based glycan arrays to probe glycan-glycan-binding protein interactions directly on the cell surface. Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with a narrow and relatively homogeneous repertoire of glycoforms serve as the foundation platforms to develop these arrays. Using recombinant glycosyltransferases, sialic acid, fucose, and analogs thereof are installed on cell-surface glycans to form cell-based arrays displaying diverse glycan epitopes that can be probed with glycan-binding proteins by flow cytometry. Using this platform, high-affinity glycan ligands are discovered for Siglec-15-a sialic acid-binding lectin involved in osteoclast differentiation. Incubating human osteoprogenitor cells with cells displaying a high-affinity Siglec-15 ligand impairs osteoclast differentiation, demonstrating the utility of this cell-based glycan array technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Grace Briard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science & Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Matthew Scott Macauley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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15
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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16
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Pashova S, Schneider C, von Gunten S, Pashov A. Antibody repertoire profiling with mimotope arrays. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:314-322. [PMID: 27929733 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1264786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale profiling and monitoring of antibody repertoires is possible through next generation sequencing (NGS), phage display libraries and microarrays. These methods can be combined in a pipeline, which ultimately maps the antibody reactivities onto defined arrays of structures - peptides or carbohydrates. The arrays can help analyze the individual specificities or can be used as complex patterns. In any case, the targets recognized should formally be considered mimotopes unless they are proven to be epitopes driving the antibody synthesis. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of the major profiling techniques as well as their current and future application in disease prediction and vaccination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Pashova
- a Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Anastas Pashov
- c Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
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17
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Huang ML, Fisher CJ, Godula K. Glycomaterials for probing host-pathogen interactions and the immune response. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1042-53. [PMID: 27190259 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216647811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial engagement of host cells by pathogens is often mediated by glycan structures presented on the cell surface. Various components of the glycocalyx can be targeted by pathogens for adhesion to facilitate infection. Glycans also play integral roles in the modulation of the host immune response to infection. Therefore, understanding the parameters that define glycan interactions with both pathogens and the various components of the host immune system can aid in the development of strategies to prevent, interrupt, or manage infection. Glycomaterials provide a unique and powerful tool with which to interrogate the compositional and functional complexity of the glycocalyx. The objective of this review is to highlight some key contributions from this area of research in deciphering the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the associated host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia L Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Multi-dimensional glycan microarrays with glyco-macroligands. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:483-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens are important targets for the immune system, but identification of key glycan antigens is challenging. Direct analysis of glycomes by mass spectrometry is difficult, and detection reagents, such as monoclonal antibodies and lectins, are only available for a small subset of glycans. An alternative approach involves profiling serum anti-glycan antibody populations to identify unique antibodies or changes in antibody subpopulations. Glycan microarray technology allows rapid evaluation of hundreds to thousands of antigen-antibody interactions in a single experiment. This high-throughput format is particularly useful in profiling complex anti-glycan antibodies in serum. Here we elaborate the use of this technology to explore clinically relevant carbohydrate antigens by profiling serum anti-glycan antibodies. Detailed protocols from glycan microarray fabrication to microarray binding assays and analysis of microarray data are presented.
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20
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Wang L, Cummings RD, Smith DF, Huflejt M, Campbell CT, Gildersleeve JC, Gerlach JQ, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Parera Pera N, Pieters RJ, Eng W, Mahal LK. Cross-platform comparison of glycan microarray formats. Glycobiology 2014; 24:507-17. [PMID: 24658466 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates participate in almost every aspect of biology from protein sorting to modulating cell differentiation and cell-cell interactions. To date, the majority of data gathered on glycan expression has been obtained via analysis with either anti-glycan antibodies or lectins. A detailed understanding of the specificities of these reagents is critical to the analysis of carbohydrates in biological systems. Glycan microarrays are increasingly used to determine the binding specificity of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). In this study, six different glycan microarray platforms with different modes of glycan presentation were compared using five well-known lectins; concanavalin A, Helix pomatia agglutinin, Maackia amurensis lectin I, Sambucus nigra agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. A new method (universal threshold) was developed to facilitate systematic comparisons across distinct array platforms. The strongest binders of each lectin were identified using the universal threshold across all platforms while identification of weaker binders was influenced by platform-specific factors including presentation of determinants, array composition and self-reported thresholding methods. This work compiles a rich dataset for comparative analysis of glycan array platforms and has important implications for the implementation of microarrays in the characterization of GBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, New York University Department of Chemistry, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York, NY 10003, USA
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