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Jiang Y, Pan Q, Zhu X, Liu J, Liu Z, Deng Y, Liu W, Liu Y. Knockdown of CCR3 gene inhibits Proliferation, migration and degranulation of eosinophils in mice by downregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Lu Y, Huang Y, Li J, Huang J, Zhang L, Feng J, Li J, Xia Q, Zhao Q, Huang L, Jiang S, Su S. Eosinophil extracellular traps drive asthma progression through neuro-immune signals. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1060-1072. [PMID: 34616019 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammation is a feature of allergic asthma. Despite mounting evidence showing that chromatin filaments released from neutrophils mediate various diseases, the understanding of extracellular DNA from eosinophils is limited. Here we show that eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are associated with the severity of asthma in patients. Functionally, we find that EETs augment goblet-cell hyperplasia, mucus production, infiltration of inflammatory cells and expressions of type 2 cytokines in experimental non-infection-related asthma using both pharmaceutical and genetic approaches. Multiple clinically relevant allergens trigger EET formation at least partially via thymic stromal lymphopoietin in vivo. Mechanically, EETs activate pulmonary neuroendocrine cells via the CCDC25-ILK-PKCα-CRTC1 pathway, which is potentiated by eosinophil peroxidase. Subsequently, the pulmonary neuroendocrine cells amplify allergic immune responses via neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Therapeutically, inhibition of CCDC25 alleviates allergic inflammation. Together, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role of EETs in integrating immunological and neurological cues to drive asthma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijiao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qidong Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanping Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Luschnig P, Kienzl M, Roula D, Pilic J, Atallah R, Heinemann A, Sturm EM. The JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib suppresses eosinophil effector function and restricts allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114690. [PMID: 34274356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic asthma is increasingly recognized as one of the most severe and difficult-to-treat asthma subtypes. The JAK/STAT pathway is the principal signaling mechanism for a variety of cytokines and growth factors involved in asthma. However, the direct effect of JAK inhibitors on eosinophil effector function has not been addressed thus far. OBJECTIVE Here we compared the effects of the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib and the JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib on eosinophil effector function in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Differentiation of murine bone marrow-derived eosinophils. Migratory responsiveness, respiratory burst, phagocytosis and apoptosis of human peripheral blood eosinophils were assessed in vitro. In vivo effects were investigated in a mouse model of acute house dust mite-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. RESULTS Baricitinib more potently induced apoptosis and inhibited eosinophil chemotaxis and respiratory burst, while baricitinib and tofacitinib similarly affected eosinophil differentiation and phagocytosis. Of the JAK inhibitors, oral application of baricitinib more potently prevented lung eosinophilia in mice following allergen challenge. However, both JAK inhibitors neither affected airway resistance nor compliance. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib is even more potent than the JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib in suppressing eosinophil effector function. Thus, targeting the JAK1/2 pathway represents a promising therapeutic strategy for eosinophilic inflammation as observed in severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Luschnig
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Kienzl
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - David Roula
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Pilic
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reham Atallah
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Otto-Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Schirmer B, Bringmann L, Seifert R, Neumann D. In vivo Evidence for Partial Activation of Eosinophils via the Histamine H 4-Receptor: Adoptive Transfer Experiments Using Eosinophils From H 4R -/- and H 4R +/+ Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2119. [PMID: 30319608 PMCID: PMC6167465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous in vitro studies revealed that histamine via histamine the H4-receptors (H4R), as compared to other stimuli, such as eotaxin or formylpeptides, rather partially activates eosinophilic granulocytes (eosinophils). In order to evaluate the H4R-mediated activation of eosinophils in vivo, we employed dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, closely resembling human ulcerative colitis (UC), which is largely characterized by a local eosinophilic infiltration of the colon. IL-5-deficient BALB/c mice served as a model with reduced endogenous numbers of eosinophils, in which wild-type (H4R+/+) or H4R-deficient (H4R−/−) eosinophils were adoptively transferred during the course of DSS-induced colitis. During the 1-week observation period, transfer of eosinophils transiently reversed the acute clinical colitis-like phenotype (body weight loss, perianal bleeding, soft stool consistency) resulting from IL-5-deficiency. This reversion was significantly more pronounced upon transfer of eosinophils from H4R+/+ mice as compared to those from H4R−/− mice. Already at the end of the observation period, the clinical effects of the transfer of H4R+/+ and H4R−/− eosinophils became similar, as were the results of the histological examination of the cola and the analyses of cytokine production in cola and in re-stimulated lymph node cells performed at this time. Thus, analyzing clinical and pathological parameters representative of colitis in this model, we demonstrate that as well as in vitro, also in vivo histamine via the H4R only partially activates eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Schirmer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa Bringmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, 'non-effector' functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Gangwar RS, Friedman S, Seaf M, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells and eosinophils in allergy: Close friends or just neighbors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 778:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Physiologic concentrations of HMGB1 have no impact on cytokine-mediated eosinophil survival or chemotaxis in response to Eotaxin-2 (CCL24). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118887. [PMID: 25774667 PMCID: PMC4361739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 is an alarmin that can stimulate the innate immune system alone or in a complex with other inflammatory mediators. Given the recent interest in HMGB1 with respect to the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated disorders, including asthmatic inflammation and chronic rhinosinusitis, we have explored the role of this mediator and in promoting eosinophil activation. HMGB1 receptors RAGE and TLR4 but not TLR2 were detected on freshly isolated human eosinophils from healthy donors. Physiologic and relevant pathophysiologic levels of biologically-active HMGB1 had no effect on survival of human eosinophils alone or in combination with pro-survival cytokines IL-5, IL-3, or GM-CSF, and increasing concentrations of HMGB1 had no impact on surface expression of RAGE, TLR2 or TLR4. Similarly, HMGB1 did not elicit chemotaxis of human eosinophils alone and had no effect in combination with the eosinophil chemotactic agent, eotaxin-2 (CCL24). However, surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 increased in response to cell stress, notably on eosinophils that remain viable after 48 hours without IL-5. As such, HMGB1 signaling on eosinophils may be substantially more detailed, and may involve complex immunostimulatory pathways other than or in addition to those evaluated here.
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8
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Bossios A, Rådinger M. CD34+ eosinophil-lineage-committed cells in the mouse lung. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1178:29-43. [PMID: 24986605 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1016-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that eosinophil progenitor cells are capable of extramedullary proliferation but also enhance chronic inflammation via their own production of inflammatory and chemotactic mediators, thus augmenting the degree of inflammation by recruitment of more progenitors or mature effector cells, such as eosinophils at the site of inflammation. In this chapter, we provide methods focused on detecting eosinophil progenitor cells in the lung of allergen-challenged mice and how to monitor their proliferation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Bossios
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Ashino S, Han J, Jia Y, Wang M, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Gelfand EW. Eosinophils contribute to the resolution of lung-allergic responses following repeated allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:451-60. [PMID: 25312762 PMCID: PMC4587899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils accumulate at the site of allergic inflammation and are critical effector cells in allergic diseases. Recent studies have also suggested a role for eosinophils in the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of eosinophils in the resolution phase of the response to repeated allergen challenge. METHODS Eosinophil-deficient (PHIL) and wild-type (WT) littermates were sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin (OVA) 7 or 11 times. Airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine levels, and lung histology were monitored. Intracellular cytokine levels in BAL leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Groups of OVA-sensitized PHIL mice received bone marrow from WT or IL-10(-/-) donors 30 days before the OVA challenge. RESULTS PHIL and WT mice developed similar levels of AHR and numbers of leukocytes and cytokine levels in BAL fluid after OVA sensitization and 7 airway challenges; no eosinophils were detected in the PHIL mice. Unlike WT mice, sensitized PHIL mice maintained AHR, lung inflammation, and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluid after 11 challenges whereas IL-10 and TGF-β levels were decreased. Restoration of eosinophil numbers after injection of bone marrow from WT but not IL-10-deficient mice restored levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in BAL fluid as well as suppressed AHR and inflammation. Intracellular staining of BAL leukocytes revealed the capacity of eosinophils to produce IL-10. CONCLUSIONS After repeated allergen challenge, eosinophils appeared not essential for the development of AHR and lung inflammation but contributed to the resolution of AHR and inflammation by producing IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yoshiki Shiraishi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Shigeru Ashino
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Junyan Han
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yi Jia
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - James J Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
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10
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Maroz A, Stachorski L, Emmrich S, Reinhardt K, Xu J, Shao Z, Käbler S, Dertmann T, Hitzler J, Roberts I, Vyas P, Juban G, Hennig C, Hansen G, Li Z, Orkin S, Reinhardt D, Klusmann JH. GATA1s induces hyperproliferation of eosinophil precursors in Down syndrome transient leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 28:1259-70. [PMID: 24336126 PMCID: PMC4047213 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient leukemia (TL) is evident in 5–10% of all neonates with Down syndrome (DS) and associated with N-terminal truncating GATA1-mutations (GATA1s). Here we report that TL cell clones generate abundant eosinophils in a substantial fraction of patients. Sorted eosinophils from patients with TL and eosinophilia carried the same GATA1s-mutation as sorted TL-blasts, consistent with their clonal origin. TL-blasts exhibited a genetic program characteristic of eosinophils and differentiated along the eosinophil lineage in vitro. Similarly, ectopic expression of Gata1s, but not Gata1, in wild-type CD34+-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells induced hyperproliferation of eosinophil promyelocytes in vitro. While GATA1s retained the function of GATA1 to induce eosinophil genes by occupying their promoter regions, GATA1s was impaired in its ability to repress oncogenic MYC and the pro-proliferative E2F transcription network. ChIP-seq indicated reduced GATA1s occupancy at the MYC promoter. Knockdown of MYC, or the obligate E2F-cooperation partner DP1, rescued the GATA1s-induced hyperproliferative phenotype. In agreement, terminal eosinophil maturation was blocked in Gata1Δe2 knockin mice, exclusively expressing Gata1s, leading to accumulation of eosinophil precursors in blood and bone marrow. These data suggest a direct relationship between the N-terminal truncating mutations of GATA1 and clonal eosinophilia in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maroz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Stachorski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Emmrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Xu
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Shao
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Käbler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Dertmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Hitzler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Roberts
- Oxford University Department of Paediatrics, Childrens Hospital and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
| | - P Vyas
- 1] MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [2] Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - G Juban
- 1] MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [2] Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - C Hennig
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Z Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Orkin
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J-H Klusmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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