1
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Belay WY, Getachew M, Tegegne BA, Teffera ZH, Dagne A, Zeleke TK, Abebe RB, Gedif AA, Fenta A, Yirdaw G, Tilahun A, Aschale Y. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1444781. [PMID: 39221153 PMCID: PMC11362070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1444781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial drug resistance poses a significant challenge to modern healthcare systems, threatening our ability to effectively treat bacterial infections. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the types and mechanisms of antibacterial drug resistance. To achieve this aim, a thorough literature search was conducted to identify key studies and reviews on antibacterial resistance mechanisms, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance. In this review, types of resistance and major mechanisms of antibacterial resistance with examples including target site modifications, decreased influx, increased efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation of antibacterials has been discussed. Moreover, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer methods has also been included. Furthermore, measures (interventions) taken to control antimicrobial resistance and next-generation antimicrobials have been discussed in detail. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the diverse mechanisms employed by bacteria to resist the effects of antibacterial drugs, with the aim of informing future research and guiding antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie Belay
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bantayehu Addis Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Zigale Hibstu Teffera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Dagne
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Rahel Belete Abebe
- Department of clinical pharmacy, College of medicine and health sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Abie Gedif
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Fenta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Yirdaw
- Department of environmental health science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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2
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Zhao L, Li W, Liu Y, Qi Y, An N, Yan M, Wang Z, Zhou M, Yang S. Designing Fast-Moving Antibacterial Microtorpedoes to Treat Lethal Bacterial Biofilm Infections. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39023225 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Engineering fast-moving microrobot swarms that can physically disassemble bacterial biofilms and kill the bacteria released from the biofilms is a promising way to combat bacterial biofilm infections. Here, we report electrochemical design of Ag7O8NO3 microtorpedoes with outstanding antibacterial performance and meanwhile capable of moving at speeds of hundreds of body lengths per second in clinically used H2O2 aqueous solutions. These fast-moving antibacterial Ag7O8NO3 microtorpedoes could penetrate into and disintegrate the bacterial biofilms and, in turn, kill the bacteria released from the biofilms. Based on the understanding of the growth behavior of the microtorpedoes, we could fine-tune the morphology of the microtorpedoes to accelerate the moving speed and increase their penetration depth into the biofilms simply via controlling the potential waveforms. We further developed an automatic shaking method to selectively peel off the uniformly structured microtorpedoes from the electrode surface, realizing continuous electrochemical production of the microtorpedoes. Animal experiments proved that the microtorpedo swarms greatly increased the survival rate of the mice infected by lethal biofilms to >90%. We used the electrochemical method to design and massively produce uniformly structured fast-moving antibacterial microtorpedo swarms with application potentials in treatment of lethal bacterial biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wanlin Li
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Ning An
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institution of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Eye Center & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, MOE, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- State Key Laboratory (SKL) of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institution of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
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3
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Kumar A, Saha SK, Banerjee P, Prasad K, Sengupta TK. Antibiotic-Induced Biofilm Formations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains KPW.1-S1 and HRW.1-S3 are Associated with Increased Production of eDNA and Exoproteins, Increased ROS Generation, and Increased Cell Surface Hydrophobicity. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:11. [PMID: 37978089 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a medically important opportunistic pathogen due to its intrinsic ability to form biofilms on different surfaces as one of the defense mechanisms for survival. The fact that it can form biofilms on various medical implants makes it more harmful clinically. Although various antibiotics are used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, studies have shown that sub-MIC levels of antibiotics could induce Pseudomonas biofilm formation. The present study thus explored the effect of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin on the biofilm dynamics of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains KPW.1-S1 and HRW.1-S3. Biofilm formation was found to be increased in the presence of increased concentrations of gentamicin. Confocal, scanning electron microscopy, and other biochemical tests deduced that biofilm-forming components exoproteins, eDNA, and exolipids as exopolymeric substances in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were increased in the presence of gentamicin. An increase in reactive oxygen species generation along with increased cell surface hydrophobicity was also seen for both strains when treated with gentamicin. The observed increase in the adherence of the cells accompanied by the increase in the components of exopolymeric substances may have largely contributed to the increased biofilm production by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains under the stress of the antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinash Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Saurav K Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Paromita Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
- Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, CG, 492101, India
| | - Kritika Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Tapas K Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India.
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4
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Ambreetha S, Singh V. Genetic and environmental determinants of surface adaptations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169. [PMID: 37276014 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a well-studied Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that thrives in markedly varied environments. It is a nutritionally versatile microbe that can colonize a host as well as exist in the environment. Unicellular, planktonic cells of
P. aeruginosa
can come together to perform a coordinated swarming movement or turn into a sessile, surface-adhered population called biofilm. These collective behaviours produce strikingly different outcomes. While swarming motility rapidly disseminates the bacterial population, biofilm collectively protects the population from environmental stresses such as heat, drought, toxic chemicals, grazing by predators, and attack by host immune cells and antibiotics. The ubiquitous nature of
P. aeruginosa
is likely to be supported by the timely transition between planktonic, swarming and biofilm lifestyles. The social behaviours of this bacteria viz biofilm and swarm modes are controlled by signals from quorum-sensing networks, LasI-LasR, RhlI-RhlR and PQS-MvfR, and several other sensory kinases and response regulators. A combination of environmental and genetic cues regulates the transition of the
P. aeruginosa
population to specific states. The current review is aimed at discussing key factors that promote physiologically distinct transitioning of the
P. aeruginosa
population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Ambreetha
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560012, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560012, India
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5
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Landemaine L, Da Costa G, Fissier E, Francis C, Morand S, Verbeke J, Michel ML, Briandet R, Sokol H, Gueniche A, Bernard D, Chatel JM, Aguilar L, Langella P, Clavaud C, Richard ML. Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from atopic or healthy skin have opposite effect on skin cells: potential implication of the AHR pathway modulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098160. [PMID: 37304256 PMCID: PMC10250813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium ubiquitously present on human skin. This species is considered as a key member of the healthy skin microbiota, involved in the defense against pathogens, modulating the immune system, and involved in wound repair. Simultaneously, S. epidermidis is the second cause of nosocomial infections and an overgrowth of S. epidermidis has been described in skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Diverse isolates of S. epidermidis co-exist on the skin. Elucidating the genetic and phenotypic specificities of these species in skin health and disease is key to better understand their role in various skin conditions. Additionally, the exact mechanisms by which commensals interact with host cells is partially understood. We hypothesized that S. epidermidis isolates identified from different skin origins could play distinct roles on skin differentiation and that these effects could be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Methods For this purpose, a library of 12 strains originated from healthy skin (non-hyperseborrheic (NH) and hyperseborrheic (H) skin types) and disease skin (atopic (AD) skin type) was characterized at the genomic and phenotypic levels. Results and discussion Here we showed that strains from atopic lesional skin alter the epidermis structure of a 3D reconstructed skin model whereas strains from NH healthy skin do not. All strains from NH healthy skin induced AhR/OVOL1 path and produced high quantities of indole metabolites in co-culture with NHEK; especially indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA); while AD strains did not induce AhR/OVOL1 path but its inhibitor STAT6 and produced the lowest levels of indoles as compared to the other strains. As a consequence, strains from AD skin altered the differentiation markers FLG and DSG1. The results presented here, on a library of 12 strains, showed that S. epidermidis originated from NH healthy skin and atopic skin have opposite effects on the epidermal cohesion and structure and that these differences could be linked to their capacity to produce metabolites, which in turn could activate AHR pathway. Our results on a specific library of strains provide new insights into how S. epidermidis may interact with the skin to promote health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Landemaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Gregory Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Fissier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Carine Francis
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Laure Michel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Luc Aguilar
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Clavaud
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Mathias L. Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
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6
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Theis TJ, Daubert TA, Kluthe KE, Brodd KL, Nuxoll AS. Staphylococcus aureus persisters are associated with reduced clearance in a catheter-associated biofilm infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178526. [PMID: 37228667 PMCID: PMC10203555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide variety of infections, many of which are chronic or relapsing in nature. Antibiotic therapy is often ineffective against S. aureus biofilm-mediated infections. Biofilms are difficult to treat partly due to their tolerance to antibiotics, however the underlying mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. One possible explanation is the presence of persister cells-dormant-like cells that exhibit tolerance to antibiotics. Recent studies have shown a connection between a fumC (fumarase C, a gene in the tricarboxylic acid cycle) knockout strain and increased survival to antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Objective It remained unclear whether a S. aureus high persister strain would have a survival advantage in the presence of innate and adaptive immunity. To further investigate this, a fumC knockout and wild type strains were examined in a murine catheter-associated biofilm model. Results Interestingly, mice struggled to clear both S. aureus wild type and the fumC knockout strains. We reasoned both biofilm-mediated infections predominantly consisted of persister cells. To determine the persister cell population within biofilms, expression of a persister cell marker (Pcap5A::dsRED) in a biofilm was examined. Cell sorting of biofilms challenged with antibiotics revealed cells with intermediate and high expression of cap5A had 5.9-and 4.5-fold higher percent survival compared to cells with low cap5A expression. Based on previous findings that persisters are associated with reduced membrane potential, flow cytometry analysis was used to examine the metabolic state of cells within a biofilm. We confirmed cells within biofilms had reduced membrane potential compared to both stationary phase cultures (2.5-fold) and exponential phase cultures (22.4-fold). Supporting these findings, cells within a biofilm still exhibited tolerance to antibiotic challenge following dispersal of the matrix through proteinase K. Conclusion Collectively, these data show that biofilms are largely comprised of persister cells, and this may explain why biofilm infections are often chronic and/or relapsing in clinical settings.
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7
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Zhang Y, Gholizadeh H, Young P, Traini D, Li M, Ong HX, Cheng S. Real-time in-situ electrochemical monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on air-liquid interface and its antibiotic susceptibility using a novel dual-chamber microfluidic device. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:702-714. [PMID: 36408870 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of bacterial cells encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix that exhibit high tolerance toward environmental stress. Despite the plethora of research on biofilms, most P. aeruginosa biofilm models are cultured on a solid-liquid interface, and the longitudinal growth characteristics of P. aeruginosa biofilm are unclear. This study demonstrates the real-time and noninvasive monitoring of biofilm growth using a novel dual-chamber microfluidic device integrated with electrochemical detection capabilities to monitor pyocyanin (PYO). The growth of P. aeruginosa biofilms on the air-liquid interface (ALI) was monitored over 48 h, and its antibiotic susceptibility to 6 h exposure of 50, 400, and 1600 µg/ml of ciprofloxacin solutions was analyzed. The biofilm was treated directly on its surface and indirectly from the substratum by delivering the CIP solution to the top or bottom chamber of the microfluidic device. Results showed that P. aeruginosa biofilm developed on ALI produces PYO continuously, with the PYO production rate varying longitudinally and peak production observed between 24 and 30 h. In addition, this current study shows that the amount of PYO produced by the ALI biofilm is proportional to its viable cell numbers, which has not been previously demonstrated. Biofilm treated with ciprofloxacin solution above 400 µg/ml showed significant PYO reduction, with biofilms being killed more effectively when treatment was applied to their surfaces. The electrochemical measurement results have been verified with colony-forming unit count results, and the strong correlation between the PYO electrical signal and the viable cell number highlights the usefulness of this approach for fast and low-cost ALI biofilm study and antimicrobial tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanieh Gholizadeh
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Planet PJ. Adaptation and Evolution of Pathogens in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:S23-S31. [PMID: 36069898 PMCID: PMC9451014 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As opposed to acute respiratory infections, the persistent bacterial infections of the lung that characterize cystic fibrosis (CF) provide ample time for bacteria to evolve and adapt. The process of adaptation is recorded in mutations that accumulate over time in the genomes of the infecting bacteria. Some of these mutations lead to obvious phenotypic differences such as antibiotic resistance or the well-known mucoid phenotype of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other mutations may be just as important but harder to detect such as increased mutation rates, cell surface changes, and shifts in metabolism and nutrient acquisition. Remarkably, many of the adaptations occur again and again in different patients, signaling that bacteria are adapting to solve specific challenges in the CF respiratory tract. This parallel evolution even extends across distinct bacterial species. This review addresses the bacterial systems that are known to change in long-term CF infections with a special emphasis on cross-species comparisons. Consideration is given to how adaptation may impact health in CF, and the possible evolutionary mechanisms that lead to the repeated parallel adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Planet
- Corresponding Author: Paul J. Planet, MD, PhD, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail:
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9
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You R, Kwon OY, Woo HJ, Lee SH. Hovenia Monofloral Honey can Attenuate Enterococcus faecalis Mediated Biofilm Formation and Inflammation. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:84-97. [PMID: 35028576 PMCID: PMC8728505 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the anti-biofilm formation and anti-inflammatory activity of Hovenia
monofloral honey (HMH) against Enterococcus faecalis.
Co-culture of HMH with E. faecalis attenuated the biofilm
formation of E. faecalis on a polystyrene surface. In addition,
HMH effectively eradicated the established E. faecalis biofilm.
HMH significantly attenuated E. faecalis growth but did not
affect the production of extracellular polymeric substances on E.
faecalis, indicating that reduction of E. faecalis
biofilm is a result of HMH-mediated killing of E. faecalis.
Furthermore, we found that HMH can effectively attenuate E.
faecalis-induced expression of a proinflammatory interleukin-8
(IL-8) in HT-29 cells. Interestingly, treatment of HMH significantly attenuated
the E. faecalis-mediated expression of Toll-like receptor-2
(TLR-2) and its adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
(MyD88), in HT-29 cells. In addition, E. faecalis-induced
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation was significantly
attenuated by HMH administration. Furthermore, HMH-mediated anti-inflammatory
efficacy (0.2 mg/mL of HMHs) had an equal extent of inhibitory efficacy as 5
μM of MyD88 inhibitor to attenuate E. faecalis-mediated
IL-8 expression in HT-29 cells. These results suggest that HMH could effectively
inhibit E. faecalis-mediated gastrointestinal inflammation
through regulating the TLR-2/MyD88/MAPKs signaling pathways. Collectively, our
data suggest that HMH could be developed as a potential natural agent to control
E. faecalis-mediated biofilm formation and
inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri You
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Oh Yun Kwon
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Woo
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
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10
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Lin YC, Wu CY, Huang HT, Lu MK, Hu WS, Lee KT. Bacillus subtilis natto Derivatives Inhibit Enterococcal Biofilm Formation via Restructuring of the Cell Envelope. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785351. [PMID: 34956152 PMCID: PMC8695906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is considered a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Treatment of these infections has become a major challenge for clinicians because some E. faecalis strains are resistant to multiple clinically used antibiotics. Moreover, the presence of E. faecalis biofilms can make infections with E. faecalis more difficult to eradicate with current antibiotic therapies. Thus, our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic derivatives against E. faecalis biofilm formation. Bacillus subtilis natto is a probiotic strain isolated from Japanese fermented soybean foods, and its culture fluid potently inhibited adherence to Caco-2 cell monolayers, aggregation, and biofilm production without inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis. An apparent decrease in the thickness of E. faecalis biofilms was observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, exopolysaccharide synthesis in E. faecalis biofilms was reduced by B. subtilis natto culture fluid treatment. Carbohydrate composition analysis also showed that carbohydrates in the E. faecalis cell envelope were restructured. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing revealed that the culture fluid of B. subtilis natto downregulated the transcription of genes involved in the WalK/WalR two-component system, peptidoglycan biosynthesis and membrane glycolipid biosynthesis, which are all crucial for E. faecalis cell envelope synthesis and biofilm formation. Collectively, our work shows that some derivatives present in the culture fluid of B. subtilis natto may be useful for controlling E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tse Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kung-Ta Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Holden ER, Yasir M, Turner AK, Wain J, Charles IG, Webber MA. Massively parallel transposon mutagenesis identifies temporally essential genes for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34783647 PMCID: PMC8743551 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms complete a life cycle where cells aggregate, grow and produce a structured community before dispersing to colonize new environments. Progression through this life cycle requires temporally controlled gene expression to maximize fitness at each stage. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genes essential for the formation of a mature biofilm; here, we present an insight into the genes involved at different stages of biofilm formation. We used TraDIS-Xpress, a massively parallel transposon mutagenesis approach using transposon-located promoters to assay the impact of disruption or altered expression of all genes in the genome on biofilm formation. We identified 48 genes that affected the fitness of cells growing in a biofilm, including genes with known roles and those not previously implicated in biofilm formation. Regulation of type 1 fimbriae and motility were important at all time points, adhesion and motility were important for the early biofilm, whereas matrix production and purine biosynthesis were only important as the biofilm matured. We found strong temporal contributions to biofilm fitness for some genes, including some where expression changed between being beneficial or detrimental depending on the stage at which they are expressed, including dksA and dsbA. Novel genes implicated in biofilm formation included zapE and truA involved in cell division, maoP in chromosome organization, and yigZ and ykgJ of unknown function. This work provides new insights into the requirements for successful biofilm formation through the biofilm life cycle and demonstrates the importance of understanding expression and fitness through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - A Keith Turner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - John Wain
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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12
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Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabigerol against Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102031. [PMID: 34683353 PMCID: PMC8539625 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a common cariogenic bacterium in the oral cavity involved in plaque formation. Previous studies showed that Cannabigerol (CBG) has bacteriostatic and bacteriocidic activity against S. mutans. The aim of the present study was to study its effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and dispersion. S. mutans was cultivated in the presence of CBG, and the resulting biofilms were examined by CV staining, MTT assay, qPCR, biofilm tracer, optical profilometry, and SEM. Gene expression was determined by real-time qPCR, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was determined by Congo Red, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using DCFH-DA. CBG prevented the biofilm formation of S. mutans shown by reduced biofilm biomass, decreased biofilm thickness, less EPS production, reduced DNA content, diminished metabolic activity, and increased ROS levels. CBG altered the biofilm roughness profile, resulting in a smoother biofilm surface. When treating preformed biofilms, CBG reduced the metabolic activity of S. mutans with a transient effect on the biomass. CBG reduced the expression of various genes involved in essential metabolic pathways related to the cariogenic properties of S. mutans biofilms. Our data show that CBG has anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans and might be a potential drug for preventive treatment of dental caries.
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13
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Zheng Y, Xu N, Pang J, Han H, Yang H, Qin W, Zhang H, Li W, Wang H, Chen Y. Colonization With Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Prognosis in Critically Ill Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667776. [PMID: 33996866 PMCID: PMC8119758 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most frequently isolated opportunistic pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). Extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDR-AB) strains lack susceptibility to almost all antibiotics and pose a heavy burden on healthcare institutions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of XDR-AB colonization on both the short-term and long-term survival of critically ill patients. Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients from two adult ICUs in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from March 2018 through December 2018. Using nasopharyngeal and perirectal swabs, we evaluated the presence of XDR-AB colonization. Participants were followed up for 6 months. The primary endpoints were 28-day and 6-month mortality after ICU admission. The overall survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We identified risk factors associated with 28-day and 6-month mortality using the logistic regression model and a time-dependent Cox regression model, respectively. Results: Out of 431 patients, 77 were colonized with XDR-AB. Based on the Kaplan-Meier curve results, the overall survival before 28 days did not differ by colonization status; however, a significantly lower overall survival rate was obtained at 6 months in colonized patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis results confirmed that XDR-AB colonization was not associated with 28-day mortality, but was an independent risk factor of lower overall survival at 6 months (HR = 1.749, 95% CI = 1.174-2.608). Conclusions: XDR-AB colonization has no effect on short-term overall survival, but is associated with lower long-term overall survival in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nana Xu
- Cardiosurgery Care Unit, Department of Cardiosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongna Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Bhandari S, Khadayat K, Poudel S, Shrestha S, Shrestha R, Devkota P, Khanal S, Marasini BP. Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants of Nepal and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:116. [PMID: 33836728 PMCID: PMC8033659 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A biofilm is an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that impede antibiotics and immune cells, thus providing a shielded environment for bacterial growth. Due to biofilm formation, some microbes can show up to 1000 fold increased resistance towards the antibiotics than the normal planktonic forms. The study was conducted to screen the crude extracts of medicinal plants used in Nepal for their in vitro antibiofilm activities. METHODS Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined by using a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium trichloride method, respectively. Resazurin assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The initial antibiofilm activities and their inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined by the microtiter based modified crystal violet staining method. RESULTS Out of 25 different plant extracts were used for the study, methanolic extracts of 20 plants showed a biofilm inhibition activity against five different strong biofilm producing Escherichia coli strains. Calotropis gigantea exhibited inhibition against all five different E. coli strains with IC50 values ranging from 299.7 ± 20.5 to 427.4 ± 2.7 μg/mL. Apart from that, Eclipta prostrata also showed biofilm formation inhibition, followed by Eupatorium adenophorum, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum tenuifolium, Oxalis lantifolia, Prunus persica, and Urtica parviflora. The extracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, Mangifera indica, O. tenuifolium, P. persica, and U. parviflora exhibited a moderate to poor MIC value ranging from 625 to 2500 μg/mL. The highest amount of phenolic content (TPC) was found in Acacia catechu followed by Morus alba, which was 38.9 and 25.1 mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The highest amount of flavonoid content was found in A. catechu followed by M. indica, which was 27.1 and 20.8 mg quercetin equivalents, respectively. CONCLUSION Extracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, P. persica, U. parviflora, and O. tenuifolium showed antibacterial as well as antibiofilm activity against pathogenic and strong biofilm producing E. coli. Thus, extracts or the pure compound from these medicinal plants could be used as antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bhandari
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Karan Khadayat
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sami Poudel
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raju Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Poonam Devkota
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishnu P Marasini
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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15
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Antimicrobial Potential of Strontium Hydroxide on Bacteria Associated with Peri-Implantitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020150. [PMID: 33546189 PMCID: PMC7913193 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peri-implantitis due to infection of dental implants is a common complication that may cause significant patient morbidity. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of Sr(OH)2 against different bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. Methods: The antimicrobial potential of five concentrations of Sr(OH)2 (100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 mM) was assessed with agar diffusion test, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and biofilm viability assays against six bacteria commonly associated with biomaterial infections: Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Escherichia coli, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Results: Zones of inhibition were only observed for, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM of Sr(OH)2 tested against P. gingivalis, in the agar diffusion test. Growth inhibition in planktonic cultures was achieved at 10 mM for all species tested (p < 0.001). In biofilm viability assay, 10 and 100 mM Sr(OH)2 showed potent bactericidal affect against S. mitis, S. epidermidis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. coli, and P. gingivalis. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that Sr(OH)2 has antimicrobial properties against bacteria associated with peri-implantitis.
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16
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Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis in different culture conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21867. [PMID: 33318537 PMCID: PMC7736865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how carbohydrates (glucose or sucrose) affect the characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) planktonic and biofilm in vitro. For this study, E. faecalis was cultured in tryptone-yeast extract broth with 0% glucose + 0% sucrose, 0.5% glucose, 1% glucose, 0.5% sucrose, or 1% sucrose. Viability of E. faecalis was examined by colony forming unit counting assays. Biofilm formation was assessed by measuring extracellular DNA (eDNA), a component of the biofilm matrix. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to investigate the expression of virulence-associated genes. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis, and crystal violet colorimetric assay were conducted to study E. faecalis biofilms. E. faecalis showed the highest viability and eDNA levels in 1% sucrose medium in biofilms. The result of qRT-PCR showed that the virulence-associated genes expressed highest in 1% sucrose-grown biofilms and in 1% glucose-grown planktonic cultures. E. faecalis showed highly aggregated biofilms and higher bacteria and exopolysaccharide (EPS) bio-volume in sucrose than in 0% glucose + 0% sucrose or glucose. The results indicate that the production of eDNA and EPS and expression of virulence-associated genes in E. faecalis are affected by the concentration of carbohydrates in biofilm or planktonic culture.
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17
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Cooke AC, Florez C, Dunshee EB, Lieber AD, Terry ML, Light CJ, Schertzer JW. Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal-Induced Outer Membrane Vesicles Enhance Biofilm Dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSphere 2020; 5:e01109-20. [PMID: 33239369 PMCID: PMC7690959 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01109-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are major contributors to chronic infections in humans. Because they are recalcitrant to conventional therapy, they present a particularly difficult treatment challenge. Identifying factors involved in biofilm development can help uncover novel targets and guide the development of antibiofilm strategies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes surgical site, burn wound, and hospital-acquired infections and is also associated with aggressive biofilm formation in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A potent but poorly understood contributor to P. aeruginosa virulence is the ability to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMV trafficking has been associated with cell-cell communication, virulence factor delivery, and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Because OMVs have almost exclusively been studied using planktonic cultures, little is known about their biogenesis and function in biofilms. Several groups have shown that Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) induces OMV formation in P. aeruginosa Our group described a biophysical mechanism for this and recently showed it is operative in biofilms. Here, we demonstrate that PQS-induced OMV production is highly dynamic during biofilm development. Interestingly, PQS and OMV synthesis are significantly elevated during dispersion compared to attachment and maturation stages. PQS biosynthetic and receptor mutant biofilms were significantly impaired in their ability to disperse, but this phenotype was rescued by genetic complementation or exogenous addition of PQS. Finally, we show that purified OMVs can actively degrade extracellular protein, lipid, and DNA. We therefore propose that enhanced production of PQS-induced OMVs during biofilm dispersion facilitates cell escape by coordinating the controlled degradation of biofilm matrix components.IMPORTANCE Treatments that manipulate biofilm dispersion hold the potential to convert chronic drug-tolerant biofilm infections from protected sessile communities into released populations that are orders-of-magnitude more susceptible to antimicrobial treatment. However, dispersed cells often exhibit increased acute virulence and dissemination phenotypes. A thorough understanding of the dispersion process is therefore critical before this promising strategy can be effectively employed. Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) has been implicated in early biofilm development, but we hypothesized that its function as an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) inducer may contribute at multiple stages. Here, we demonstrate that PQS and OMVs are differentially produced during Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and provide evidence that effective biofilm dispersion is dependent on the production of PQS-induced OMVs, which likely act as delivery vehicles for matrix-degrading enzymes. These findings lay the groundwork for understanding OMV contributions to biofilm development and suggest a model to explain the controlled matrix degradation that accompanies biofilm dispersion in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Elise B Dunshee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Avery D Lieber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Michelle L Terry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin J Light
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Summer Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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18
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Battling Biofilm Forming Nosocomial Pathogens Using Chitosan and Pluronic F127. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm represents a potential strut in bacterial treatment failure. It has a dual action; it affords microbial resistance against antibiotics and facilitate transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Nosocomial bacteria pose a serious problem in healthcare units; it prolongs patient hospital stay and increases the mortality rates beside other awful economical effect. This study was planned for targeting nosocomial bacterial biofilm using natural and biologically safe compounds like Chitosan and/or Pluronic F127. Ninety-five isolates were recovered from 107 nosocomial clinical samples. Different bacterial and fungal species were detected, from which Klebsiella pneumonia (23%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19%), Acinetobacter baumannii (18%) and E.coli (17%) were the predominate organisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanni and Klebsiella pneumonia were the abundant antibiotic resistant strains with multi-resistance pattern of 72%, 65% and 59%, respectively. A significant percentage of these isolates were strong biofilm forming. Herein, we investigate the effect of Chitosan and Pluronic F127 alone and in combination with each other against biofilm production. Chitosan show variable degree of biofilm inhibition, while Pluronic F127 was able to retard biofilm formation by 80% to 90% in most strain. There is no significant difference (P< 0.05) between Pluronic F127 alone and its effect in combination with Chitosan.
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19
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Endo Y, Mune M, Usukura J. Factors Affecting Reduction in Preservative Efficacy in Nonwoven Fabrics. Biocontrol Sci 2020; 25:149-157. [PMID: 32938844 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient preservative efficacy leads to microbial contamination. Cosmetic-impregnated products composed of nonwoven fabrics, such as wipes and masks, can be contaminated with microbes owing to their special form. However, the reduction of preservative efficacy in cosmetic-impregnated products remains unverified. This study aimed to investigate whether preservative efficacy is reduced in nonwoven fabrics impregnated with a cosmetic liquid and the factors affecting this reduction. First, we evaluated the preservative efficacy of face wipes and confirmed that the preservative efficacy was reduced after impregnation of cosmetic liquids into nonwoven fabrics. We thus hypothesized that the adsorption of the antimicrobial components onto nonwoven fabrics decreases the preservative efficacy. Unexpectedly, the antimicrobial components were scarcely adsorbed onto the fabrics, while microbial growth activity was significantly increased on the fabrics, as determined through microbial calorimetry. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects were reduced in the nonwoven fabrics. These results indicate that the nonwoven fabrics enhanced microbial growth, thus decreasing the preservative efficacy. Our results provide novel insights into the microbial control of products composed of nonwoven fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Endo
- Product Assurance Division, MANDOM Corp
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20
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Kumari P, Nath Y, Murty US, Ravichandiran V, Mohan U. Sortase A Mediated Bioconjugation of Common Epitopes Decreases Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1702. [PMID: 32903711 PMCID: PMC7438799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious pathogens and is frequently associated with nosocomial infections imposing serious risk to immune-compromised patients. This is in part due to its ability to colonize at the surface of indwelling medical devices and biofilm formation. Combating the biofilm formation with antibiotics has its own challenges like higher values of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Here, we describe a new approach to target biofilm formation by Gram positive bacteria. Sortase A is a transpeptidase enzyme which is responsible for tagging of around ∼22 cell surface proteins onto the outer surface. These proteins play a major role in the bacterial virulence. Sortase A recognizes its substrate through LPXTG motif. Here, we use this approach to install the synthetic peptide substrates onS. aureus. Sortase A substrate mimic, 6His-LPETG peptide was synthesized using solid phase peptide chemistry. Incorporation of the peptide on the cell surface was measured using ELISA. Effect of peptide incubation on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm was also studied. 71.1% biofilm inhibition was observed with 100 μM peptide while on silicon coated rubber latex catheter, 45.82% inhibition was observed. The present work demonstrates the inability of surface modified S. aureus to establish biofilm formation thereby presenting a novel method for attenuating its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Yutika Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Utpal Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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21
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Lochab V, Jones TH, Dusane DH, Peters CW, Stoodley P, Wozniak DJ, Subramaniam VV, Prakash S. Ultrastructure imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lawn biofilms and eradication of the tobramycin-resistant variants under in vitro electroceutical treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9879. [PMID: 32555250 PMCID: PMC7303171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically generated bactericidal compounds have been shown to eradicate bacterial lawn biofilms through electroceutical treatment. However, the ultrastructure of biofilms exposed to these species has not been studied. Moreover, it is unknown if the efficacy of electroceutical treatment extends to antibiotic-resistant variants that emerge in lawn biofilms after antibiotic treatment. In this report, the efficacy of the in vitro electroceutical treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is demonstrated both at room temperature and in an incubator, with a ~4 log decrease (p < 0.01) in the biofilm viability observed over the anode at both conditions. The ultrastructure changes in the lawn biofilms imaged using transmission electron microscopy demonstrate significant bacterial cell damage over the anode after 24 h of electroceutical treatment. A mix of both damaged and undamaged cells was observed over the cathode. Finally, both eradication and prevention of the emergence of tobramycin-resistant variants were demonstrated by combining antibiotic treatment with electroceutical treatment on the lawn biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Lochab
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Travis H Jones
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Devendra H Dusane
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Casey W Peters
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology, Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vish V Subramaniam
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Holden ER, Webber MA. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as Mediators of the Stress Response: Survival at a Cost. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32431683 PMCID: PMC7216687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global stress response in Enterobacteriaceae, underpinned by activation of a family of transcriptional regulators, including MarA, RamA, and SoxS. These control a program of altered gene expression allowing a rapid and measured response to improve fitness in the presence of toxic drugs. Increased expression of marA, ramA, and soxS up regulates efflux activity to allow detoxification of the cell. However, this also results in trade-offs in other phenotypes, such as impaired growth rates, biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the trade-offs that exist between drug survival and other phenotypes that result from induction of marA, ramA, and soxS. Additionally, we present some new findings linking expression of these regulators and biofilm formation in Enterobacteriaceae, thereby demonstrating the interconnected nature of regulatory networks within the cell and explaining how trade-offs can exist between important phenotypes. This has important implications for our understanding of how bacterial virulence and biofilms can be influenced by exposure to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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23
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Julák J, Vaňková E, Válková M, Kašparová P, Masák J, Scholtz V. Combination of non-thermal plasma and subsequent antibiotic treatment for biofilm re-development prevention. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:863-869. [PMID: 32424471 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on the prevention of antibiotic resistance of microbial biofilms was studied. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacteria and a yeast Candida albicans, grown on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy used in the manufacture of prosthetic implants, were employed. Their biofilms were exposed to NTP produced by DC cometary discharge and subsequently treated with antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of infections caused by them: erythromycin (ERY), polymyxin B (PMB), or amphotericin B (AMB), respectively. All biofilms displayed significant reduction of their metabolic activity after NTP exposure, the most sensitive was S. epidermidis. The subsequent action of antibiotics caused significant decrease in the metabolic activity of S. epidermidis and E. coli, but not C. albicans, although the area covered by biofilm decreased in all cases. The combined effect of NTP with antibiotics was thus proved to be a promising strategy in bacterial pathogen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Julák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaňková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Válková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kašparová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Masák
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Penesyan A, Nagy SS, Kjelleberg S, Gillings MR, Paulsen IT. Rapid microevolution of biofilm cells in response to antibiotics. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:34. [PMID: 31728201 PMCID: PMC6834608 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii are increasingly antibiotic resistant, generating a significant public health problem. Like many bacteria, A. baumannii adopts a biofilm lifestyle that enhances its antibiotic resistance and environmental resilience. Biofilms represent the predominant mode of microbial life, but research into antibiotic resistance has mainly focused on planktonic cells. We investigated the dynamics of A. baumannii biofilms in the presence of antibiotics. A 3-day exposure of A. baumannii biofilms to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics had a profound effect, increasing biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in the majority of biofilm dispersal isolates. Cells dispersing from biofilms were genome sequenced to identify mutations accumulating in their genomes, and network analysis linked these mutations to their phenotypes. Transcriptomics of biofilms confirmed the network analysis results, revealing novel gene functions of relevance to both resistance and biofilm formation. This approach is a rapid and objective tool for investigating resistance dynamics of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Penesyan
- 1Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia.,2School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Stephanie S Nagy
- 1Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- 3Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore, 637551 Singapore.,4School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore.,5School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Michael R Gillings
- 6Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- 1Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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25
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Enhancing the Thermo-Stability and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Alginate Lyase by Immobilization on Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184565. [PMID: 31540110 PMCID: PMC6770906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm causes severe antibiotic resistance. An extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is the main component in the bacterial biofilm. Alginate is a key EPS component in the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and responsible for surface adhesion and stabilization of biofilm. Alginate lyase has emerged as an efficient therapeutic strategy targeting to degrade the alginate in the biofilm of P. aeruginosa. However, the application of this enzyme is limited by its poor stability. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) were synthesized using low molecular weight chitosan and alginate lyase Aly08 was immobilized on low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles (AL-LMW-CS-NPs). As a result, the immobilization significantly enhanced the thermal stability and reusability of Aly08. In addition, compared with free Aly08, the immobilized AL-LMW-CS-NPs exhibited higher efficiency in inhibiting biofilm formation and interrupting the established mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa, which could reduce its biomass and thickness confirmed by confocal microscopy. Moreover, the biofilm disruption greatly increased the antibiotic sensitivity of P. aeruginosa. This research will contribute to the further development of alginate lyase as an anti-biofilm agent.
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26
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Catão ECP, Pollet T, Misson B, Garnier C, Ghiglione JF, Barry-Martinet R, Maintenay M, Bressy C, Briand JF. Shear Stress as a Major Driver of Marine Biofilm Communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1768. [PMID: 31608016 PMCID: PMC6774042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While marine biofilms depend on environmental conditions and substrate, little is known about the influence of hydrodynamic forces. We tested different immersion modes (dynamic, cyclic and static) in Toulon Bay (north-western Mediterranean Sea; NWMS). The static mode was also compared between Toulon and Banyuls Bays. In addition, different artificial surfaces designed to hamper cell attachment (self-polishing coating: SPC; and fouling-release coating: FRC) were compared to inert plastic. Prokaryotic community composition was affected by immersion mode, surface characteristics and site. Rhodobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae dominated the biofilm community structure, with distinct genera according to surface type or immersion mode. Cell density increased with time, greatly limited by hydrodynamic forces, and supposed to delay biofilm maturation. After 1 year, a significant impact of shear stress on the taxonomic structure of the prokaryotic community developed on each surface type was observed. When surfaces contained no biocides, roughness and wettability shaped prokaryotic community structure, which was not enhanced by shear stress. Conversely, the biocidal effect of SPC surfaces, already major in static immersion mode, was amplified by the 15 knots speed. The biofilm community on SPC was 60% dissimilar to the biofilm on the other surfaces and was distinctly colonized by Sphingomonadaceae ((Alter)Erythrobacter). At Banyuls, prokaryotic community structures were more similar between the four surfaces tested than at Toulon, due possibly to a masking effect of environmental constraints, especially hydrodynamic, which was greater than in Toulon. Finally, predicted functions such as cell adhesion confirmed some of the hypotheses drawn regarding biofilm formation over the artificial surfaces tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Pollet
- Laboratoire MAPIEM (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benjamin Misson
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, University of Toulon – Aix-Marseille University, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, University of Toulon – Aix-Marseille University, La Garde, France
| | - Jean-Francois Ghiglione
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Marine Maintenay
- Laboratoire MAPIEM (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire MAPIEM (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
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27
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Al-Bakri AG, Mahmoud NN. Photothermal-Induced Antibacterial Activity of Gold Nanorods Loaded into Polymeric Hydrogel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm. Molecules 2019; 24:E2661. [PMID: 31340472 PMCID: PMC6680386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the photothermal-induced bactericidal activity of phospholipid-decorated gold nanorods (DSPE-AuNR) suspension against Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cultures was investigated. We found that the treatment of planktonic culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with DSPE-AuNR suspension (0.25-0.03 nM) followed by a continuous laser beam exposure resulted in ~6 log cycle reduction of the bacterial viable count in comparison to the control. The percentage reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm viable count was ~2.5-6.0 log cycle upon laser excitation with different concentrations of DSPE-AuNR as compared to the control. The photothermal ablation activity of DSPE-AuNR (0.125 nM) loaded into poloxamer 407 hydrogel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm resulted in ~4.5-5 log cycle reduction in the biofilm viable count compared to the control. Moreover, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the photothermally-treated bacteria revealed a significant change in the bacterial shape and lysis of the bacterial cell membrane in comparison to the untreated bacteria. Furthermore, the results revealed that continuous and pulse laser beam modes effected a comparable photothermal-induced bactericidal activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that phospholipid-coated gold nanorods present a promising nanoplatform to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm responsible for common skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal G Al-Bakri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Nouf N Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
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28
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Teerapo K, Roytrakul S, Sistayanarain A, Kunthalert D. A scorpion venom peptide derivative BmKn‒22 with potent antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218479. [PMID: 31199859 PMCID: PMC6568410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial and serious life-threatening infections and infections caused by this bacterium continue to pose a major medical challenge worldwide. The ability of P. aeruginosa to produce multiple virulence factors and in particular to form biofilms makes this bacterium resistant to all known antibiotics. As a consequence, standard antibiotic therapy are increasingly become ineffective to clear such infections associated with biofilms. In search for novel effective agents to combat P. aeruginosa biofilm infections, a series of the BmKn‒2 scorpion venom peptide and its truncated derivatives were synthesized and their antibiofilm activities assessed. Among the peptides tested, BmKn‒22 peptide, which was a modified peptide of the parental BmKn‒2 scorpion venom peptide, clearly demonstrated the most potential inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa biofilms without affecting the bacterial growth. This peptide was not only capable of inhibiting the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms, but also disrupting the established biofilms of P. aeruginosa. Additionally, BmKn‒22 peptide was able to inhibit the production of key virulence factor pyocyanin of P. aeruginosa. Our results also showed that BmKn‒22 peptide significantly reduced lasI and rhlR expression, and suggested that BmKn‒22 peptide-mediated inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilms and virulence factors was achieved through the components of quorum-sensing systems. Combination of BmKn‒22 peptide with azithromycin resulted in a remarkable reduction P. aeruginosa biofilms. Since this peptide exhibited low toxicity to mammalian cells, all our results therefore indicate that the BmKn‒22 peptide is a promising antibiofilm agent against P. aeruginosa and warrant further development of this peptide as a novel therapeutic for treatment of P. aeruginosa‒associated biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittitat Teerapo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Sistayanarain
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Kunthalert
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- * E-mail: ,
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29
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Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter Baumannii: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101849. [PMID: 31091746 PMCID: PMC6572253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii are commensal and opportunistic pathogens that have emerged as problematic hospital pathogens due to its biofilm formation ability and multiple antibiotic resistances. The biofilm-associated pathogens usually exhibit dramatically decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation of biofilm-forming ability, antibiotic resistance and biofilm-related genes of 154 A. baumannii isolates which were collected from a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Biofilm-forming ability of the isolates was evaluated by crystal violet staining and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration; the biofilm-related genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that among the 154 tested isolates, 15.6% of the clinical isolates were weak biofilm producers, while 32.5% and 45.4% of them possessed moderate and strong biofilm formation ability, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the multiple drug resistant isolates usually provided a higher biofilm formation. The prevalence of biofilm related genes including bap, blaPER-1, csuE and ompA among the isolated strains was 79.2%, 38.3%, 91.6%, and 68.8%, respectively. The results indicated that the antibiotic resistance, the formation of biofilm and the related genes were significantly correlated. The results of this study can effectively help to understand the antibiotic resistant mechanism and provides the valuable information to the screening, identification, diagnosis, treatment and control of clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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30
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Guo J, Qin S, Wei Y, Liu S, Peng H, Li Q, Luo L, Lv M. Silver nanoparticles exert concentration-dependent influences on biofilm development and architecture. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12616. [PMID: 31050052 PMCID: PMC6668980 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the biofilm growth and architecture. Materials and methods Silver nitrate was reduced by d‐maltose to prepare AgNPs in the presence of ammonia and sodium hydroxide. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The development of biofilm with and without AgNPs was explored by crystal violet stain. The structures of mature biofilm were visually studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial cell, polysaccharide and protein within biofilm were assessed quantitatively by colony‐counting method, phenol‐sulphuric acid method and Bradford assay, respectively. Results The spherical AgNPs (about 30 nm) were successfully synthesized. The effect of AgNPs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development was concentration‐dependent. Biofilm was more resistant to AgNPs than planktonic cells. Low doses of AgNPs exposure remarkably delayed the growth cycle of biofilm, whereas high concentration (18 μg/mL) of AgNPs fully prevented biofilm development. The analysis of biofilm architecture at the mature stage demonstrated that AgNPs exposure at all concentration led to significant decrease of cell viability within treated biofilms. However, sublethal doses of AgNPs increased the production of both polysaccharide and protein compared to control, which significantly changed the biofilm structure. Conclusions AgNPs exert concentration‐dependent influences on biofilm development and structure, which provides new insight into the role of concentration played in the interaction between antibacterial nanoparticles and biofilm, especially, an ignored sublethal concentration associated with potential unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Guo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Simin Qin
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (National Health Commission), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shima Liu
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhen Peng
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingnuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lv
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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31
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Hamilos DL. Biofilm Formations in Pediatric Respiratory Tract Infection : Part 1: Biofilm Structure, Role of Innate Immunity in Protection Against and Response to Biofilm, Methods of Biofilm Detection, Pediatric Respiratory Tract Diseases Associated with Mucosal Biofilm Formation. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:6. [PMID: 30820766 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Biofilm represents an organized structure of microorganisms within an extracellular matrix attached to a surface. While the importance of biofilm in prosthetic heart valve and catheter-related infections has been known since the 1980s, the role of mucosal biofilm in human disease pathogenesis has only recently been elucidated. It is now clear that mucosal biofilm is present in both healthy and pathologic states. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of mucosal biofilm in pediatric respiratory infections. RECENT FINDINGS Mucosal biofilm has been implicated in relationship to several pediatric respiratory infections, including tonsillitis, adenoiditis, otitis media with effusion, chronic rhinosinusitis, persistent endobronchial infection, and bronchiectasis. In these conditions, core pathogens are detected in the biofilm, biofilm organisms are often detected by molecular techniques when conventional cultures are negative, and biofilm presence is more extensive in relation to disease than in healthy tissues. In chronic rhinosinusitis, the presence of polymicrobial biofilm is also a predictor of poorer outcome following sinus surgery. Biofilm in the tonsillar and adenoidal compartments plays a distinct role in contributing to disease in the middle ear and sinuses. Key observations regarding the relevance of biofilm to pediatric respiratory infections include (1) the association between the presence of biofilm and persistent/recurrent and more severe disease in these tissues despite antibiotic treatment, (2) linkage between biofilm core pathogens and acute infections, and (3) interrelationship between biofilm presence in one tissue and persistent or recurrent infection in an adjacent tissue. A greater understanding of the significance of mucosal biofilm will undoubtedly emerge with the development of effective means of eradicating mucosal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hamilos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Bulfinch-422, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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32
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Maťátková O, Pospíšilová D, Michailidu J, Jaroš P, Masák J. Effect of subinhibitory concentration of antibiotics on Rhodococcus erythropolis and Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm formation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence 2018; 9:522-554. [PMID: 28362216 PMCID: PMC5955472 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix surrounding bacteria makes them tolerant to harsh conditions and resistant to antibacterial treatments. Moreover, the biofilms are responsible for causing a broad range of chronic diseases and due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria it has really become difficult to treat them with efficacy. Furthermore, the antibiotics available till date are ineffective for treating these biofilm related infections due to their higher values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which may result in in-vivo toxicity. Hence, it is critically important to design or screen anti-biofilm molecules that can effectively minimize and eradicate biofilm related infections. In the present article, we have highlighted the mechanism of biofilm formation with reference to different models and various methods used for biofilm detection. A major focus has been put on various anti-biofilm molecules discovered or tested till date which may include herbal active compounds, chelating agents, peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics and synthetic chemical compounds along with their structures, mechanism of action and their respective MICs, MBCs, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) as well as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values available in the literature so far. Different mode of action of anti biofilm molecules addressed here are inhibition via interference in the quorum sensing pathways, adhesion mechanism, disruption of extracellular DNA, protein, lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides and secondary messengers involved in various signaling pathways. From this study, we conclude that the molecules considered here might be used to treat biofilm-associated infections after significant structural modifications, thereby investigating its effective delivery in the host. It should also be ensured that minimum effective concentration of these molecules must be capable of eradicating biofilm infections with maximum potency without posing any adverse side effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Roy
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Gianfranco Donelli
- b Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
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34
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Shukla SK, Rao TS. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm removal by targeting biofilm-associated extracellular proteins. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S1-S8. [PMID: 29205189 PMCID: PMC5735565 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_410_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Among cell surface proteins, biofilm-associated protein (Bap) promotes biofilm development in Staphylococcus aureus strains. The aim of this study was to investigate proteinase-mediated biofilm dispersion in different isolates of S. aureus. Methods: Biofilm assay was done in 96-well microtitre plate to evaluate the effect of proteinase K on biofilms of bovine mastitis S. Aureus isolates. Extracellular polymeric substances were extracted and evaluated for their composition (protein, polysaccharides and extracellular DNA), before and after the proteinase K treatment. Results: Biofilm assay showed that 2 µg/ml proteinase K significantly inhibited biofilm development in bap-positive S. aureus V329 as well as other S. aureus isolates (SA7, SA10, SA33, SA352), but not in bap-mutant M556 and SA392 (a weak biofilm-producing strain). Proteinase K treatment on S. aureus planktonic cells showed that there was no inhibition of planktonic growth up to 32 µg/ml of proteinase K. Proteinase K treatment on 24 h old preformed biofilms showed an enhanced dispersion of bap-positive V329 and SA7, SA10, SA33 and SA352 biofilms; however, proteinase K did not affect the bap-mutant S. aureus M556 and SA392 biofilms. Biofilm compositions study before and after proteinase K treatment indicated that Bap might also be involved in eDNA retention in the biofilm matrix that aids in biofilm stability. When proteinase K was used in combination with antibiotics, a synergistic effect in antibiotic efficacy was observed against all biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates. Interpretation & conclusions: Proteinase K inhibited biofilms growth in S. aureus bovine mastitis isolates but did not affect their planktonic growth. An enhanced dispersion of preformed S. aureus biofilms was observed on proteinase K treatment. Proteinase K treatment with antibiotics showed a synergistic effect against S. aureus biofilms. The study suggests that dispersing S. aureus by protease can be of use while devising strategies against S. aureus biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Shukla
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - T Subba Rao
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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35
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Morales-Soto N, Dunham SJB, Baig NF, Ellis JF, Madukoma CS, Bohn PW, Sweedler JV, Shrout JD. Spatially dependent alkyl quinolone signaling responses to antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarms. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9544-9552. [PMID: 29588364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a general lack of understanding about how communities of bacteria respond to exogenous toxins such as antibiotics. Most of our understanding of community-level stress responses comes from the study of stationary biofilm communities. Although several community behaviors and production of specific biomolecules affecting biofilm development and associated behavior have been described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria, we have little appreciation for the production and dispersal of secreted metabolites within the 2D and 3D spaces they occupy as they colonize, spread, and grow on surfaces. Here we specifically studied the phenotypic responses and spatial variability of alkyl quinolones, including the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) and members of the alkyl hydroxyquinoline (AQNO) subclass, in P. aeruginosa plate-assay swarming communities. We found that PQS production was not a universal signaling response to antibiotics, as tobramycin elicited an alkyl quinolone response, whereas carbenicillin did not. We also found that PQS and AQNO profiles in response to tobramycin were markedly distinct and influenced these swarms on different spatial scales. At some tobramycin exposures, P. aeruginosa swarms produced alkyl quinolones in the range of 150 μm PQS and 400 μm AQNO that accumulated as aggregates. Our collective findings show that the distribution of alkyl quinolones can vary by several orders of magnitude within the same swarming community. More notably, our results suggest that multiple intercellular signals acting on different spatial scales can be triggered by one common cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Morales-Soto
- From the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences
| | - Sage J B Dunham
- the Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Joseph F Ellis
- the Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Chinedu S Madukoma
- From the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- the Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Joshua D Shrout
- From the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, .,Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
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Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium includes human pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae) and environmental organisms known as non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that, when associated with biomaterials and chronic disease, can cause human infections. A common pathogenic factor of mycobacteria is the formation of biofilms. Various molecules are involved in this process, including glycopeptidolipids, shorter-chain mycolic acids, and GroEL1 chaperone. Nutrients, ions, and carbon sources influence bacterial behavior and have a regulatory role in biofilm formation. The ultrastructure of mycobacterial biofilms can be studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy, a technique that reveals different phenotypic characteristics. Cording is associated with NTM pathogenicity, and is also considered an important property of M. tuberculosis strains. Mycobacterial biofilms are more resistant to environmental aggressions and disinfectants than the planktonic form. Biofilm-forming mycobacteria have been reported in many environmental studies, especially in water systems. NTM cause respiratory disease in patients with underlying diseases, such as old tuberculosis scars, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. Pathogens can be either slowly growing mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium complex, or rapidly growing species, such as Mycobacterium abscessus. Another important biofilm-related group of infections are those associated with biomaterials, and in this setting the most frequently isolated organisms are rapidly growing mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis can develop a biofilm which plays a role in the process of casseous necrosis and cavity formation in lung tissue. M. tuberculosis also develops biofilms on clinical biomaterials. Biofilm development is an important factor for antimicrobial resistance, as it affords protection against antibiotics that are normally active against the same bacteria in the planktonic state. This antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming microorganisms may result in treatment failure, and biofilms have to be physically eradicated to resolve the infection. New strategies with potential antibiofilm molecules that improve treatment efficacy have been developed. A novel antibiofilm approach focuses on Methylobacterium sp. An understanding of biofilm is essential for the appropriate management of patients with many NTM diseases, while the recent discovery of M. tuberculosis biofilms opens a new research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Esteban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Liu MY, Cokcetin NN, Lu J, Turnbull L, Carter DA, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. Rifampicin-Manuka Honey Combinations Are Superior to Other Antibiotic-Manuka Honey Combinations in Eradicating Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2653. [PMID: 29375518 PMCID: PMC5768656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound infections are a major burden to both society and the health care industry. Bacterial biofilms are the major cause of chronic wound infections and are notoriously recalcitrant to treatments with antibiotics, making them difficult to eradicate. Thus, new approaches are required to combat biofilms in chronic wounds. One possible approach is to use drug combination therapies. Manuka honey has potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and has previously shown synergistic activity in combination with antibiotics against common wound pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, manuka honey exhibits anti-biofilm activity, thereby warranting the investigation of its potential as a combination therapy with antibiotics for the topical treatment of biofilm-related infections. Here we report the first use of MacSynergy II to investigate the response of established S. aureus (strain NCTC 8325) biofilms to treatment by combinations of Medihoney (medical grade manuka honey) and conventional antibiotics that are used for preventing or treating infections: rifampicin, oxacillin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, and gentamicin. Using checkerboard microdilution assays, viability assays and MacSynergy II analysis we show that the Medihoney-rifampicin combination was more effective than combinations using the other antibiotics against established staphylococcal biofilms. Medihoney and rifampicin were strongly synergistic in their ability to reduce both biofilm biomass and the viability of embedded S. aureus cells at a level that is likely to be significant in vivo. Other combinations of Medihoney and antibiotic produced an interesting array of effects: Medihoney-fusidic acid treatment showed minor synergistic activity, and Medihoney-clindamycin, -gentamicin, and -oxacillin combinations showed overall antagonistic effects when the honey was used at sub-inhibitory concentration, due to enhanced biofilm formation at these concentrations which could not be counteracted by the antibiotics. However, these combinations were not antagonistic when honey was used at the inhibitory concentration. Confocal scanning laser microscopy confirmed that different honey-antibiotic combination treatments could eradicate biofilms. Our results suggest that honey has potential as an adjunct treatment with rifampicin for chronic wounds infected with staphylococcal biofilms. We also show that MacSynergy II allows a comprehensive examination of the synergistic effects of honey-antibiotic combinations, and can help to identify doses for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Liu
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Nural N Cokcetin
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dee A Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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da Silva RA, Bernardo LP, Moreno JML, Lara VS, Porto VC. Equisetum giganteum influences the ability of Candida albicans in forming biofilms over the denture acrylic resin surface. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1698-1702. [PMID: 28454505 PMCID: PMC6130476 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1321024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Equisetum giganteum L. (Equisetaceae) is an endemic plant of Central and South America used in traditional medicine. Natural drugs have been frequently used in the treatment of a myriad of diseases, proving to be an alternative to synthetic chemicals, and have been intensively studied in the prevention of sicknesses, including oral diseases. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the in vitro antiadherent activity of E. giganteum extract against Candida albicans biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crystal violet and colony-forming units assays were used to quantify the total biofilm biomass and biofilm living cells on a denture base acrylic resin pretreated with hydroethanolic extract of E. giganteum in different concentrations (50, 25, 16, 8, and 4 mg/mL), after 24 h of biofilm development. RESULTS Equisetum giganteum affected biofilms by reduction of biomass and living cells per area of acrylic specimens. The results revealed reduction of 15-44% of the biofilm mass and reduction of numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs) present in biofilms (79%) compared to the untreated control (CTRL/PBS). At all concentrations, it demonstrated important antiadherent activity on Candida albicans biofilms, the main microbe in denture stomatitis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present findings show that E. giganteum antimicrobial effects may qualify the extract as a promising natural alternative for topical treatment or prevention of denture stomatitis. The usage of drugs made of natural products shows advantages in relation to synthetic drugs on the market, such as lower cost, lower toxicity, and in relation to the occurrence of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Alves da Silva
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
- CONTACT Rafaela Alves da SilvaDepartment of Stomatology (Pathology), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Alameda Dr. Otávio Pinheiro Brizolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carvalho Porto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Gharamti AA, Kanafani ZA. Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes infections associated with implantable devices. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:1083-1094. [PMID: 29125405 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1404452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a Gram-positive biofilm-forming rod implicated in acne vulgaris, is increasingly recognized for its role in implant-associated infections. The diagnosis of C. acnes implant-associated infections remains challenging. The optimal treatment is a combination of both surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the different types of implant-associated infections caused by C. acnes. We also highlight the clinical manifestations pertaining to the various sites of infection, and identify several risk factors previously reported in the literature. We then cover the diagnostic laboratory markers, such as IL-6 and AD-1, optimizing C. acnes recovery in culture, and the specific molecular techniques. Finally, we examine the various effective antibiotic regimens and identify some preventive methods against C. acnes infections. Expert commentary: Biomarkers such as IL-6 and AD-1 should be further investigated for the diagnosis of C. acnes implant-associated infections. The use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and other molecular techniques should be further explored in this setting. Longer incubation periods should be requested whenever C. acnes infection is suspected. If the clinical suspicion is high, sonication of the excised implant should be encouraged. Research should focus on developing effective anti-biofilm agents. Finally, preventive methods such as hair removal prior to surgery should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Gharamti
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Zeina A Kanafani
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
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40
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Ming D, Wang D, Cao F, Xiang H, Mu D, Cao J, Li B, Zhong L, Dong X, Zhong X, Wang L, Wang T. Kaempferol Inhibits the Primary Attachment Phase of Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2263. [PMID: 29187848 PMCID: PMC5694784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form biofilms on surfaces makes Staphylococcus aureus the main pathogenic factor in implanted medical device infections. The aim of this study was to discover a biofilm inhibitor distinct from the antibiotics used to prevent infections resulting from S. aureus biofilms. Here, we describe kaempferol, a small molecule with anti-biofilm activity that specifically inhibited the formation of S. aureus biofilms. Crystal violet (CV) staining and fluorescence microscopy clearly showed that 64 μg/ml kaempferol inhibited biofilm formation by 80%. Meanwhile, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and growth curve results indicated that kaempferol had no antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strain. Kaempferol inhibited the primary attachment phase of biofilm formation, as determined by a fibrinogen-binding assay. Moreover, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that kaempferol reduced the activity of S. aureus sortaseA (SrtA) and the expression of adhesion-related genes. Based on these results, kaempferol provides a starting point for the development of novel anti-biofilm drugs, which may decrease the risk of bacterial drug resistance, to prevent S. aureus biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ming
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengjiao Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Mu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Cao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Haque F, Sajid M, Cameotra SS, Battacharyya MS. Anti-biofilm activity of a sophorolipid-amphotericin B niosomal formulation against Candida albicans. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:768-779. [PMID: 28946803 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1363191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids (SLs) have gained interest in the pharmaceutical industries due to their anti-microbial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm properties. In the present study, the production of SL was increased by using low-cost media components. The potential of a SL-based niosomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmB) was determined against biofilm of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In-house prepared SL-AmB niosomes were characterized by different microscopic techniques. The mean entrapment efficiency of AmB within SL-AmB niosome was 63.20% ± 3.86. The cytotoxicity of SL-AmB on mature C. albicans biofilm was compared with an expensive, marketed drug, viz. phosome (a liposomal formulation of AmB). Fewer hyphae were observed in C. albicans biofilm treated with SL-AmB niosome whereas more budding cells were found in phosome treated biofilm. The present study has established the affordable production of SL and the suitability of this approach for delivery of poorly soluble drugs such as AmB against candidiasis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazul Haque
- a Biochemical Engineering Research & Process Development Centre (BERPDC) , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Mohammad Sajid
- b Environmental Biotechnology and Microbial Biochemistry Lab, Institute of Microbial Technology , Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Swaranjit Singh Cameotra
- b Environmental Biotechnology and Microbial Biochemistry Lab, Institute of Microbial Technology , Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Mani Shankar Battacharyya
- a Biochemical Engineering Research & Process Development Centre (BERPDC) , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH) , Chandigarh , India
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Müsken M, Klimmek K, Sauer-Heilborn A, Donnert M, Sedlacek L, Suerbaum S, Häussler S. Towards individualized diagnostics of biofilm-associated infections: a case study. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:22. [PMID: 28970943 PMCID: PMC5620081 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organized within biofilm communities, bacteria exhibit resistance towards a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Thus, one might argue that bacteria isolated from biofilm-associated chronic infections should be subjected to resistance profiling under biofilm growth conditions. Various test systems have been developed to determine the biofilm-associated resistance; however, it is not clear to what extent the in vitro results reflect the situation in vivo, and whether the biofilm-resistance profile should guide clinicians in their treatment choice. To address this issue, we used confocal microscopy in combination with live/dead staining, and profiled biofilm-associated resistance of a large number (>130) of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from overall 15 cystic fibrosis patients. Our results demonstrate that in addition to a general non-responsiveness of bacteria when grown under biofilm conditions, there is an isolate-specific and antibiotic-specific biofilm-resistance profile. This individual resistance profile is independent on the structural properties of the biofilms. Furthermore, biofilm resistance is not linked to the resistance profile under planktonic growth conditions, or a mucoid, or small colony morphology of the tested isolates. Instead, it seems that individual biofilm structures evolve during biofilm-associated growth and are shaped by environment-specific cues. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that biofilm resistance profiles are isolate specific and cannot be deduced from commonly studied phenotypes. Further clinical studies will have to show the added value of biofilm-resistance profiling. Individualized diagnosis of biofilm resistance might lead to more rational recommendations for antimicrobial therapy and, thus, increased effectiveness of the treatment of chronically infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Müsken
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Present Address: Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathi Klimmek
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Monique Donnert
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludwig Sedlacek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, München, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Gkana EN, Doulgeraki AI, Chorianopoulos NG, Nychas GJE. Anti-adhesion and Anti-biofilm Potential of Organosilane Nanoparticles against Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1295. [PMID: 28744277 PMCID: PMC5504163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, modification of surfaces by nanoparticulate coatings is a simple process that may have applications in reducing the prevalence of bacterial cells both on medical devices and food processing surfaces. To this direction, biofilm biological cycle of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica on stainless steel and glass surfaces, with or without nanocoating was monitored. To achieve this, four different commercial nanoparticle compounds (two for each surface) based on organo-functionalized silanes were selected. In total 10 strains of above species (two for each species) were selected to form biofilms on modified or not, stainless steel or glass surfaces, incubated at 37°C for 72 h. Biofilm population was enumerated by bead vortexing-plate counting method at four time intervals (3, 24, 48, and 72 h). Organosilane based products seemed to affect bacterial attachment on the inert surfaces and/or subsequent biofilm formation, but it was highly dependent on the species and material of surfaces involved. Specifically, reduced bacterial adhesion (at 3 h) of Salmonella and E. coli was observed (P < 0.05) in nanocoating glass surfaces in comparison with the control ones. Moreover, fewer Salmonella and Yersinia biofilm cells were enumerated on stainless steel coupons coated with organosilanes, than on non-coated surfaces at 24 h (P < 0.05). This study gives an insight to the efficacy of organosilanes based coatings against biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens, however, further studies are needed to better understand the impact of surface modification and the underlying mechanisms which are involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N. Gkana
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Agapi I. Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of AthensAthens, Greece
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETERAthens, Greece
| | - Nikos G. Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETERAthens, Greece
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of AthensAthens, Greece
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Restructuring of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm architecture in response to antibiotic-induced stress. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28685097 PMCID: PMC5493694 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are intrinsically resistant to antimicrobial treatment, which contributes to microbial persistence in clinical infections. Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that readily forms biofilms and is the most prevalent enterococcal species identified in healthcare-associated infections. Since intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics is common for enterococci, and antibiotic resistance is elevated in biofilm populations, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms involved. Previously, we identified two glycosyltransferase genes whose disruption resulted in impaired nascent biofilm formation in the presence of antibiotic concentrations subinhibitory for parent growth and biofilm formation. The glycosyltransferases are involved in synthesis of the cell-wall-associated rhamnopolysaccharide Epa. Here we examined the effect of epa mutations on the temporal development of E. faecalis biofilms, and on the effects of antibiotics on pre-formed biofilms using scanning electron microscopy. We show that ΔepaOX mutant cells arrange into complex multidimensional biofilms independent of antibiotic exposure, while parent cells form biofilms that are monolayers in the absence of antibiotics. Remarkably, upon exposure to antibiotics parent biofilm cells restructure into complex three-dimensional biofilms resembling those of the ΔepaOX mutant without antibiotics. All biofilms exhibiting complex cellular architectures were less structurally stable than monolayer biofilms, with the biofilm cells exhibiting increased detachment. Our results indicate that E. faecalis biofilms restructure in response to cellular stress whether induced by antibiotics in the case of parent cells, or by deficiencies in Epa composition for the ΔepaOX strain. The data demonstrate a link between cellular architecture and antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis biofilms. Studying how the architecture of bacterial biofilms can change on exposure to antibiotics could help tackle persistent clinical infections. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most prevalent bacteria involved in healthcare situations. Its resistance to antibiotics is elevated by the formation of biofilms. Gary Dunny and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, USA studied genetic factors related to the response of E. faecalis biofilms to antibiotics. They identified mutations that caused the bacterial cells to produce structurally altered biofilms and found that similar structural alterations were induced in biofilms made by normal cells in the presence of antibiotics. The altered architecture can make the biofilms less stable and therefore more easily disrupted by treatments. Learning more about the mechanisms underlying these structural changes in biofilms might lead to new options in treating antibiotic resistant infections.
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Individual and Combined Effects of Engineered Peptides and Antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030058. [PMID: 28672834 PMCID: PMC5620602 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is involved in a variety of difficult-to-treat infections frequently due to biofilm formation. To identify useful antibiofilm strategies, this article evaluated efficacy of two newly engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides (17BIPHE2 and DASamP2), traditional antibiotics, and their combinations against biofilms at different stages. 17BIPHE2 is designed based on the 3D structure of human cathelicidin LL-37 and DASamP2 is derived from database screening. While both peptides show effects on bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and preformed biofilms, select antibiotics only inhibit biofilm formation, probably due to direct bacterial killing. In addition, the time dependence of biofilm formation and treatment in a static in vitro biofilm model was also studied. The initial bacterial inoculum determines the peptide concentration needed to inhibit biofilm growth. When the bacterial growth time is less than 8 h, the biomass in the wells can be dispersed by either antibiotics alone or peptides alone. However, nearly complete biofilm disruption can be achieved when both the peptide and antibiotics are applied. Our results emphasize the importance of antibiofilm peptides, early treatment using monotherapy, and the combination therapy for already formed biofilms of P. aeruginosa.
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The salicylidene acylhydrazide INP0341 attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in vitro and in vivo. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:937-943. [PMID: 28588224 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can be very hard to treat because of high resistance to different antibiotics and alternative treatment regimens are greatly needed. An alternative or a complement to traditional antibiotic is to inhibit virulence of the bacteria. The salicylidene acylhydrazide, INP0341, belongs to a class of compounds that has previously been shown to inhibit virulence in a number of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, the virulence blocking effect of INP0341 on P. aeruginosa was studied in vitro and in vivo. Two important and closely related virulence system were examined, the type III secretion system (T3SS) that translocates virulence effectors into the cytosol of the host cell to evade immune defense and facilitate colonization and the flagella system, needed for motility and biofilm formation. INP0341 was shown to inhibit expression and secretion of the T3SS toxin exoenzyme S (ExoS) and to prevent bacterial motility on agar plates and biofilm formation. In addition, INP0341 showed an increased survival of P. aeruginosa-infected mice. In conclusion, INP0341 attenuates P. aeruginosa virulence.
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Palraj BR, Farid S, Sohail MR. Strategies to prevent infections associated with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 14:371-381. [PMID: 28434261 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1322506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections involving cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) are associated with high morbidity and mortality and substantial financial cost. In the past two decades, the rate of CIED infections has increased disproportionate to the number of devices implanted, likely due to aging patient population with multiple comorbidities. Microbial contamination of the generator pocket and or leads by skin flora at the time of implantation is a major mechanism for early CIED infections. Due to resistance to host immune cells and antibiotics caused by biofilm formation, complete removal of the device generator and leads is required to achieve cure. Areas covered: In this manuscript, we review the published literature regarding epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of CIED infections with primary focus on the preventative strategies to reduce the incidence of device infections. Expert commentary: Strict adherence to infection control measures at the time of CIED implantation is critical in reducing the risk of device infection while adjunctive strategies such as use of antimicrobial envelopes might help in certain high-risk individuals. Technological advances in device manufacturing with availability of subcutaneous devices without transvenous leads and self-contained intracardiac devices without leads and generator show promise with lower risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Raj Palraj
- a Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Saira Farid
- a Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - M Rizwan Sohail
- a Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA.,b Department of Cardiovascular Diseases , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
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Glycoside Hydrolases Degrade Polymicrobial Bacterial Biofilms in Wounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01998-16. [PMID: 27872074 PMCID: PMC5278739 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01998-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent nature of chronic wounds leaves them highly susceptible to invasion by a variety of pathogens that have the ability to construct an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This EPS makes the bacterial population, or biofilm, up to 1,000-fold more antibiotic tolerant than planktonic cells and makes wound healing extremely difficult. Thus, compounds which have the ability to degrade biofilms, but not host tissue components, are highly sought after for clinical applications. In this study, we examined the efficacy of two glycoside hydrolases, α-amylase and cellulase, which break down complex polysaccharides, to effectively disrupt Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monoculture and coculture biofilms. We hypothesized that glycoside hydrolase therapy would significantly reduce EPS biomass and convert bacteria to their planktonic state, leaving them more susceptible to conventional antimicrobials. Treatment of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms, grown in vitro and in vivo, with solutions of α-amylase and cellulase resulted in significant reductions in biomass, dissolution of the biofilm, and an increase in the effectiveness of subsequent antibiotic treatments. These data suggest that glycoside hydrolase therapy represents a potential safe, effective, and new avenue of treatment for biofilm-related infections.
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From prevention of pin-tract infection to treatment of osteomyelitis during paediatric external fixation. J Child Orthop 2016; 10:605-612. [PMID: 27848193 PMCID: PMC5145837 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-016-0787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pin-tract infection (PTI) is the most commonly expected problem, or even an almost inevitable complication, when using external fixation. Left unteated, PTI will progress unavoidably, lead to mechanical pin loosening, and ultimately cause instability of the external fixator pin-bone construct. Thus, PTI remains a clinical challenge, specifically in cases of limb lengthening or deformity correction. Standardised pin site protocols which encompass an understanding of external fixator biomechanics and meticulous surgical technique during pin and wire insertion, postoperative pin site care and pin removal could limit the incidence of major infections and treatment failures. Here we discuss concepts regarding the epidemiology, physiopathology and microbiology of PTI in paediatric populations, as well as the clinical presentations, diagnosis, classification and treatment of these infections.
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Gulcu A, Akman A, Demirkan AF, Yorukoglu AC, Kaleli I, Bir F. Fosfomycin Addition to Poly(D,L-Lactide) Coating Does Not Affect Prophylaxis Efficacy in Rat Implant-Related Infection Model, But That of Gentamicin Does. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165544. [PMID: 27806071 PMCID: PMC5091905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin is the preferred antimicrobial agent used in implant coating for the prevention of implant-related infections (IRI). However, the present heavy local and systemic administration of gentamicin can lead to increased resistance, which has made its future use uncertain, together with related preventive technologies. Fosfomycin is an alternative antimicrobial agent that lacks the cross-resistance presented by other classes of antibiotics. We evaluated the efficacy of prophylaxis of 10% fosfomycin-containing poly(D,L-lactide) (PDL) coated K-wires in a rat IRI model and compared it with uncoated (Control 1), PDL-coated (Control 2), and 10% gentamicin-containing PDL-coated groups with a single layer of coating. Stainless steel K-wires were implanted and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) suspensions (103 CFU/10 μl) were injected into a cavity in the left tibiae. Thereafter, K-wires were removed and cultured in tryptic soy broth and then 5% sheep blood agar mediums. Sliced sections were removed from the tibiae, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and semi-quantitatively evaluated with X-rays. The addition of fosfomycin into PDL did not affect the X-ray and histopathological evaluation scores; however, the addition of gentamicin lowered them. The addition of gentamicin showed a protective effect after the 28th day of X-ray evaluations. PDL-only coating provided no protection, while adding fosfomycin to PDL offered a 20% level protection and adding gentamicin offered 80%. Furthermore, there were 103 CFU level growths in the gentamicin-added group, while the other groups had 105. Thus, the addition of fosfomycin to PDL does not affect the efficacy of prophylaxis, but the addition of gentamicin does. We therefore do not advise the use of fosfomycin as a single antimicrobial agent in coating for IRI prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gulcu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Alp Akman
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Fahir Demirkan
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ali Cagdas Yorukoglu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Kaleli
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ferda Bir
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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