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Danpanichkul P, Aboona MB, Sukphutanan B, Kongarin S, Duangsonk K, Ng CH, Muthiah MD, Huang DQ, Seko Y, Díaz LA, Arab JP, Yang JD, Chen VL, Kim D, Noureddin M, Liangpunsakul S, Wijarnpreecha K. Incidence of liver cancer in young adults according to the Global Burden of Disease database 2019. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00835. [PMID: 38598364 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The worldwide burden of cancer is increasing in younger populations. However, the epidemiology of primary liver cancer remains understudied in young adults compared to other cancer forms. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease study between 2010 and 2019 to assess the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years associated with primary liver cancer in the young (15-49 y), stratified by region, nation, sociodemographic index, and sex. The study found a global estimate of 78,299 primary liver cancer cases, 60,602 deaths, and 2.90 million disability-adjusted life years in the young population. The Western Pacific region exhibited the highest burden in 2019, showing the most significant increase compared to other regions between 2010 and 2019. More than half of the countries worldwide have undergone an increase in primary liver cancer incidence rates in young adults. Around 12.51% of deaths due to primary liver cancer occur in young individuals. Throughout the study period, there was a significant decline in primary liver cancer mortality due to most etiologies, except for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-attributable primary liver cancer (annual percentage change + 0.87%, 95% CI: 0.70%-1.05%) and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer (annual percentage change + 0.21%, 95% CI: 0.01%-0.42%). The limitations of the Global Burden of Disease database include reliance on the quality of primary data and possible underestimation of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Over the past decade, there has been a marked increase in the burden of primary liver cancer, especially that originating from steatotic liver disease. This trend calls for the development of urgent and comprehensive strategies to mitigate this rising burden globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pojsakorn Danpanichkul
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Majd B Aboona
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Kwanjit Duangsonk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mark D Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Q Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- MASLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuya Seko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Luis Antonio Díaz
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Observatorio Multicéntrico de Enfermedades Gastrointestinales, OMEGA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University & London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vincent L Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Donghee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Houston Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Karn Wijarnpreecha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Yin J, Freedman ND, Liu Y, Dawsey SM, Yang H, Taylor PR, Yin L, Liu B, Cui J, Fan J, Chen W, Qiao Y, Abnet CC. Associations between serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and the risk of incident primary liver cancer or chronic liver disease mortality: a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:275-284. [PMID: 36496451 PMCID: PMC9902537 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the associations between pre-diagnostic levels of serum insulin, glucose and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and future risk of incident primary liver cancer (PLC) or chronic liver disease (CLD)-related mortality. METHODS We used a nested case-control design to evaluate subjects over 22 years of follow-up. Glucose, insulin, and three markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus were measured in fasting baseline serum from 119 incident PLCs, 157 CLD-death cases and 512 matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression to estimate the associations between insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR and the risk of PLC or CLD death. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quartile of insulin, multivariable adjusted models showed that subjects in the highest quartile had elevated odds of developing PLC (ORQ4/Q1 = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.26-4.75, Ptrend = 0.007), particularly in HBV-positive subjects (Pinteraction = 0.040), and of CLD death (ORQ4/Q1 = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.02-3.21, Ptrend = 0.018). For glucose, in the HBV-positive group, subjects in the fourth quartile had an increased risk of PLC (ORQ4/Q1 = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.07-4.60, Ptrend = 0.009), and of CLD mortality (ORQ4/Q1 = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.95-3.28, Ptrend = 0.019). Subjects with the highest HOMA-IR values had a threefold risk of developing PLC (ORQ4/Q1 = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.54-5.87, Ptrend = 0.001), and a twofold risk of CLD death (ORQ4/Q1 = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.25-3.94, Ptrend = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We found that serum insulin and HOMA-IR could potentially be risk factors for PLC or CLD death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730 Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Yiwei Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Huan Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Liangyu Yin
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Clinical Nutrition, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Jinhu Fan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Youlin Qiao
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China. .,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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Liu Y, Yin J, Dawsey SM, Liu B, Freedman ND, Cui J, Taylor PR, Yin L, Abnet CC, Fan J, Chen W, Zhong L, Qiao Y. Relationships between serum iron and liver diseases in nutrition intervention trials: A nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 78:102157. [PMID: 35421712 PMCID: PMC9133189 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum iron is associated with the risk of several diseases. However, limited prospective studies have been performed between serum iron and the subsequent risk of chronic liver disease (CLD) and primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence. METHODS We performed a nested case-control study using data from the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials among participants who developed PLC incidence or died from CLD over 22-years of follow-up. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the risk of PLC incidence or CLD death in different quintile of baseline serum iron using logistic regression. RESULTS Individuals with serum iron in the highest quintile, compared to those in the second quintile (the reference), had an increased risk of CLD mortality (OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.27-3.27, Ptrend=0.011). The association was stronger among HCV-positive participants (Pinteraction=0.005). For PLC incidence, the risk estimates were above one, but not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A significant positive association was found between serum iron and the risk of CLD-related mortality, especially in HCV-positive subjects. Our results suggest that serum iron plays a risk role in CLD death but not in PLC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Liangyu Yin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jinhu Fan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Science, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | - Youlin Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Gao S, Gang J, Yu M, Xin G, Tan H. Computational analysis for identification of early diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic biomarkers of liver cancer based on GEO and TCGA databases and studies on pathways and biological functions affecting the survival time of liver cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:791. [PMID: 34238253 PMCID: PMC8268589 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death. The purpose of this work is to find new diagnostic biomarkers or prognostic biomarkers and explore the biological functions related to the prognosis of liver cancer. Methods GSE25097 datasets were firstly obtained and compared with TCGA LICA datasets and an analysis of the overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was conducted. Cytoscape was used to screen out the Hub Genes among the DEGs. ROC curve analysis was used to screen the Hub Genes to determine the genes that could be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model screened genes associated with prognosis biomarkers, and further Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed on the prognosis genes to explore the mechanism affecting the survival and prognosis of liver cancer patients. Results 790 DEGs and 2162 DEGs were obtained respectively from the GSE25097 and TCGA LIHC data sets, and 102 Common DEGs were identified by overlapping the two DEGs. Further screening identified 22 Hub Genes from 102 Common DEGs. ROC and survival curves were used to analyze these 22 Hub Genes and it was found that there were 16 genes with a value of AUC > 90%. Among these, the expression levels of ESR1,SPP1 and FOSB genes were closely related to the survival time of liver cancer patients. Three common pathways of ESR1, FOBS and SPP1 genes were identified along with seven common pathways of ESR1 and SPP1 genes and four common pathways of ESR1 and FOSB genes. Conclusions SPP1, AURKA, NUSAP1, TOP2A, UBE2C, AFP, GMNN, PTTG1, RRM2, SPARCL1, CXCL12, FOS, DCN, SOCS3, FOSB and PCK1 can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for liver cancer, among which FOBS and SPP1 genes can also be used as prognostic biomarkers. Activation of the cell cycle-related pathway, pancreas beta cells pathway, and the estrogen signaling pathway, while on the other hand inhibition of the hallmark heme metabolism pathway, hallmark coagulation pathway, and the fat metabolism pathway may promote prognosis in liver cancer patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08520-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Gao
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jian Gang
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guosong Xin
- Drug Engineering and Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Antitumor Drugs, Harbin, 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huixin Tan
- Department of pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medicine University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Osna NA, Ganesan M, Seth D, Wyatt TA, Kidambi S, Kharbanda KK. Second hits exacerbate alcohol-related organ damage: an update. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:8-16. [PMID: 32869059 PMCID: PMC7768623 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and excessive alcohol abuse cause direct and indirect detrimental effects on a wide range of body organs and systems and accounts for ~4% of deaths worldwide. Many factors influence the harmful effects of alcohol. This concise review presents newer insights into the role of select second hits in influencing the progression of alcohol-induced organ damage by synergistically acting to generate a more dramatic downstream biological defect. This review specifically addresses on how a lifestyle factor of high fat intake exacerbates alcoholic liver injury and its progression. This review also provides the mechanistic insights into how increasing matrix stiffness during liver injury promotes alcohol-induced fibrogenesis. It also discusses how hepatotropic viral (HCV, HBV) infections as well as HIV (which is traditionally not known to be hepatotropic), are potentiated by alcohol exposure to promote hepatotoxicity and fibrosis progression. Finally, this review highlights the impact of reactive aldehydes generated during alcohol and cigarette smoke coexposure impair innate antimicrobial defense and increased susceptibility to infections. This review was inspired by the symposium held at the 17th Congress of the European Society for Biomedical research on Alcoholism in Lille, France entitled 'Second hits in alcohol-related organ damage'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Corresponding author: Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service (151), 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, Nebraska 68105. USA. Tel.: +1-402-995-3752; Fax: +1-402-995-4600; E-mail:
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Yin J, Yin LY, Freedman ND, Li TY, Dawsey SM, Cui JF, Taylor PR, Liu B, Fan JH, Chen W, Abnet CC, Qiao YL. Independent and Joint Associations between Serum Calcium, 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D, and the Risk of Primary Liver Cancer: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2057-2064. [PMID: 32856608 PMCID: PMC8594771 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has shown that serum calcium and vitamin D may be associated with or influence various cancer risks. However, no prospective studies have evaluated the independent and joint associations between prediagnostic levels of serum calcium and vitamin D and future risk of incident primary liver cancer. METHODS We used a nested case-control design to evaluate subjects over 22 years of follow-up. Serum calcium, 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], and three markers of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus were measured in baseline serum from 226 incident primary liver cancer cases and 1,061 matched controls. We calculated ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression to estimate the associations between calcium, 25(OH)D, and primary liver cancer risk. RESULTS Multivariable adjusted models showed that subjects with both low (ORLow/Medium = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.01-2.17) or high (ORHigh/Medium = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.34-2.76) calcium had an increased primary liver cancer risk, while those with high 25(OH)D had a decreased risk of primary liver cancer (ORHigh/Medium = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.35-0.82). In joint analyses, when compared with subjects with medium calcium and 25(OH)D, subjects with high calcium and medium 25(OH)D had elevated odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.17-3.05); those with medium calcium and high 25(OH)D had reduced odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.17-0.67); and subjects in other classifications of calcium and serum 25(OH)D levels had no change in the odds of developing primary liver cancer (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In a nutrient-deficient population, we found that serum calcium and serum 25(OH)D could potentially be modifiable risk or protective factors. IMPACT Our findings provide potential targets for primary liver cancer prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Yu Yin
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ting-Yuan Li
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jian-Feng Cui
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hu Fan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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7
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Chauhan N, Dhasmana A, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. miR-205: A Potential Biomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091957. [PMID: 32854238 PMCID: PMC7564275 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of their target mRNAs post transcriptionally. miRNAs are known to regulate not just a gene but the whole gene network (signaling pathways). Accumulating evidence(s) suggests that miRNAs can work either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, but some miRNAs have a dual nature since they can act as both. miRNA 205 (miR-205) is one such highly conserved miRNA that can act as both, oncomiRNA and tumor suppressor. However, most reports confirm its emerging role as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. This review focuses on the downregulated expression of miR-205 and discusses its dysregulation in breast, prostate, skin, liver, gliomas, pancreatic, colorectal and renal cancers. This review also confers its role in tumor initiation, progression, cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tumor metastasis. Restoration of miR-205 makes cells more sensitive to drug treatments and mitigates drug resistance. Additionally, the importance of miR-205 in chemosensitization and its utilization as potential biomedicine and nanotherapy is described. Together, this review research article sheds a light on its application as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker, and as a biomedicine in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (N.C.); (A.D.); (M.J.); (S.C.C.)
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (N.C.); (A.D.); (M.J.); (S.C.C.)
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (N.C.); (A.D.); (M.J.); (S.C.C.)
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (N.C.); (A.D.); (M.J.); (S.C.C.)
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (N.C.); (A.D.); (M.J.); (S.C.C.)
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(956)-296-1734
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8
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Interplay of PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 Variants in Modulating the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma among Hepatitis C Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:4216451. [PMID: 32382265 PMCID: PMC7196159 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4216451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism causing a C to G change in the PNPLA3 gene (rs738409) is associated with disease severity and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; the insertion variant rs72613567:TA of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 13 (HSD17B13) mitigates this detrimental effect. Our aim was to evaluate if the same holds true in chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). With a case control retrospective study design, we selected 110 patients who developed HCC on a background of HCV infection, matching each patient for sex and age (±30 months) to three HCV-infected, non-HCC patients. All participants underwent genotyping for PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 gene variants. Both univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for advanced disease and HCC were performed. Carriage of PNPLA3 G∗ allele was associated with a trend of progressively more severe liver disease, from mild fibrosis to significant fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC (p = 0.007). When the HSD17B13:TA status of these patients was taken into account, the abovementioned trend was strengthened among HSD17B13 major allele homozygotes and completely blunted among carriers of the minor allele (p = 0.0003 and 0.953, respectively). In a conditional logistic regression model including diabetes and AST to platelet ratio index among predictor variables, the unfavourable genetic profile characterized by the coexistence of the PNPLA3 minor allele and HSD17B13 major allele (vs. all other possible combinations) was an independent risk factor for HCC (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.23-3.26) together with a history of alcohol abuse. In conclusion, carriage of the combination PNPLA3 minor allele and HSD17B13 major allele may represent a risk factor for HCC among HCV-infected patients. The interplay between the two genes may explain some of the controversy on this topic and may be exploited to stratify HCC risk in hepatitis C.
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9
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Chen PM, Li JR, Liu CC, Tang FY, Chiang EPI. Metabolic Pathways Enhancement Confers Poor Prognosis in p53 Exon Mutant Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Inform 2020; 19:1176935119899913. [PMID: 31933519 PMCID: PMC6947881 DOI: 10.1177/1176935119899913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), the most commonly used sequencing application tool, is not only a method for measuring gene expression but also an excellent media to detect important structural variants such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertion/deletion (Indels), or fusion transcripts. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) contains genomic data from a variety of cancer types and also provides the raw data generated by TCGA consortium. p53 is among the top 10 somatic mutations associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to analyze concordant different gene profiles and the priori defined set of genes based on p53 mutation status in HCC using RNA-Seq data. In the study, expression profile of 11 799 genes on 42 paired tumor and adjacent normal tissues was collected, processed, and further stratified by the mutated versus normal p53 expression. Furthermore, we used a knowledge-based approach Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to compare between normal and p53 mutation gene expression profiles. The statistical significance (nominal P value) of the enrichment score (ES) genes was calculated. The ranked gene list that reflects differential expression between p53 wild-type and mutant genotypes was then mapped to metabolic process by KEGG, an encyclopedia of genes and genomes to assign functional meanings. These approaches enable us to identify pathways and potential target gene/pathways that are highly expressed in p53 mutated HCC. Our analysis revealed 2 genes, the hexokinase 2 (HK2) and Enolase 1 (ENO1), were conspicuous of red pixel in the heatmap. To further explore the role of these genes in HCC, the overall survival plots by Kaplan-Meier method were performed for HK2 and ENO1 that revealed high HK2 and ENO1 expression in patients with HCC have poor prognosis. These results suggested that these glycolysis genes are associated with mutated-p53 in HCC that may contribute to poor prognosis. In this proof-of-concept study, we proposed an approach for identifying novel potential therapeutic targets in human HCC with mutated p53. These approaches can take advantage of the massive next-generation sequencing (NGS) data generated worldwide and make more out of it by exploring new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ming Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Chun-Chi Liu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Feng-Yao Tang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - En-Pei Isabel Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung.,Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), Taichung
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10
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Zhou A, Tang L, Zeng S, Lei Y, Yang S, Tang B. Gut microbiota: A new piece in understanding hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:15-22. [PMID: 31917160 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host and benefits the body in many critical aspects of life. However, immune system defects, alterations in the gut microbiota and environmental changes can destroy this symbiotic relationship and may lead to diseases, including cancer. Due to the anatomic and functional connection of the gut and liver, increasing studies show the important role of the gut microbiota in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this manuscript, we review the available evidence and analyze some potential mechanisms of the gut microbiota, including bacterial dysbiosis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and genotoxins, in the progression and promotion of HCC. Furthermore, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of probiotics, chemotherapy modulation, immunotherapy, targeted drugs and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shuo Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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11
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Song X, Wang S, Zhao C, Zhang W, Wang G, Jia S. Visual method for evaluating liver function: targeted in vivo fluorescence imaging of the asialoglycoprotein receptor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5015-5024. [PMID: 31646026 PMCID: PMC6788595 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The visual evaluation of liver function (LF) has always been a hot topic in research on liver diseases. In vivo fluorescence imaging (IVFI) of the Cy5.5-galactosylated polylysine (Cy5.5-GP) probe targeting asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), for evaluating LF in chronic alcoholic liver injury (cALI) mice was investigated in this study. The decrease of fluorescence signals in the livers showed a biological relationship with the liver ASGPR expression, histology, and serum marker levels of LF in cALI mice. The targeted IVFI of ASGPR as a novel method can intuitively and noninvasively display the characteristics of liver's ASGPR level to provide a reference for evaluating LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuyou Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Beijing Hapten and Protein Biomedical Institute, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weibo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuyong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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12
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Lang AL, Beier JI. Interaction of volatile organic compounds and underlying liver disease: a new paradigm for risk. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1237-1248. [PMID: 29924722 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to industrial chemicals are known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver injury, in humans and in animal models. Historically, research has focused on severe acute liver injury (e.g. fulminant liver failure) or endstage diseases (e.g. cirrhosis and HCC). However, it has become recently recognized that toxicants can cause more subtle changes to the liver. For example, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, characterized by hepatic steatosis, and inflammation, was recently recognized in an occupational cohort exposed to vinyl chloride. At high occupational levels, toxicants are sufficient to cause liver damage and disease even in healthy subjects with no comorbidities for liver injury. However, it is still largely unknown how exposure to toxicants initiate and possibly more importantly exacerbate liver disease, when combined with other factors, such as underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease caused by poor diet and/or obesity. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of toxicant-induced liver disease, rational targeted therapy can be developed to better predict risk, as well as to treat or prevent this disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize established and proposed mechanisms of volatile organic compound-induced liver injury and to highlight key signaling events known or hypothesized to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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13
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Chronic heavy drinking drives distinct transcriptional and epigenetic changes in splenic macrophages. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:594-606. [PMID: 31005514 PMCID: PMC6557917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic heavy alcohol drinking (CHD) leads to significant organ damage, increased susceptibility to infections, and delayed wound healing. These adverse outcomes are believed to be mediated by alterations in the function of myeloid cells; however, the mechanisms underlying these changes are poorly understood. Methods We determined the impact of CHD on the phenotype of splenic macrophages using flow cytometry. Changes in functional responses to LPS were measured using luminex and RNA-Seq. Finally, alterations in chromatin accessibility were uncovered using ATAC-Seq. Findings A history of CHD led to increased frequency of splenic macrophages that exhibited a heightened activation state at resting. Additionally, splenic macrophages from CHD animals generated a larger inflammatory response to LPS, both at protein and gene expression levels. Finally, CHD resulted in increased levels of H3K4me3, a histone mark of active promoters, as well as chromatin accessibility at promoters and intergenic regions that regulate inflammatory responses. Interpretation These findings suggest that a history of CHD alters the immune fitness of tissue-resident macrophages via epigenetic mechanisms. Fund National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) - R24AA019431, U01 AA13641, U01 AA13510, R21AA021947, and R21AA025839.
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14
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Patra T, Ray RB, Ray R. Strategies to Circumvent Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus. Cells 2019; 8:E274. [PMID: 30909456 PMCID: PMC6468774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses generate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and natural killer (NK) cell response. Ultimately, this leads to the induction of a robust virus-specific adaptive immunity. Although the host innate immune system senses and responds to eliminate virus infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades immune attack and establishes persistent infection within the liver. Spontaneous clearance of HCV infection is associated with a prompt induction of innate immunity generated in an infected host. In this review, we have highlighted the current knowledge of our understanding of host⁻HCV interactions, especially for endogenous interferon production, proinflammatory response, NK cell response, and complement activation, which may impair the generation of a strong adaptive immune response for establishment of chronicity. The information may provide novel strategies in augmenting therapeutic intervention against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Departments of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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15
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Testino G, Leone S, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R. Alcoholic liver fibrosis: detection and treatment. Minerva Med 2018; 109:457-471. [PMID: 30221911 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is one of the main risks to public health. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) cause 80% of hepatotoxic deaths, and approximately 50% of cirrhosis is alcohol-related. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for ethanol is 2.6 g/day, deduced from morbidity and mortality rates due to liver fibrosis. The relative risk of cirrhosis increases significantly for doses above 60 g/day for men and 20 g/day for women over a period of around 10 years. Twenty to 40% of steatosis cases will evolve into steatohepatitis/steatofibrosis, and 8 to 20% will evolve directly into liver cirrhosis. About 20 to 40% of steatohepatitis cases will evolve into cirrhosis, and 4 to 5% into hepatocellular carcinoma. This cascade of events evolves in 5 to 40 years, with the temporal variability caused by the subjects' genetic patterns and associated risk/comorbidity factors. Steatohepatitis should be considered "the rate limiting step:" usually, it can be resolved through abstinence, although for some patients, once this situation develops, it is not substantially modified by abstention and there is a risk of fibrotic evolution. Early detection of fibrosis, obtained by hepatic elastography, is a crucial step in patients with AUDs. Such strategy allows patients to be included in a detoxification program in order to achieve abstention. Drugs such as silybin, metadoxine, and adenosylmethionine can be used. Other drugs, with promising antifibrotic effects, are currently under study. In this review, we discuss clinical and pathogenetic aspects of alcohol-related liver fibrosis and present and future strategies to prevent cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Testino
- Alcohological Regional Center, Ligurian Region, ASL3, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Silvia Leone
- Alcohological Regional Center, Ligurian Region, ASL3, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute for Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) remains the most important cause of death due to alcohol. Infections, particularly bacterial infections, are one of the most frequent and severe complications of advanced ALDs, such as alcoholic cirrhosis and severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH). The specific mechanisms responsible for this altered host defence are yet to be deciphered. The aim of the present study is to review the current knowledge of infectious complications in ALD and its pathophysiological mechanisms, distinguishing the role of alcohol consumption and the contribution of different forms of ALD. To date, corticosteroids are the only treatment with proven efficacy in sAH, but their impact on the occurrence of infections remains controversial. The combination of an altered host defence and corticosteroid treatment in sAH has been suggested as a cause of opportunistic fungal and viral infections. A high level of suspicion with systematic screening and prompt, adequate treatment are warranted to improve outcomes in these patients. Prophylactic or preemptive strategies in this high-risk population might be a preferable option, because of the high short-term mortality rate despite adequate therapies. However, these strategies should be assessed in well-designed trials before clinical implementation.
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17
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Ganesan M, Natarajan SK, Zhang J, Mott JL, Poluektova LI, McVicker BL, Kharbanda KK, Tuma DJ, Osna NA. Role of apoptotic hepatocytes in HCV dissemination: regulation by acetaldehyde. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G930-40. [PMID: 27056722 PMCID: PMC6842882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption exacerbates hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis and promotes disease progression, although the mechanisms are not quite clear. We have previously observed that acetaldehyde (Ach) continuously produced by the acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS), temporarily enhanced HCV RNA levels, followed by a decrease to normal or lower levels, which corresponded to apoptosis induction. Here, we studied whether Ach-induced apoptosis caused depletion of HCV-infected cells and what role apoptotic bodies (AB) play in HCV-alcohol crosstalk. In liver cells exposed to AGS, we observed the induction of miR-122 and miR-34a. As miR-34a has been associated with apoptotic signaling and miR-122 with HCV replication, these findings may suggest that cells with intensive viral replication undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, when AGS-induced apoptosis was blocked by a pan-caspase inhibitor, the expression of HCV RNA was not changed. AB from HCV-infected cells contained HCV core protein and the assembled HCV particle that infect intact hepatocytes, thereby promoting the spread of infection. In addition, AB are captured by macrophages to switch their cytokine profile to the proinflammatory one. Macrophages exposed to HCV(+) AB expressed more IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNAs compared with those exposed to HCV(-) AB. The generation of AB from AGS-treated HCV-infected cells even enhanced the induction of aforementioned cytokines. We conclude that HCV and alcohol metabolites trigger the formation of AB containing HCV particles. The consequent spread of HCV to neighboring hepatocytes via infected AB, as well as the induction of liver inflammation by AB-mediated macrophage activation potentially exacerbate the HCV infection course by alcohol and worsen disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Justin L Mott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Benita L McVicker
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dean J Tuma
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;
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18
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Song BJ, Akbar M, Jo I, Hardwick JP, Abdelmegeed MA. Translational Implications of the Alcohol-Metabolizing Enzymes, Including Cytochrome P450-2E1, in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 74:303-72. [PMID: 26233911 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fat accumulation (hepatic steatosis) in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a potentially pathologic condition which can progress to steatohepatitis (inflammation), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinogenesis. Many clinically used drugs or some alternative medicine compounds are also known to cause drug-induced liver injury, which can further lead to fulminant liver failure and acute deaths in extreme cases. During liver disease process, certain cytochromes P450 such as the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) and CYP4A isozymes can be induced and/or activated by alcohol and/or high-fat diets and pathophysiological conditions such as fasting, obesity, and diabetes. Activation of these P450 isozymes, involved in the metabolism of ethanol, fatty acids, and various drugs, can produce reactive oxygen/nitrogen species directly and/or indirectly, contributing to oxidative modifications of DNA/RNA, proteins and lipids. In addition, aldehyde dehydrogenases including the mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), responsible for the metabolism of acetaldehyde and lipid aldehydes, can be inactivated by various hepatotoxic agents. These highly reactive acetaldehyde and lipid peroxides, accumulated due to ALDH2 suppression, can interact with cellular macromolecules DNA/RNA, lipids, and proteins, leading to suppression of their normal function, contributing to DNA mutations, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, steatosis, and cell death. In this chapter, we specifically review the roles of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes including the alcohol dehydrogenase, ALDH2, CYP2E1, and other enzymes in promoting liver disease. We also discuss translational research opportunities with natural and/or synthetic antioxidants, which can prevent or delay the onset of inflammation and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology in Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Xiaoyang L, Chenming N, Chengqing L, Tao L. Drug-drug interation prediction between ketoconazole and anti-liver cancer drug Gomisin G. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:590-3. [PMID: 26124807 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gomisin G, isolated from herb Schisandra chinensis, exhibits anti-tumor activities. Therefore, Gomisin G is a drug candidate for anti-liver cancer therapy. AIMS To predict the metabolic behavior and metabolism-based drug-drug interaction of gomisin G. METHODS Molecular docking method was used. The crystal structure of CYP3A4 with the ligand ketoconazole was chosen from protein data bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). Chemdraw software was used to draw the two-dimensional structure of gomisin G with standard bond lengths and angles. RESULTS Gomisin G can be well docked into the activity site of CYP3A4, and distance between gomisin G the heme active site was 2.75 Å. To evaluate whether the inhibitors of CYP3A4 can affect the metabolism of gomisin G, co-docking of gomisin G and ketoconazole was further performed. The distance between ketoconazole and activity center (2.10 Å) is closer than the distance between gomisin G and activity center of CYP3A4, indicating the easy influence of CYP3A4's strong inhibitor towards the metabolism of gomisin G. CONCLUSION Gomisin G is a good substrate of CYP3A4, and CYP3A4 inhibitors easily affect the metabolism of Gomisin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xiaoyang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan 250031, P.R. China
| | - Ni Chenming
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan 250031, P.R. China
| | - Li Chengqing
- Department of General Surgery, No. 1 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730030, P.R. China
| | - Liu Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, P.R. China
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