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Islam A, Das BC, Mahammad S, Hoque MM, Pham QB, Sarkar B, Islam ARMT, Pal SC, Quesada-Román A, Mohinuddin S, Barman SD. Assessing river water quality for ecological risk in the context of a decaying river in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33684-1. [PMID: 38795292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The decay of rivers and river water pollution are common problems worldwide. However, many works have been performed on decaying rivers in India, and the status of the water quality is still unknown in Jalangi River. To this end, the present study intends to examine the water quality of the Jalangi River to assess ecological status in both the spatial and seasonal dimensions. To depict the spatiality of ecological risks, 34 water samples were collected from the source to the sink of the Jalangi River with an interval of 10 km while 119 water samples were collected from a secondary source during 2012-2022 to capture the seasonal dynamics. In this work, the seasonality and spatiality of change in the river's water quality have been explored. This study used the eutrophication index (EI), organic pollution index (OPI), and overall index of pollution (OIP) to assess the ecological risk. The results illustrated that the values of OPI range from 7.17 to 588, and the values of EI exceed the standard of 1, indicating the critical situation of the ecological status of Jalangi River. The value of OIP ranges between 2.67 and 3.91 revealing the slightly polluted condition of the river water. The study signified the ecological status of the river is in a critical situation due to elevated concentrations of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The present study found that stagnation of water flow in the river, primarily driven by the eastward tilting of the Bengal basin, triggered water pollution and ecological risk. Moreover, anthropogenic interventions in the form of riverbed agriculture and the discharge of untreated sewage from urban areas are playing a crucial role in deteriorating the water quality of the river. This decay needs substantial attention from the various stakeholders in a participatory manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aznarul Islam
- Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sadik Mahammad
- Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Mofizul Hoque
- Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Quoc Bao Pham
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska Street 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Biplab Sarkar
- Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
- Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Adolfo Quesada-Román
- Laboratorio de Geografía Física, Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sk Mohinuddin
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suman Deb Barman
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
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Ali S, Verma S, Agarwal MB, Islam R, Mehrotra M, Deolia RK, Kumar J, Singh S, Mohammadi AA, Raj D, Gupta MK, Dang P, Fattahi M. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and principal component analysis in the Achnera block, Agra district, Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5381. [PMID: 38443485 PMCID: PMC10914837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative assessment of groundwater is one of the important aspects for determining the suitability of potable water. Therefore, the present study has been performed to evaluate the groundwater quality for Achhnera block in the city of Taj, Agra, India, where groundwater is an important water resource. The groundwater samples, 50 in number were collected and analyzed for major ions along with some important trace element. This study has further investigated for the applicability of groundwater quality index (GWQI), and the principal component analysis (PCA) to mark out the major geochemical solutes responsible for origin and release of geochemical solutes into the groundwater. The results confirm that, majority of the collected groundwater samples were alkaline in nature. The variation of concentration of anions in collected groundwater samples were varied in the sequence as, HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > F- while in contrast the sequence of cations in the groundwater as Na > Ca > Mg > K. The Piper diagram demonstrated the major hydro chemical facies which were found in groundwater (sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride type). The plot of Schoellar diagram reconfirmed that the major cations were Na+ and Ca2+ ions, while in contrast; major anions were bicarbonates and chloride. The results showed water quality index mostly ranged between 105 and 185, hence, the study area fell in the category of unsuitable for drinking purpose category. The PCA showed pH, Na+, Ca2+, HCO3- and fluoride with strong loading, which pointed out geogenic source of fluoride contamination. Therefore, it was inferred that the groundwater of the contaminated areas must be treated and made potable before consumption. The outcomes of the present study will be helpful for the regulatory boards and policymaker for defining the actual impact and remediation goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahjad Ali
- Department of Applied Sciences, Anand Engineering College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sitaram Verma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manish Baboo Agarwal
- Department of Applied Sciences, Anand Engineering College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raisul Islam
- Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Manu Mehrotra
- Department of Applied Sciences, Anand Engineering College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Deolia
- Department of Applied Science (Mathematics), G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Mathematics and Computing, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anand Engineering College, Agra, India
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Deep Raj
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Applied Science, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET), Jhansi, India
| | - Phuyen Dang
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
- School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
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Iqbal Z, Imran M, Rahman G, Miandad M, Shahid M, Murtaza B. Spatial distribution, health risk assessment, and public perception of groundwater in Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:381-391. [PMID: 35067763 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the hydrogeochemical behavior of groundwater quality attributes including arsenic (As) and their associated health risks in unexplored groundwater aquifers of Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. The groundwater samples were collected from 40 colonies of Bahawalnagar city from electric/hand pumps, tube wells and turbines installed at varying depth (20 to > 100 m). The groundwater possessed the highest concentrations of PO4 (0.5 mg/L), HCO3 (425 mg/L), Cl (623 mg/L), NO3 (136.68 mg/L) and SO4 (749.7 mg/L) concentrations. There was no difference in concentration of As in shallow and deep aquifers. Interestingly, none of the water samples showed As concentration higher than the WHO limit of 10 µg/L for drinking water with groundwater As concentration spanning from 2.5 to 7.9 µg/L. The HQ values for As were less than 1 and there was no apparent non-carcinogenic risk from the long-term consumption of As contaminated water. The questionnaire survey indicated that 82% respondents believe that drinking water quality affects human health and 55% of respondents considered that groundwater in the area is not suitable for drinking. Survey results revealed that 29.11, 22.78, 17.08, 15.19, 7.59, 5.06 and 3.16% respondents/family members suffered from hepatitis, skin problems, diabetes, tuberculosis, kidney disorders, muscular weakness and gastro, respectively. However, the data cannot be correlated with As contamination and disease burden in the local community and it can be anticipated that the groundwater may contain other potentially toxic ions that are deteriorating the water quality and compromising human health. The hydrogeochemical analysis revealed Na-Cl/SO4, K-SO4 type of groundwater suggesting the potential role of sulfate containing minerals in releasing As in the groundwater aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Ghani Rahman
- Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Miandad
- Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Behzad Murtaza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
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Singh SK, Noori AR. Groundwater quality assessment and modeling utilizing water quality index and GIS in Kabul Basin, Afghanistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:673. [PMID: 35972702 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with a flame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV-VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO3 < SO4 < Cl < HCO3 and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO3 and NaHCO3) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Ali Reza Noori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
- Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
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Chakraborty B, Bera B, Roy SH, Adhikary PP, Sengupta D, Shit PK. Assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metal pollution: evidences from coal mining region of eastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47275-47293. [PMID: 33891234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various developmental projects and economic actions such as mining, industries, urban expansion, and agricultural activities contribute toxic heavy metals into the soils and it adversely affects to human health and broadly the environment. For the scientific study (coal mining region of Eastern India) around 120 soil samples were collected from top (0 - 20 cm) and subsurface soil (20 - 50 cm) of coal mining, semi mining and non mining type of land use sites to assess ten heavy metals applying standard methods and indices for the assessment of pollution load and human health risk. Statistical analysis clearly indicated that Fe, Mn, Zr are the most dominantly distributed in the study region. Coefficient of variance (CV)showed that there was very less variation in the metal values among samples of any particular landuse site. Correlation coefficient (0.05% level of significance) depicts that metals were very strongly correlated with each other in every site of Neturia block. Igeo (Geo- accumulation index) values of Fe and As indicated moderate to low pollution in the topsoil of study area. It is because of their regional background value. Enrichment Factor (EF) also showed thatcontamination of Fe ismainly supplied by natural factors (EF < 2)i.e., weathering of parent rock in all over the study area. All other heavy metals indicated their anthropogenic sources (EF > 2)on top and subsurface soil both of three landuse site. Degree of contamination (Cdeg), modified degree of contamination (mCdeg), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) clearly suggest that topsoil of coal mining sites is most polluted than two other sites. Subsurface soil of mining sites also indicated comparatively higher pollution load than subsoil of semi mining or non mining sites. PLI values have been classified into four groups i.e., high pollution (> 6), medium pollution (6 -3), low pollution (3 - 1) and no pollution (< 1) zone. There was no PLI value < 1 in topsoil of the study area. But subsurface soil of non mining site indicated no pollution to the soil. Spatial mapping using Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) on Arc GIS 10.4 software showed clear variation of metal concentration and pollution load to the top and subsoil of the study area. Human health risk of non - carcinogenic typeisdue to heavy metals intake of topsoil through three exposure pathwaywhich indicates the health risk of HI dermal> HI ingestion> HI inhalation for both the adult and children. Mean values of total HI showed that children are more prone to health risk in comparison with adult. There was no soil sample that exceeds its HI values > 1 for adults and thus no obvious health risk was found from soil heavy metals for adults.On the other hand, topsoil of mining sites indicated HI values >1;therefore, children are prone to health risk in this site. The present investigation suggests that coal mining region is highly polluted by their heavy metal burden on soil. Industrial and semi urban areas of semi mining region are also affected by heavy metal dust to its soil. Agricultural activities in non-mining region indicated lower pollution than other landuse sites. Remedial measures are highly needed to control heavy metal pollution of different landuse sites at colliery region to sustain environmental quality and human health as well. Modern scientific technologies and public awareness should be very useful on this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisakhi Chakraborty
- PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Biswajit Bera
- Department of Geography, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, India
| | - Sambhunat H Roy
- PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | | | - Debashish Sengupta
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Shit
- PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
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