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Xing L, Lei J, Liu J, Yang Z, Chai Z, Cai W, Zhang M, Meng D, Wang Y, Yin H. Enhancing the quality of fermented plant leaves: the role of metabolite signatures and associated fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1335850. [PMID: 38571709 PMCID: PMC10987691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1335850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fungi play a pivotal role in fermentation processes, influencing the breakdown and transformation of metabolites. However, studies focusing on the effects of fungal-metabolite correlations on leaf fermentation quality enhancement are limited. This study investigated specific metabolites and fungi associated with high- and low-quality fermented plant leaves. Their changes were monitored over fermentation periods of 0, 8, 16, and 24 days. The results indicated that organoheterocyclic compounds, lipids, lipid-like molecules, organic nitrogen compounds, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides were predominant in high-quality samples. The fungi Saccharomyces (14.8%) and Thermoascus (4.6%) were predominantly found in these samples. These markers exhibited significant changes during the 24-day fermentation period. The critical influence of fungal community equilibrium was demonstrated by interspecies interactions (e.g., between Saccharomyces and Eurotium). A co-occurrence network analysis identified Saccharomyces as the primary contributor to high-quality samples. These markers collectively enhance the quality and sensory characteristics of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinshan Lei
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishun Chai
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Cai
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Lephatsi MM, Choene MS, Kappo AP, Madala NE, Tugizimana F. An Integrated Molecular Networking and Docking Approach to Characterize the Metabolome of Helichrysum splendidum and Its Pharmaceutical Potentials. Metabolites 2023; 13:1104. [PMID: 37887429 PMCID: PMC10609414 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
South Africa is rich in diverse medicinal plants, and it is reported to have over 35% of the global Helichrysum species, many of which are utilized in traditional medicine. Various phytochemical studies have offered valuable insights into the chemistry of Helichrysum plants, hinting at bioactive components that define the medicinal properties of the plant. However, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the size and diversity of the Helichrysum chemical space. As such, continuous efforts are needed to comprehensively characterize the phytochemistry of Helichrysum, which will subsequently contribute to the discovery and exploration of Helichrysum-derived natural products for drug discovery. Thus, reported herein is a computational metabolomics work to comprehensively characterize the metabolic landscape of the medicinal herb Helichrysum splendidum, which is less studied. Metabolites were methanol-extracted and analyzed on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Spectral data were mined using molecular networking (MN) strategies. The results revealed that the metabolic map of H. splendidum is chemically diverse, with chemical superclasses that include organic polymers, benzenoids, lipid and lipid-like molecules, alkaloids, and derivatives, phenylpropanoids and polyketides. These results point to a vastly rich chemistry with potential bioactivities, and the latter was demonstrated through computationally assessing the binding of selected metabolites with CDK-2 and CCNB1 anti-cancer targets. Molecular docking results showed that flavonoids (luteolin, dihydroquercetin, and isorhamnetin) and terpenoids (tiliroside and silybin) interact strongly with the CDK-2 and CCNB1 targets. Thus, this work suggests that these flavonoid and terpenoid compounds from H. splendidum are potentially anti-cancer agents through their ability to interact with these proteins involved in cancer pathways and progression. As such, these actionable insights are a necessary step for further exploration and translational studies for H. splendidum-derived compounds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motseoa Mariam Lephatsi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (M.S.C.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Mpho Susan Choene
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (M.S.C.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (M.S.C.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (M.S.C.); (A.P.K.)
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Bryanston, Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
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Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) and the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Mediate the Effect of the Coumarin Derivative Umbelliferon on Bone Mineralization. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153209. [PMID: 35956385 PMCID: PMC9370350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone physiology is regulated by osteoblast and osteoclast activities, both involved in the bone remodeling process, through deposition and resorption mechanisms, respectively. The imbalance between these two phenomena contributes to the onset of bone diseases. Among these, osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder. The therapies currently used for its treatment include antiresorptive and anabolic agents associated with side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches, including natural molecules such as coumarin and their derivatives, have recently shown positive results. Thus, our proposal was to investigate the effect of the coumarin derivative umbelliferon (UF) using an interesting model of human osteoblasts (hOBs) isolated from osteoporotic patients. UF significantly improved the activity of osteoporotic-patient-derived hOBs via estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and the downstream activation of β-catenin pathway. Additionally, hOBs were co-cultured in microgravity with human osteoclasts (hOCs) using a 3D system bioreactor, able to reproduce the bone remodeling unit in bone loss conditions in vitro. Notably, UF exerted its anabolic role by reducing the multinucleated cells. Overall, our study confirms the potential efficacy of UF in bone health, and identified, for the first time, a prospective alternative natural compound useful to prevent/treat bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Hao M, Deng J, Huang X, Li H, Ou H, Cai X, She J, Liu X, Chen L, Chen S, Liu W, Yan D. Metabonomic Characteristics of Myocardial Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Patients. Front Physiol 2022; 13:863347. [PMID: 35651872 PMCID: PMC9150260 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.863347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most essential cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients associated with glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in cardiomyocytes. Despite increasing research on the molecular pathogenesis of DCM, it is still unclear whether metabolic pathways and alterations are probably involved in the development of DCM. This study aims to characterize the metabolites of DCM and to identify the relationship between metabolites and their biological processes or biological states through untargeted metabolic profiling. UPLC-MS/MS was applied to profile plasma metabolites from 78 patients with diabetes (39 diabetes with DCM and 39 diabetes without DCM as controls). A total of 2,806 biochemical were detected. Compared to those of DM patients, 78 differential metabolites in the positive-ion mode were identified in DCM patients, including 33 up-regulated and 45 down-regulated metabolites; however, there were only six differential metabolites identified in the negative mode including four up-regulated and two down-regulated metabolites. Alterations of several serum metabolites, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organic oxygen compounds, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and organoheterocyclic compounds, were associated with the development of DCM. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were three signaling pathways (metabolic pathways, porphyrin, chlorophyll metabolism, and lysine degradation) that were changed in both negative- and positive-ion modes. Our results demonstrated that differential metabolites and lipids have specific effects on DCM. These results expanded our understanding of the metabolic characteristics of DCM and may provide a clue in the future investigation of reducing the incidence of DCM. Furthermore, the metabolites identified here may provide clues for clinical management and the development of effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Deng, , ; Wenlan Liu, ; Dewen Yan,
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiting Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangsheng Cai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Science-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajie She
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Deng, , ; Wenlan Liu, ; Dewen Yan,
| | - Dewen Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxin Deng, , ; Wenlan Liu, ; Dewen Yan,
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Meng FB, Zhou L, Li JJ, Li YC, Wang M, Zou LH, Liu DY, Chen WJ. The combined effect of protein hydrolysis and Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on antioxidant activity and metabolomic profiles of quinoa beverage. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fiorito S, Epifano F, Marchetti L, Palumbo L, Orhan IE, Sharifi-Rad M, Genovese S. Oxyprenylated Secondary Metabolites as Modulators of Lipid and Sugar Metabolism. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:189-198. [PMID: 34315370 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210727163038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O-Prenylcoumarins (3,3-dimethylallyl, geranyl-, farnesyl- and related biosynthetic derivatives) represent a class of rarely occurring natural compounds. The most part of these secondary metabolites have been obtained from plant species belonging to the Rutaceae, Apiaceae, andFabaceae families, and from fungi, and bacteria. In the last two decades prenyloxycoumarinshave been found to possess a great potential in terms of pharmacological activities. The aim of this comprehensive review is to make a survey of the in so far reported literature citations about these valuable phytochemicals and structurally related compounds about their modulatory properties of lipid and sugar metabolism. Literature data have been acquired from the main Internet database. Several oxyprenylated secondary metabolites have been surveyed. Among these prenyloxycoumarins represented the main group exerting displayed valuable effects as modulators of lipid and sugar metabolism. The title phytochemicals have been found in common edible and fruits vegetables already known to have beneficial effects to this concern, thus enforcing the nutraceutical role of these food plants. All compounds outlined in the present review article have a great potential for the next future for the prevention and management of acute and chronic metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiorito
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Gabriele d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Gabriele d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Gabriele d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Lucia Palumbo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Gabriele d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University,Ankara, Turkey
| | - Majid Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Department of Pharmacy, University "Gabriele d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
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Fiorito S, Epifano F, Marchetti L, Genovese S. Semisynthesis of Selenoauraptene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092798. [PMID: 34068532 PMCID: PMC8126015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing compounds are gaining more and more interest due to their valuable and promising pharmacological properties, mainly as anticancer and antioxidant agents. Ebselen, the up to now only approved drugs, is well known to possess very good glutathione peroxidase mimicking effects. To date, the most of efforts have been directed to build pure synthetic Se containing molecules, while less attention have been devoted to Se-based semisynthetic products resembling natural compounds like terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids. The aim of this short communication is to report the synthesis of the first example of a Se-phenylpropanoids, namely selenoauraptene, containing a selenogeranyl side chain in position 7 of the umbelliferone core. The key step was the Newman-Kwart rearrangement to obtain a selenocarbamate in which the Se atom was directly attached to umbelliferone (replacing its 7-OH function) followed by hydrolysis to get diumbelliferyl diselenide, which was finally easily converted to the desired Se-geranyl derivative in quite a good overall yield (28.5%). The synthesized adduct displayed a greater antioxidant and a radical scavenger in vitro activity than parent auraptene. The procedure we describe herein, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, represents an easy-to-handle method for the synthesis of a wide array of seleno analogues of naturally occurring biologically active oxyprenylated secondary metabolites.
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UPLC/MS-based untargeted metabolomics reveals the changes of metabolites profile of Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge during Sweating processing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19524. [PMID: 33177654 PMCID: PMC7658355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76650-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza has numerous compounds with extensive clinical application. "Sweating", a processing method of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), results in great changes in pharmacology and pharmacodynamics. Previously, chromatogram of 10 characteristic metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza showed a significant difference after "Sweating". Due to the complexity of TCM, changes in metabolites should be investigated metabolome-wide after "Sweating". An untargeted UPLC/MS-based metabolomics was performed to discover metabolites profile variation of S. miltiorrhiza after "Sweating". Multivariate analysis was conducted to screen differential metabolites. Analysis indicated distinct differences between sweated and non-sweated samples. 10,108 substance peaks had been detected altogether, and 4759 metabolites had been identified from negative and positive ion model. 287 differential metabolites were screened including 112 up-regulated and 175 down-regulated and they belong to lipids and lipid-like molecules, and phenylpropanoid and polyketides. KEGG analysis showed the pathway of linoleic acid metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were mainly enriched. 31 and 49 identified metabolites were exclusively detected in SSM and NSSM, respectively, which mainly belong to carboxylic acids and derivatives, polyketides and fatty acyls. By mapping tanshinones and salvianolic acids to 4759 identified metabolites library, 23 characteristic metabolites had been identified, among which 11 metabolites changed most. We conclude that "Sweating'' has significant effect on metabolites content and composition of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Fiorito S, Ianni F, Preziuso F, Epifano F, Scotti L, Bucciarelli T, Genovese S. UHPLC-UV/Vis Quantitative Analysis of Hydroxylated and O-prenylated Coumarins in Pomegranate Seed Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101963. [PMID: 31121819 PMCID: PMC6572463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid analytical UHPLC methodology with spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) detection, coupled with different extraction procedures, has been perfected to investigate the presence of biologically active O-prenylated umbelliferone derivatives, such as auraptene and umbelliprenin, in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed extracts. Absolute ethanol was the most efficient extraction solvent in terms of yields, after a short ultrasound-assisted. The highest concentration values recorded under these experimental conditions were 1.99 μg/g of dry extract and 6.53 μg/g for auraptene and umbelliprenin, respectively. The parent metabolite umbelliferone was also detected (0.67 μg/g). The extraction and UHPLC analytical methodology set up in the present study proved to be an efficient, powerful, and versatile technique for the simultaneous qualitative analysis and quantification of oxyprenylated coumarins in pomegranate seed extracts. The characterization of such secondary metabolites in the mentioned phytopreparation represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first example in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiorito
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Preziuso
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Luca Scotti
- Department of Oral, Medical, and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Tonino Bucciarelli
- Department of Oral, Medical, and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
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