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Anny CA, Nouaille S, Fauré R, Schulz C, Spriet C, Huvent I, Biot C, Lefebvre T. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Production of Recombinant Fluorescent TAT-HA-Tagged Proteins and their Transduction into Mammalian Cells. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1016. [PMID: 38511507 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the function of target proteins for functional prospection or therapeutic applications typically requires the production and purification of recombinant proteins. The fusion of these proteins with tag peptides and fluorescently derived proteins allows the monitoring of candidate proteins using SDS-PAGE coupled with western blotting and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. However, protein engineering poses a significant challenge for many researchers. In this protocol, we describe step-by-step the engineering of a recombinant protein with various tags: TAT-HA (trans-activator of transduction-hemagglutinin), 6×His and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) or mCherry. Fusion proteins are produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) column. Then, tagged recombinant proteins are introduced into cultured animal cells by using the penetrating peptide TAT-HA. Here, we present a thorough protocol providing a detailed guide encompassing every critical step from plasmid DNA molecular assembly to protein expression and subsequent purification and outlines the conditions necessary for protein transduction technology into animal cells in a comprehensive manner. We believe that this protocol will be a valuable resource for researchers seeking an exhaustive, step-by-step guide for the successful production and purification of recombinant proteins and their entry by transduction within living cells. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: DNA cloning, molecular assembly strategies, and protein production Basic Protocol 2: Protein purification Basic Protocol 3: Protein transduction in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Tony Lefebvre
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
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2
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Flock J, Xie Y, Lemaitre R, Lapouge K, Remans K. The Use of Baculovirus-Mediated Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells for Recombinant Protein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2810:29-53. [PMID: 38926271 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3878-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Baculovirus-mediated gene expression in mammalian cells, BacMam, is a useful alternative to transient transfection for recombinant protein production in various types of mammalian cell lines. We decided to establish BacMam in our lab in order to streamline our workflows for gene expression in insect and mammalian cells, as it is straightforward to parallelize the baculovirus generation for both types of eukaryotic cells. This chapter provides a step-by-step description of the protocols we use for the generation of the recombinant BacMam viruses, the transduction of mammalian cell cultures, and optimization of the protein production conditions through small-scale expression and purification tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Flock
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yexin Xie
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Régis Lemaitre
- Protein Biochemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Karine Lapouge
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Remans
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Zhou J, Yan GG, Cluckey D, Meade C, Ruth M, Sorm R, Tam AS, Lim S, Petridis C, Lin L, D’Antona AM, Zhong X. Exploring Parametric and Mechanistic Differences between Expi293F TM and ExpiCHO-S TM Cells for Transient Antibody Production Optimization. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37606437 PMCID: PMC10443273 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly producing drug-like antibody therapeutics for lead molecule discovery and candidate optimization is typically accomplished by large-scale transient gene expression technologies (TGE) with cultivated mammalian cells. The TGE methodologies have been extensively developed over the past three decades, yet produce significantly lower yields than the stable cell line approach, facing the technical challenge of achieving universal high expression titers for a broad range of antibodies and therapeutics modalities. In this study, we explored various parameters for antibody production in the TGE cell host Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM with the transfection reagents ExpiFectamineTM and polyethylenimine. We discovered that there are significant differences between Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM cells with regards to DNA complex formation time and ratio, complex formation buffers, DNA complex uptake trafficking routes, responses to dimethyl sulfoxide and cell cycle inhibitors, as well as light-chain isotype expression preferences. This investigation mechanistically dissected the TGE processes and provided a new direction for future transient antibody production optimization.
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4
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Development of a laboratory scalable process for enhancing lentivirus production by transient transfection of HEK293 adherent cultures. Gene Ther 2020; 27:482-494. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhu J, Hatton D. New Mammalian Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:9-50. [PMID: 28585079 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of recombinant antibodies and proteins in preclinical and clinical development for therapeutic applications. Mammalian expression systems are key to enabling the production of these molecules, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell platforms continue to be central to delivery of the stable cell lines required for large-scale production. Increasing pressure on timelines and efficiency, further innovation of molecular formats and the shift to new production systems are driving developments of these CHO cell line platforms. The availability of genome and transcriptome data coupled with advancing gene editing tools are increasing the ability to design and engineer CHO cell lines to meet these challenges. This chapter aims to give an overview of the developments in CHO expression systems and some of the associated technologies over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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Arjmand B, Larijani B, Sheikh Hosseini M, Payab M, Gilany K, Goodarzi P, Parhizkar Roudsari P, Amanollahi Baharvand M, Hoseini Mohammadi NS. The Horizon of Gene Therapy in Modern Medicine: Advances and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1247:33-64. [PMID: 31845133 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy as a novel study in molecular medicine will have a significant impact on human health in the near future. In recent years, the scope of gene therapy has been developed and is now beginning to revolutionize therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, many types of diseases are now being studied and treated in clinical trials through various gene delivery vectors. The emergence of recombinant DNA technology which provides the possibility of fetal genetic screening and genetic counseling is a good case in point. Therefore, gene therapy advances are being applied to correct inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and familial hypercholesterolemia as well as acquired diseases like cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and infectious diseases like HIV. As a result, gene therapy approaches have the ability to help the vast majority of newborns with different diseases. Since these ongoing treatments and clinical trials are being developed, many more barriers and challenges have been created. In order to continue this positive growth, these challenges need to be recognized and addressed. Accordingly, safety, efficiency and also risks and benefits of gene therapy trials for each disease should be considered. As a result, sustained manufacturing of the therapeutic gene product without any harmful side effects is the least requirement for gene therapy. Herein, different aspects of gene therapy, an overview of the progress, and also the prospects for the future have been discussed for the successful practice of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Sheikh Hosseini
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Payab
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Goodarzi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Amanollahi Baharvand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Sadat Hoseini Mohammadi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The RNA Capping Enzyme Domain in Protein A is Essential for Flock House Virus Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090483. [PMID: 30205593 PMCID: PMC6165433 DOI: 10.3390/v10090483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nodavirus flock house virus (FHV) and the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) show evolutionarily intriguing similarities in their replication complexes and RNA capping enzymes. In this study, we first established an efficient FHV trans-replication system in mammalian cells, which disjoins protein expression from viral RNA synthesis. Following transfection, FHV replicase protein A was associated with mitochondria, whose outer surface displayed pouch-like invaginations with a ‘neck’ structure opening towards the cytoplasm. In mitochondrial pellets from transfected cells, high-level synthesis of both genomic and subgenomic RNA was detected in vitro and the newly synthesized RNA was of positive polarity. Secondly, we initiated the study of the putative RNA capping enzyme domain in protein A by mutating the conserved amino acids H93, R100, D141, and W215. RNA replication was abolished for all mutants inside cells and in vitro except for W215A, which showed reduced replication. Transfection of capped RNA template did not rescue the replication activity of the mutants. Comparing the efficiency of SFV and FHV trans-replication systems, the FHV system appeared to produce more RNA. Using fluorescent marker proteins, we demonstrated that both systems could replicate in the same cell. This work may facilitate the comparative analysis of FHV and SFV replication.
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Gutiérrez-Granados S, Cervera L, Kamen AA, Gòdia F. Advancements in mammalian cell transient gene expression (TGE) technology for accelerated production of biologics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:918-940. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1419459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Recombinant expression of antibody molecules in mammalian cells offers important advantages over traditionally utilized bacterial expression, including glycosylation required for antibody functionality and markedly reduced levels of endotoxin contamination. Advances in transient mammalian expression systems enable high yields (>100 mg/liter) that now allow for effective recombinant antibody production at a reasonable cost. Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for the design and recombinant expression of full-length IgG antibodies and antibody-derived constructs (including Fab, Fc-fusions and bispecifics) in mammalian cells. Antibody constructs are designed by combining antibody variable domains, generated by phage display or derived from human/humanized monoclonals, with constant regions. The constructs are then expressed from mammalian vectors, secreted into culture media, purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by biolayer interferometry. This article provides detailed protocols, sequences and strategies that allow the expression and purification of endotoxin-free antibody reagents suitable for testing in animal models within a 3-week time frame.
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Brown AJ, Kalsi D, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright J, Barber NOW, Patel YD, Turner R, Bryant CL, Johari YB, James DC. Expression Systems for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production by Mammalian Cells in Culture. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527699124.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Devika Kalsi
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Joe Cartwright
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicholas O. W. Barber
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yash D. Patel
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Claire L. Bryant
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Popovic B, Gibson S, Senussi T, Carmen S, Kidd S, Slidel T, Strickland I, Jianqing X, Spooner J, Lewis A, Hudson N, Mackenzie L, Keen J, Kemp B, Hardman C, Hatton D, Wilkinson T, Vaughan T, Lowe D. Engineering the expression of an anti-interleukin-13 antibody through rational design and mutagenesis. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:303-311. [PMID: 28130326 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of protein expression are key to the successful development and manufacture of a therapeutic antibody. Here, we describe two related antibodies, Ab001 and Ab008, where Ab001 shows a markedly lower level of expression relative to Ab008 when stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We use single-gene expression vectors and structural analysis to show that the reduced titer is associated with the VL CDR2 of Ab001. We adopted two approaches to improve the expression of Ab001. First, we used mutagenesis to change single amino-acid residues in the Ab001 VL back to the equivalent Ab008 residues but this resulted in limited improvements in expression. In contrast when we used an in silico structure-based design approach to generate a set of five individual single-point variants in a discrete region of the VL, all exhibited significantly improved expression relative to Ab001. The most successful of these, D53N, exhibited a 25-fold increase in stable transfectants relative to Ab001. The functional potency of these VL-modified antibodies was unaffected. We expect that this in silico engineering strategy can be used to improve the expression of other antibodies and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Popovic
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Suzanne Gibson
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Sara Carmen
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Sara Kidd
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Tim Slidel
- Department of Research Informatics, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ian Strickland
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Xu Jianqing
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jennifer Spooner
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Amanda Lewis
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Nathan Hudson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Lorna Mackenzie
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jennifer Keen
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ben Kemp
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Colin Hardman
- Department of Research Informatics, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Diane Hatton
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Trevor Wilkinson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Tristan Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - David Lowe
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
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Ooi A, Wong A, Esau L, Lemtiri-Chlieh F, Gehring C. A Guide to Transient Expression of Membrane Proteins in HEK-293 Cells for Functional Characterization. Front Physiol 2016; 7:300. [PMID: 27486406 PMCID: PMC4949579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells are commonly used as host for the heterologous expression of membrane proteins not least because they have a high transfection efficiency and faithfully translate and process proteins. In addition, their cell size, morphology and division rate, and low expression of native channels are traits that are particularly attractive for current-voltage measurements. Nevertheless, the heterologous expression of complex membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels for biological characterization and in particular for single-cell applications such as electrophysiology remains a challenge. Expression of functional proteins depends largely on careful step-by-step optimization that includes the design of expression vectors with suitable identification tags, as well as the selection of transfection methods and detection parameters appropriate for the application. Here, we use the heterologous expression of a plant potassium channel, the Arabidopsis thaliana guard cell outward-rectifying K(+) channel, AtGORK (At5G37500) in HEK-293 cells as an example, to evaluate commonly used transfection reagents and fluorescent detection methods, and provide a detailed methodology for optimized transient transfection and expression of membrane proteins for in vivo studies in general and for single-cell applications in particular. This optimized protocol will facilitate the physiological and cellular characterization of complex membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ooi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Le Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris-Sud UniversityGif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luke Esau
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Baser B, van den Heuvel J. Assembling Multi-subunit Complexes Using Mammalian Expression. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROTEIN COMPLEX PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016; 896:225-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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