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Fournier DE, Veras MA, Brooks CR, Quinonez D, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Séguin CA. Stiffness and axial pain are associated with the progression of calcification in a mouse model of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:72. [PMID: 37120576 PMCID: PMC10148510 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterized by progressive calcification of spinal tissues; however, the impact of calcification on pain and function is poorly understood. This study examined the association between progressive ectopic spine calcification in mice lacking equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1-/-), a preclinical model of DISH, and behavioral indicators of pain. METHODS A longitudinal study design was used to assess radiating pain, axial discomfort, and physical function in wild-type and ENT1-/- mice at 2, 4, and 6 months. At endpoint, spinal cords were isolated for immunohistochemical analysis of astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (IBA1), and nociceptive innervation (CGRP). RESULTS Increased spine calcification in ENT1-/- mice was associated with reductions in flexmaze exploration, vertical activity in an open field, and self-supporting behavior in tail suspension, suggesting flexion-induced discomfort or stiffness. Grip force during the axial stretch was also reduced in ENT1-/- mice at 6 months of age. Increased CGRP immunoreactivity was detected in the spinal cords of female and male ENT1-/- mice compared to wild-type. GFAP- and IBA1-immunoreactivity were increased in female ENT1-/- mice compared to wild-type, suggesting an increase in nociceptive innervation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ENT1-/- mice experience axial discomfort and/or stiffness and importantly that these features are detected during the early stages of spine calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Fournier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Physical Therapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Matthew A Veras
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Courtney R Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Diana Quinonez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0G1, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0G1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Wright NJ, Lee SY. Recent advances on the inhibition of human solute carriers: Therapeutic implications and mechanistic insights. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102378. [PMID: 35487145 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane transport proteins tasked with mediating passage of hydrophilic molecules across lipid bilayers. Despite the extensive roles played in all aspects of human biology, SLCs remain vastly under-explored as therapeutic targets. In this brief review, we first discuss a few successful cases of drugs that exert their mechanisms of action through inhibition of human SLCs, and introduce select examples of human SLCs that have untapped therapeutic potential. We then highlight two recent structural studies which uncovered detailed structural mechanisms of inhibition exhibited against two different human major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. https://twitter.com/@nick_rite
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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Cortical astrocytes regulate ethanol consumption and intoxication in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:500-508. [PMID: 32464636 PMCID: PMC8027025 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are fundamental building blocks of the central nervous system. Their dysfunction has been implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder, yet our understanding of their functional role in ethanol intoxication and consumption is very limited. Astrocytes regulate behavior through multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including G-protein coupled-receptor (GPCR)-mediated calcium signals. To test the hypothesis that GPCR-induced calcium signaling is also involved in the behavioral effects of ethanol, we expressed astrocyte-specific excitatory DREADDs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice. Activating Gq-GPCR signaling in PFC astrocytes increased drinking in ethanol-naïve mice, but not in mice with a history of ethanol drinking. In contrast, reducing calcium signaling with an astrocyte-specific calcium extruder reduced ethanol intake. Cortical astrocyte calcium signaling also altered the acute stimulatory and sedative-hypnotic effects of ethanol. Astrocyte-specific Gq-DREADD activation increased both the locomotor-activating effects of low dose ethanol and the sedative-hypnotic effects of a high dose, while reduced astrocyte calcium signaling diminished sensitivity to the hypnotic effects. In addition, we found that adenosine A1 receptors were required for astrocyte calcium activation to increase ethanol sedation. These results support integral roles for PFC astrocytes in the behavioral actions of ethanol that are due, at least in part, to adenosine receptor activation.
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Alstadhaug KB, Andreou AP. Caffeine and Primary (Migraine) Headaches-Friend or Foe? Front Neurol 2019; 10:1275. [PMID: 31849829 PMCID: PMC6901704 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The actions of caffeine as an antagonist of adenosine receptors have been extensively studied, and there is no doubt that both daily and sporadic dietary consumption of caffeine has substantial biological effects on the nervous system. Caffeine influences headaches, the migraine syndrome in particular, but how is unclear. Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review based on selected articles from an extensive literature search. The aim of this study is to elucidate and discuss how caffeine may affect the migraine syndrome and discuss the potential pathophysiological pathways involved. Results: Whether caffeine has any significant analgesic and/or prophylactic effect in migraine remains elusive. Neither is it clear whether caffeine withdrawal is an important trigger for migraine. However, withdrawal after chronic exposure of caffeine may cause migraine-like headache and a syndrome similar to that experienced in the prodromal phase of migraine. Sensory hypersensitivity however, does not seem to be a part of the caffeine withdrawal syndrome. Whether it is among migraineurs is unknown. From a modern viewpoint, the traditional vascular explanation of the withdrawal headache is too simplistic and partly not conceivable. Peripheral mechanisms can hardly explain prodromal symptoms and non-headache withdrawal symptoms. Several lines of evidence point at the hypothalamus as a locus where pivotal actions take place. Conclusion: In general, chronic consumption of caffeine seems to increase the burden of migraine, but a protective effect as an acute treatment or in severely affected patients cannot be excluded. Future clinical trials should explore the relationship between caffeine withdrawal and migraine, and investigate the effects of long-term elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B. Alstadhaug
- Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna P. Andreou
- Headache Research, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Headache Centre, Guy's and St Thomas', NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Freyberg Z, Logan RW. The Intertwined Roles of Circadian Rhythms and Neuronal Metabolism Fueling Drug Reward and Addiction. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 5:80-89. [PMID: 30631826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a highly prevalent and devastating disorder with few effective treatments, resulting in enormous burdens on family and society. The cellular and behavioral effects of drugs of abuse are related to their abilities to elevate synaptic dopamine levels. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens play crucial roles in substance-induced neural and behavioral plasticity. Significantly, increasing work suggests that interplay between the brain circadian system and the cellular bioenergetic machinery in these dopamine neurons plays a critical role in mediating the actions of drugs of abuse. Here, we describe recent progress in elucidating the interconnections between circadian and metabolic systems at the molecular and cellular levels and their relationships to modulation of drug reward and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Freyberg
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, pittsburgh, PA, USA 15219.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15213
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, pittsburgh, PA, USA 15219.,Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609
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Lindberg D, Andres-Beck L, Jia YF, Kang S, Choi DS. Purinergic Signaling in Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions, Circadian Rhythms, and Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Physiol 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29467662 PMCID: PMC5808134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a debilitating condition marked by cyclic patterns of craving, use, and withdrawal. These pathological behaviors are mediated by multiple neurotransmitter systems utilizing glutamate, GABA, dopamine, ATP, and adenosine. In particular, purines such as ATP and adenosine have been demonstrated to alter the phase and function of the circadian clock and are reciprocally regulated by the clock itself. Importantly, chronic ethanol intake has been demonstrated to disrupt the molecular circadian clock and is associated with altered circadian patterns of activity and sleep. Moreover, ethanol has been demonstrated to disrupt purinergic signaling, while dysfunction of the purinergic system has been implicated in conditions of drug abuse such as AUD. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge regarding circadian disruption by ethanol, focusing on the reciprocal relationship that exists between oscillatory neurotransmission and the molecular circadian clock. In particular, we offer detailed explanations and hypotheses regarding the concerted regulation of purinergic signaling and circadian oscillations by neurons and astrocytes, and review the diverse mechanisms by which purinergic dysfuction may contribute to circadian disruption or alcohol abuse. Finally, we describe the mechanisms by which ethanol may disrupt or hijack endogenous circadian rhythms to induce the maladaptive behavioral patterns associated with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lindsey Andres-Beck
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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Adermark L, Bowers MS. Disentangling the Role of Astrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1802-16. [PMID: 27476876 PMCID: PMC5407469 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratories recently identified that astrocytes are critical regulators of addiction machinery. It is now known that astrocyte pathology is a common feature of ethanol (EtOH) exposure in both humans and animal models, as even brief EtOH exposure is sufficient to elicit long-lasting perturbations in astrocyte gene expression, activity, and proliferation. Astrocytes were also recently shown to modulate the motivational properties of EtOH and other strongly reinforcing stimuli. Given the role of astrocytes in regulating glutamate homeostasis, a crucial component of alcohol use disorder (AUD), astrocytes might be an important target for the development of next-generation alcoholism treatments. This review will outline some of the more prominent features displayed by astrocytes, how these properties are influenced by acute and long-term EtOH exposure, and future directions that may help to disentangle astrocytic from neuronal functions in the etiology of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. Scott Bowers
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Faulk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Northwestern University; Aptinyx,, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
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May CE, Haun HL, Griffin WC. Sensitization and Tolerance Following Repeated Exposure to Caffeine and Alcohol in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1443-52. [PMID: 26136115 PMCID: PMC4515142 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks are popular mixers with alcohol. While energy drinks contain many ingredients, caffeine is an important pharmacologically active component and is generally present in larger amounts than in other caffeinated beverages. In these studies, we investigated the hypothesis that caffeine would influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) on conditioned taste aversion (CTA), ataxia, and locomotor activity (LA) after repeated exposure. METHODS Four groups of mice were exposed by oral gavage twice daily to vehicle, EtOH (4 g/kg), caffeine (15 mg/kg), or the EtOH/caffeine combination. CTA to saccharin and ataxia in the parallel rod task was evaluated after 8 or 16 gavages, respectively, using EtOH (1 to 3 g/kg) or EtOH/caffeine (3 mg/kg + 2 g/kg) challenges. In addition, LA was evaluated initially and after repeated exposure to oral gavage of these drugs and doses. RESULTS Repeated oral gavage of EtOH produced significant locomotor sensitization, with those mice increasing total distance traveled by 2-fold. The locomotor response to caffeine, while significantly greater than vehicle gavage, did not change with repeated exposure. On the other hand, repeated gavage of caffeine/EtOH combination produced a substantial increase in total distance traveled after repeated exposure (~4-fold increase). After repeated EtOH exposure, there was significant tolerance to EtOH in the CTA and parallel rod tests. However, neither a history of caffeine exposure nor including caffeine influenced EtOH-induced CTA. Interestingly, a history of caffeine exposure increased the ataxic response to the caffeine/EtOH combination and appeared to reduce the ataxic response to high doses of EtOH. CONCLUSIONS The data support the general hypothesis that repeated exposure to caffeine influences the response to EtOH. Together with previously published work, these data indicate that caffeine influences some EtOH-related behaviors, notably locomotion and ataxia, but appears not to influence the expression of conditioned behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E May
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Harold L Haun
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William C Griffin
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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