1
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Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. E. coli strain-dependent lipid alterations in cocultures with endothelial cells and neutrophils modeling sepsis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980460. [PMID: 36203941 PMCID: PMC9530349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism is common in infection and inflammation and is a part of the complex milieu underlying the pathophysiological sequelae of disease. Sepsis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world and is characterized by an exaggerated host response to an infection. Metabolic changes, including alterations in lipid metabolism, likely are important in sepsis pathophysiology. Here, we designed an in vitro cell culture model using endothelial cells, E. coli, and neutrophils to mimic sepsis in a simplified cell model. Lipid alterations were studied in the presence of the pathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and non-pathogenic E. coli strain JM109. We employed untargeted lipidomics to first identify lipid changes and then targeted lipidomics to confirm changes. Both unique and shared lipid signatures were identified in cocultures with these E. coli strains. In the absence of neutrophils, the CFT073 strain elicited alterations in lysophosphatidylcholine and diglyceride molecular species during coculture while both strains led to increases in phosphatidylglycerols. Lipid alterations in these cocultures changed with the addition of neutrophils. In the presence of neutrophils with E. coli and endothelial cells, triglyceride increases were a unique response to the CFT073 strain while phosphatidylglycerol and diglyceride increases occurred in response to both strains. Phosphatidylethanolamine also increased in neutrophils, E. coli and endothelial cells cocultures, and this response was greater in the presence of the CFT073 strain. We further evaluated changes in phosphatidylethanolamine in a rat model of sepsis, which showed multiple plasma phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species were elevated shortly after the induction of sepsis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate unique lipid responses by co-cultures of E. coli with endothelial cells which are dependent on the E. coli strain as well as the presence of neutrophils. Furthermore, increases in phosphatidylethanolamine levels in CFT073 urosepsis E. coli, endothelial cell, neutrophil cocultures were similarly observed in the plasma of septic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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2
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Amunugama K, Kolar GR, Ford DA. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase Derived Chlorolipid Production During Bacteria Exposure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701227. [PMID: 34489949 PMCID: PMC8416994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells recruited to the sites of infection and inflammation. During neutrophil activation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released and converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl reacts with plasmalogen phospholipids to liberate 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD), which is metabolized to 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD are linked with inflammatory diseases and induce endothelial dysfunction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) and neutrophil chemotaxis. Here we examine the neutrophil-derived chlorolipid production in the presence of pathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and non-pathogenic E. coli strain JM109. Neutrophils cocultured with CFT073 E. coli strain and JM109 E. coli strain resulted in 2-ClFALD production. 2-ClFA was elevated only in CFT073 coculture. NETosis is more prevalent in CFT073 cocultures with neutrophils compared to JM109 cocultures. 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD were both shown to have significant bactericidal activity, which is more severe in JM109 E. coli. 2-ClFALD metabolic capacity was 1000-fold greater in neutrophils compared to either strain of E. coli. MPO inhibition reduced chlorolipid production as well as bacterial killing capacity. These findings indicate the chlorolipid profile is different in response to these two different strains of E. coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grant R. Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Research Microscopy and Histology Core, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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3
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Parker HA, Dickerhof N, Forrester L, Ryburn H, Smyth L, Messens J, Aung HL, Cook GM, Kettle AJ, Hampton MB. Mycobacterium smegmatis Resists the Bactericidal Activity of Hypochlorous Acid Produced in Neutrophil Phagosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1901-1912. [PMID: 33753427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are often the major leukocyte at sites of mycobacterial infection, yet little is known about their ability to kill mycobacteria. In this study we have investigated whether the potent antibacterial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) contributes to killing of Mycobacterium smegmatis when this bacterium is phagocytosed by human neutrophils. We found that M. smegmatis were ingested by neutrophils into intracellular phagosomes but were killed slowly. We measured a t 1/2 of 30 min for the survival of M. smegmatis inside neutrophils, which is 5 times longer than that reported for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 times longer than Escherichia coli Live-cell imaging indicated that neutrophils generated HOCl in phagosomes containing M. smegmatis; however, inhibition of HOCl production did not alter the rate of bacterial killing. Also, the doses of HOCl that are likely to be produced inside phagosomes failed to kill isolated bacteria. Lethal doses of reagent HOCl caused oxidation of mycothiol, the main low-m.w. thiol in this bacterium. In contrast, phagocytosed M. smegmatis maintained their original level of reduced mycothiol. Collectively, these findings suggest that M. smegmatis can cope with the HOCl that is produced inside neutrophil phagosomes. A mycothiol-deficient mutant was killed by neutrophils at the same rate as wild-type bacteria, indicating that mycothiol itself is not the main driver of M. smegmatis resistance. Understanding how M. smegmatis avoids killing by phagosomal HOCl could provide new opportunities to sensitize pathogenic mycobacteria to destruction by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Forrester
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Heath Ryburn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Leon Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joris Messens
- Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; and.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Htin L Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
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4
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Kuhikar R, Khan N, Khare SP, Fulzele A, Melinkeri S, Kale V, Limaye L. Neutrophils generated in vitro from hematopoietic stem cells isolated from apheresis samples and umbilical cord blood form neutrophil extracellular traps. Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102150. [PMID: 33450673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) comprising of decondensed chromatin that immobilizes and kills pathogens. In vitro generation of neutrophils on a large scale from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) may be a useful strategy for treating neutropenic patients in future, though it is not in clinical practice yet. Microbial infections lead to major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Despite the importance of NET in preventing infection, efficacy of in vitro-generated neutrophils from HSCs to form NET is not tested. We show that functional neutrophils could be generated in vitro from HSCs/MNCs isolated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and apheresis-derived peripheral blood (APBL). Neutrophils generated from UCB showed properties comparable to those isolated from peripheral blood. We also show that isolation of HSCs is not absolutely essential for in vitro neutrophil generation. Further, we show that neutrophils generated from HSCs express PADI4 enzyme and their NET-forming ability is comparable to peripheral blood neutrophils. Taken together, our data show that fully functional neutrophils can be generated in vitro from HSCs. NET-forming ability of in vitro-generated neutrophils is an important parameter to determine their functionality and thus, should be studied along with other standard functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Kuhikar
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Nikhat Khan
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Satyajeet P Khare
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Amit Fulzele
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sameer Melinkeri
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Erandawne, Pune 411004, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India; Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Lalita Limaye
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
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5
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Peñaloza HF, Ahn D, Schultz BM, Piña-Iturbe A, González LA, Bueno SM. L-Arginine Enhances Intracellular Killing of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 by Murine Neutrophils. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:571771. [PMID: 33282749 PMCID: PMC7691228 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.571771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 (CRKP-ST258) are a global concern due to their rapid dissemination, high lethality, antibiotic resistance and resistance to components of the immune response, such as neutrophils. Neutrophils are major host mediators, able to kill well-studied and antibiotic-sensitive laboratory reference strains of K. pneumoniae. However, CRKP-ST258 are able to evade neutrophil phagocytic killing, persisting longer in the host despite robust neutrophil recruitment. Here, we show that neutrophils are unable to clear a CRKP-ST258 isolate (KP35). Compared to the response elicited by a prototypic K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 (KPPR1), the neutrophil intracellular response against KP35 is characterized by equivalent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase content, but impaired phagosomal acidification. Our results ruled out that this phenomenon is due to a phagocytosis defect, as we observed similar efficiency of phagocytosis by neutrophils infected with KP35 or KPPR1. Genomic analysis of the cps loci of KPPR1 and KP35 suggest that the capsule composition of KP35 explain the high phagocytosis efficiency by neutrophils. Consistent with other reports, we show that KP35 did not induce DNA release by neutrophils and KPPR1 only induced it at 3 h, when most of the bacteria have already been cleared. l-arginine metabolism has been identified as an important modulator of the host immune response and positively regulate T cells, macrophages and neutrophils in response to microbes. Our data show that l-arginine supplementation improved phagosome acidification, increased ROS production and enhanced nitric oxide consumption by neutrophils in response to KP35. The enhanced intracellular response observed after l-arginine supplementation ultimately improved KP35 clearance in vitro. KP35 was able to dysregulate the intracellular microbicidal machinery of neutrophils to survive in the intracellular environment. This process, however, can be reversed after l-arginine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Piña-Iturbe
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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de Castro MS, Miyazawa M, Nogueira ESC, Chavasco JK, Brancaglion GA, Cerdeira CD, Nogueira DA, Ionta M, Hanemann JAC, Brigagão MRPL, Sperandio FF. Photobiomodulation enhances the Th1 immune response of human monocytes. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 37:135-148. [PMID: 33155162 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on human monocytes, assessing the oxidative burst and ultimate fungicidal potential of these cells, as well as the gene expression at the mRNA level of CD68, CD80, CD163, CD204, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 in derived macrophages. Primary cultures of human monocytes were irradiated with an InGaAlP (660 nm)/GaAlAs (780 nm) diode laser (parameters: 40 mW, 0.04 cm2, 1 W/cm2; doses: 200, 400 and 600 J/cm2). Cells were submitted to the chemiluminescence assay, and a microbicidal activity assay against Candida albicans was performed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were measured, and cell viability was assessed by the exclusion method using 0.2% Trypan blue reagent. Irradiated monocytes were cultured for 72 h towards differentiation into macrophages. Total RNA was extracted, submitted to reverse transcription and real-time PCR. The results were analysed by ANOVA and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Irradiated monocytes revealed a significant increase in their intracellular and extracellular ROS (P < 0.001). The 660 nm wavelength and 400 J/cm2 dose were the most relevant parameters (P < 0.001). The fungicidal capacity of the monocytes was shown to be greatly increased after PBM (P < 0.001). PBM increased the expression of TNF-α (P = 0.0302) and the production of NO (P < 0.05) and did not impair monocyte viability. PBM induces a pro-inflammatory Th1-driven response in monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Santos de Castro
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Marta Miyazawa
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ester Siqueira Caixeta Nogueira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kleber Chavasco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Andrade Brancaglion
- Central Analysis Laboratory (LACEN), Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Denismar Alves Nogueira
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - João Adolfo Costa Hanemann
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Maísa Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fornias Sperandio
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva Street, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
- Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Resident - Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Rincon S, Panesso D, Miller WR, Singh KV, Cruz MR, Khan A, Dinh AQ, Diaz L, Rios R, Shamoo Y, Reyes J, Tran TT, Garsin DA, Arias CA. Disrupting Membrane Adaptation Restores In Vivo Efficacy of Antibiotics Against Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci and Potentiates Killing by Human Neutrophils. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:494-504. [PMID: 30938438 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin resistance in enterococci is often mediated by the LiaFSR system, which orchestrates the cell membrane stress response. Activation of LiaFSR through the response regulator LiaR generates major changes in cell membrane function and architecture (membrane adaptive response), permitting the organism to survive the antibiotic attack. Here, using a laboratory strain of Enterococcus faecalis, we developed a novel Caenorhabditis elegans model of daptomycin therapy and showed that disrupting LiaR-mediated cell membrane adaptation restores the in vivo activity of daptomycin. The LiaR effect was also seen in a clinical strain of daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, using a murine model of peritonitis. Furthermore, alteration of the cell membrane response increased the ability of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils to readily clear both E. faecalis and multidrug-resistant E. faecium. Our results provide proof of concept that targeting the cell membrane adaptive response restores the in vivo activity of antibiotics, prevents resistance, and enhances the ability of the innate immune system to kill infecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rincon
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Diana Panesso
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - William R Miller
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University
| | - Kavindra V Singh
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University
| | - Melissa R Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Rice University
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Rice University
| | - An Q Dinh
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University
| | - Lorena Diaz
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael Rios
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Truc T Tran
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University
| | - Danielle A Garsin
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Rice University
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Rice University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rice University.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Rice University.,Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
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8
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Magon NJ, Parker HA, Ashby LV, Springer RJ, Hampton MB. Analysis of Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2087:149-164. [PMID: 31728990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes three methods for measuring the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. All utilize colony counting techniques to quantify viable bacteria. A simple "one-step" protocol provides a composite measure of phagocytosis and killing, while a "two-step" protocol that separates extracellular and intracellular bacteria allows calculation of rate constants for both of these processes. We also present a method for selectively monitoring the long-term survival of bacteria within the phagosome. This may have application in identifying resistant strains and searching for compounds that sensitize pathogens to destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Magon
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Heather A Parker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louisa V Ashby
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Reuben J Springer
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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9
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Interactions of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin with myeloperoxidase and reactive chlorine species. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:80-89. [PMID: 29614256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When neutrophils engulf bacteria, myeloperoxidase converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, which is toxic to all micro-organisms. It has been suggested that some pathogens have virulence factors that target myeloperoxidase to dampen the oxidative reactions of neutrophils. These virulence factors include staphyloxanthin, the golden pigment of Staphylococcus aureus, and enterobactin - a siderophore released by gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the potential of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin to shield bacteria from hypochlorous acid and related chloramines. Clinical strains of S. aureus with high levels of staphyloxanthin and related carotenoids were in general more resistant to low doses of hypochlorous acid than non-pigmented bacteria. But some non-pigmented strains were also resistant to the oxidant. Doses of reactive chlorine species that killed bacteria also bleached their carotenoids. Hypochlorous acid, NH2Cl, and NHCl2 bleached purified staphyloxanthin. When S. aureus were phagocytosed by neutrophils there was no discernible loss of staphyloxanthin. These data suggest that staphyloxanthin is capable of protecting bacteria from low doses of reactive chlorine species formed inside phagosomes. Enterobactin was not an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase. We conclude that staphyloxanthin may protect some bacterial strains against oxidative killing by neutrophils, but enterobactin will not inhibit the production of hypochlorous acid.
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10
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Ullah I, Ritchie ND, Evans TJ. The interrelationship between phagocytosis, autophagy and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps following infection of human neutrophils by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Innate Immun 2017; 23:413-423. [PMID: 28399692 PMCID: PMC5505230 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917704299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in the innate immune response to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. Pneumococci are phagocytosed by neutrophils and undergo killing after ingestion. Other cellular processes may also be induced, including autophagy and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may play a role in bacterial eradication. We set out to determine how these different processes interacted following pneumococcal infection of neutrophils, and the role of the major pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin in these various pathways. We found that pneumococci induced autophagy in neutrophils in a type III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase dependent fashion that also required the autophagy gene Atg5. Pneumolysin did not affect this process. Phagocytosis was inhibited by pneumolysin but enhanced by autophagy, while killing was accelerated by pneumolysin but inhibited by autophagy. Pneumococci induced extensive NET formation in neutrophils that was not influenced by pneumolysin but was critically dependent on autophagy. While pneumolysin did not affect NET formation, it had a potent inhibitory effect on bacterial trapping within NETs. These findings show a complex interaction between phagocytosis, killing, autophagy and NET formation in neutrophils following pneumococcal infection that contribute to host defence against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D Ritchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tom J Evans
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical research Centre, Glasgow, UK
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Bekeschus S, Winterbourn CC, Kolata J, Masur K, Hasse S, Bröker BM, Parker HA. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is elicited in response to cold physical plasma. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:791-799. [PMID: 26992432 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-165rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold physical plasma is an ionized gas with a multitude of components, including hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Recent studies suggest that exposure of wounds to cold plasma may accelerate healing. Upon wounding, neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading microorganisms but have also been identified to play a role in delayed healing. In this study, we examined how plasma treatment affects the functions of peripheral blood neutrophils. Plasma treatment induced oxidative stress, as assessed by the oxidation of intracellular fluorescent redox probes; reduced metabolic activity; but did not induce early apoptosis. Neutrophil oxidative burst was only modestly affected after plasma treatment, and the killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was not significantly affected. Intriguingly, we found that plasma induced profound extracellular trap formation. This was inhibited by the presence of catalase during plasma treatment but was not replicated by adding an equivalent concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Plasma-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation was not dependent on the activity of myeloperoxidase or NADPH oxidase 2 but seemed to involve short-lived molecules. The amount of DNA release and the time course after plasma treatment were similar to that with the common neutrophil extracellular trap inducer PMA. After neutrophil extracellular traps had formed, concentrations of IL-8 were also significantly increased in supernatants of plasma-treated neutrophils. Both neutrophil extracellular traps and IL-8 release may aid antimicrobial activity and spur inflammation at the wound site. Whether this aids or exacerbates wound healing needs to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bekeschus
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Julia Kolata
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Masur
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sybille Hasse
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
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