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da Silva NM, Lopes ICS, Galué-Parra AJ, Ferreira IM, de Sena CBC, da Silva EO, Macchi BDM, de Oliveira FR, do Nascimento JLM. Fatty Acid Amides Suppress Proliferation via Cannabinoid Receptors and Promote the Apoptosis of C6 Glioma Cells in Association with Akt Signaling Pathway Inhibition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:873. [PMID: 39065724 PMCID: PMC11280372 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A glioma is a type of tumor that acts on the Central Nervous System (CNS) in a highly aggressive manner. Gliomas can occasionally be inaccurately diagnosed and treatments have low efficacy, meaning that patients exhibit a survival of less than one year after diagnosis. Due to factors such as intratumoral cell variability, inefficient chemotherapy drugs, adaptive resistance development to drugs and tumor recurrence after resection, the search continues for new drugs that can inhibit glioma cell growth. As such, analogues of endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amides (FAAs), represent interesting alternatives for inhibiting tumor growth, since FAAs can modulate several metabolic pathways linked to cancer and, thus, may hold potential for managing glioblastoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of two fatty ethanolamides (FAA1 and FAA2), synthetized via direct amidation from andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis Aublet), on C6 glioma cells. FAA1 and FAA2 reduced C6 cell viability, proliferation and migratory potential in a dose-dependent manner and were not toxic to normal retina glial cells. Both FAAs caused apoptotic cell death through the loss of mitochondrial integrity (ΔΨm), probably by activating cannabinoid receptors, and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, FAAs derived from natural products may have the potential to treat glioma-type brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nágila Monteiro da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Izabella Carla Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesus Galué-Parra
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Bromatologia, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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Aliya S, Farani MR, Kim E, Kim S, Gupta VK, Kumar K, Huh YS. Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironments with cannabinoids and their analogs: Update on clinical trials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115862. [PMID: 37146933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major global public health concern that affects both industrialized and developing nations. Current cancer chemotherapeutic options are limited by side effects, but plant-derived alternatives and their derivatives offer the possibilities of enhanced treatment response and reduced side effects. A plethora of recently published articles have focused on treatments based on cannabinoids and cannabinoid analogs and reported that they positively affect healthy cell growth and reverse cancer-related abnormalities by targeting aberrant tumor microenvironments (TMEs), lowering tumorigenesis, preventing metastasis, and/or boosting the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, TME modulating systems are receiving much interest in the cancer immunotherapy field because it has been shown that TMEs have significant impacts on tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis and development of drug resistance. Here, we have reviewed the effective role of cannabinoids, their analogs and cannabinoid nano formulations on the cellular components of TME (endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblast and immune cells) and how efficiently it retards the progression of carcinogenesis is discussed. The article summarizes the existing research on the molecular mechanisms of cannabinoids regulation of the TME and finally highlights the human studies on cannabinoids' active interventional clinical trials. The conclusion outlines the need for future research involving clinical trials of cannabinoids to demonstrate their efficacy and activity as a treatment/prevention for various types of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Aliya
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Suheon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Myint ZW, St. Clair WH, Strup SE, Yan D, Li N, Allison DB, McLouth LE, Ellis CS, Wang P, James AC, Hensley PJ, Otto DE, Arnold SM, DiPaola RS, Kolesar JM. A Phase I Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in Patients with Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2505. [PMID: 37173971 PMCID: PMC10177512 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabinoids (CBD) have anti-tumor activity against prostate cancer (PCa). Preclinical studies have demonstrated a significant decrease in prostate specific antigen (PSA) protein expression and reduced tumor growth in xenografts of LNCaP and DU-145 cells in athymic mice when treated with CBD. Over-the-counter CBD products may vary in activity without clear standardization, and Epidiolex is a standardized FDA-approved oral CBD solution for treatment of certain types of seizures. We aimed to assess the safety and preliminary anti-tumor activity of Epidiolex in patients with biochemically recurrent (BCR) PCa. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was an open-label, single center, phase I dose escalation study followed by a dose expansion in BCR patients after primary definitive local therapy (prostatectomy +/- salvage radiotherapy or primary definitive radiotherapy). Eligible patients were screened for urine tetrahydrocannabinol prior to enrollment. The starting dose level of Epidiolex was 600 mg by mouth once daily and escalated to 800 mg daily with the use of a Bayesian optimal interval design. All patients were treated for 90 days followed by a 10-day taper. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. Changes in PSA, testosterone levels, and patient-reported health-related quality of life were studied as secondary endpoints. RESULTS Seven patients were enrolled into the dose escalation cohort. There were no dose-limiting toxicities at the first two dose levels (600 mg and 800 mg). An additional 14 patients were enrolled at the 800 mg dose level into the dose expansion cohort. The most common adverse events were 55% diarrhea (grade 1-2), 25% nausea (grade 1-2), and 20% fatigue (grade 1-2). The mean PSA at baseline was 2.9 ng/mL. At the 12-week landmark time-point, 16 out of 18 (88%) had stable biochemical disease, one (5%) had partial biochemical response with the greatest measurable decline being 41%, and one (5%) had PSA progression. No statistically significant changes were observed in patient-reported outcomes (PROs), but PROs changed in the direction of supporting the tolerability of Epidiolex (e.g., emotional functioning improved). CONCLUSION Epidiolex at a dose of 800 mg daily appears to be safe and tolerable in patients with BCR prostate cancer supporting a safe dose for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin W. Myint
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - William H. St. Clair
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Stephen E. Strup
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Donglin Yan
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Derek B. Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Laurie E. McLouth
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Carleton S. Ellis
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Andrew C. James
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Patrick J. Hensley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Danielle E. Otto
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Susanne M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Robert S. DiPaola
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jill M. Kolesar
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Costas-Insua C, Seijo-Vila M, Blázquez C, Blasco-Benito S, Rodríguez-Baena FJ, Marsicano G, Pérez-Gómez E, Sánchez C, Sánchez-Laorden B, Guzmán M. Neuronal Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors Suppress the Growth of Melanoma Brain Metastases by Inhibiting Glutamatergic Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092439. [PMID: 37173906 PMCID: PMC10177062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Most melanoma deaths are caused by distant metastases in several organs, especially the brain, the so-called melanoma brain metastases (MBMs). However, the precise mechanisms that sustain the growth of MBMs remain elusive. Recently, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate has been proposed as a brain-specific, pro-tumorigenic signal for various types of cancers, but how neuronal glutamate shuttling onto metastases is regulated remains unknown. Here, we show that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R), a master regulator of glutamate output from nerve terminals, controls MBM proliferation. First, in silico transcriptomic analysis of cancer-genome atlases indicated an aberrant expression of glutamate receptors in human metastatic melanoma samples. Second, in vitro experiments conducted on three different melanoma cell lines showed that the selective blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors, but not AMPA or metabotropic receptors, reduces cell proliferation. Third, in vivo grafting of melanoma cells in the brain of mice selectively devoid of CB1Rs in glutamatergic neurons increased tumour cell proliferation in concert with NMDA receptor activation, whereas melanoma cell growth in other tissue locations was not affected. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an unprecedented regulatory role of neuronal CB1Rs in the MBM tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Costas-Insua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Seijo-Vila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Blasco-Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Baena
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, NeuroCentre Magendie, U1215 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Neurocampus, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Sánchez-Laorden
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Blal K, Besser E, Procaccia S, Schwob O, Lerenthal Y, Abu Tair J, Meiri D, Benny O. The Effect of Cannabis Plant Extracts on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Quest for Cannabis-Based Personalized Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020497. [PMID: 36672446 PMCID: PMC9856564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plants have a wide diversity in their metabolite composition among their different chemovars, facilitating diverse anti-tumoral effects on cancer cells. This research examined the anti-tumoral effects of 24 cannabis extracts representative of three primary types of chemovars on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The most potent anti-tumoral extracts were type III decarboxylated extracts, with high levels of Cannabidiol (CBD). We identified extract 296 (CAN296) as the most potent in inducing HNSCC cell death via proapoptotic and anti-proliferative effects. Using chemical fractionation of CAN296, we identified the CBD fraction as the primary inducer of the anti-tumoral activity. We succeeded in defining the combination of CBD with cannabichromene (CBC) or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) present in minute concentrations in the extract, yielding a synergic impact that mimics the extract's full effect. The cytotoxic effect could be maximized by combining CBD with either CBC or THC in a ratio of 2:1. This research suggests using decarboxylated CBD-type extracts enriched with CBC for future preclinical trials aimed at HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifah Blal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | - Elazar Besser
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shiri Procaccia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ouri Schwob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | | | - Jawad Abu Tair
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +972-52-5330031 (D.M.); +972-52-8461462 (O.B.)
| | - Ofra Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (O.B.); Tel.: +972-52-5330031 (D.M.); +972-52-8461462 (O.B.)
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FULL-SPECTRUM CANNABIS EXTRACT LOADED POLY(THIOETHER-ESTER) NANOPARTICLES: IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTITUMORAL EFFICACY. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shin S. Regulation of Adipose Tissue Biology by Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:147-160. [PMID: 35691686 PMCID: PMC9284576 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) modulate metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses, and the physiological effects of LCFA are determined by chain length and the degree of saturation. Adipose tissues comprise multiple cell types, and play a significant role in energy storage and expenditure. Fatty acid uptake and oxidation are the pathways through which fatty acids participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and their dysregulation can lead to the development of obesity and chronic obesity-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Numerous studies have reported that many aspects of adipose tissue biology are influenced by the number and position of double bonds in LCFA, and these effects are mediated by various signaling pathways, including those regulating adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), thermogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue. This review aims to describe the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different types of LCFA influence adipose tissue metabolism, and to further clarify their relevance to metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. A better understanding of the effects of LCFA on adipose tissue metabolism may lead to improved nutraceutical strategies to address obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Major of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Vikram ENT, Ilavarasan R, Kamaraj R. Anti-cancer activities of Schedule E1 drugs used in ayurvedic formulations. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100545. [PMID: 35661925 PMCID: PMC9163510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schedule E1 is an important part of Drugs and Cosmetics Act (Government of India) that comprises the list of poisonous drugs from plant, animal and mineral origins to be consumed under medical supervision. Ayurveda, the world's oldest medicinal system has a list of drugs represented in schedule E1 that are used since thousands of years. This review reports the anti-cancer activities of fifteen toxic ayurvedic drugs from plant origin represented in Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. The information was collected from the various authentic sources, compiled and summarised. The plant extracts, formulations, phytoconstituents and other preparations of these drugs have shown effective activities against mammary carcinoma, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, lymphocytic leukaemia, colorectal adenocarcinoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma asterocytoma and other malignancies. They have various mechanisms of action including Bax upregulation, Bcl2 downregulation, induction of cell cycle arrest at S phase, G2/M phase, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factors, inhibition of Akt/mTOR signalling etc. Certain traditional ayurvedic preparations containing these plants are reported beneficial and the possibilities of these drugs as the alternative and adjuvant therapeutic agents in the current cancer care have been discussed. The studies suggest that these drugs could be utilised in future for the critical care of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N T Vikram
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt.), Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - R Ilavarasan
- Captain Srinivasa Murthy Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600106, India
| | - R Kamaraj
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt.), Tamilnadu 603203, India.
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9
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Mahmoudinoodezh H, Telukutla SR, Bhangu SK, Bachari A, Cavalieri F, Mantri N. The Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Cannabinoids. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020438. [PMID: 35214170 PMCID: PMC8876728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have indicated an increased interest in the scientific community regarding the application of Cannabis sativa plants, and their extracts, for medicinal purposes. This plant of enormous medicinal potential has been legalised in an increasing number of countries globally. Due to the recent changes in therapeutic and recreational legislation, cannabis and cannabinoids are now frequently permitted for use in clinical settings. However, with their highly lipophilic features and very low aqueous solubility, cannabinoids are prone to degradation, specifically in solution, as they are light-, temperature-, and auto-oxidation-sensitive. Thus, plant-derived cannabinoids have been developed for oral, nasal-inhalation, intranasal, mucosal (sublingual and buccal), transcutaneous (transdermal), local (topical), and parenteral deliveries. Among these administrations routes, topical and transdermal products usually have a higher bioavailability rate with a prolonged steady-state plasma concentration. Additionally, these administrations have the potential to eliminate the psychotropic impacts of the drug by its diffusion into a nonreactive, dead stratum corneum. This modality avoids oral administration and, thus, the first-pass metabolism, leading to constant cannabinoid plasma levels. This review article investigates the practicality of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin in accordance with existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Mahmoudinoodezh
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (H.M.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Telukutla
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (H.M.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (H.M.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (H.M.); (S.R.T.); (A.B.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Lian J, Casari I, Falasca M. Modulatory role of the endocannabinoidome in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106025. [PMID: 34883211 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Originating from Eastern Asia, the plant Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries as a medicinal treatment. The unwanted psychotropic effects of one of its major components, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, discouraged its therapeutic employment until, recently, the discovery of cannabinoids receptors and their endogenous ligands endocannabinoids reignited the interest. The endocannabinoid system has lately been found to play an important role in the maintenance of human health, both centrally and peripherally. However, the initial idea of the endocannabinoid system structure has been quickly understood to be too simplistic and, as new receptors, mediators, and enzymes have been discovered to participate in a complex relationship, the new, more comprehensive term "expanded endocannabinoid system" or "endocannabinoidome", has taken over. The discovery of other endocannabinoid-like receptors, such as the G protein-coupled receptor 119 and G protein-coupled receptor 55, has opened the way to the development of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. In addition, recent findings have also provided evidence suggesting the potential therapeutic link between the endocannabinoidome and various inflammatory-based gut diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. This review will provide an introduction to the endocannabinoidome, focusing on its modulatory role in the gastrointestinal tract and on the interest generated by the link between gut microbiota, the endocannabinoid system and metabolic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, type-2 diabetes and obesity. In addition, we will look at the potential novel aspects and benefits of drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lian
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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11
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Bhatt HK, Song D, Musgrave G, Rao PSS. Cannabinoid-induced changes in the immune system: The role of microRNAs. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107832. [PMID: 34107381 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cannabinoids have been used by humans for their medicinal benefits for over several millennia. While the use of cannabinoids has been strictly regulated in the past century, easing of state regulations has been associated with an increase in use of cannabinoids in the United States. The potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids have been explored and the anti-inflammatory effect of cannabis-derived cannabinoids has been well-documented. The pharmacological effects of cannabinoids are governed by the modulation of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, expressed in the central and peripheral tissues. Moreover, growing scientific evidence suggests that the cannabinoid-mediated changes in the immune system involves change in expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are short non-coding, single-stranded RNA which have the ability to affect post-translational regulation of gene expression. Studies over the past decade have investigated the changes in expression of miRNAs following treatment of various components of the immune system with different chemical modulators of the cannabinoid receptors. Such studies have highlighted the key role played by various miRNAs in driving the observed immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoids. The aim of this review article, therefore, is to summarize the role of miRNAs behind the observed effects of cannabinoids on the overall immune system, rather than focusing on a single disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirva K Bhatt
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, United States
| | - Dana Song
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, United States
| | - Gyen Musgrave
- Greenleaf Apothecaries, LLC, 15335 Madison Road, Middlefield, OH 44062, United States
| | - P S S Rao
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, United States.
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12
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Griffiths C, Aikins J, Warshal D, Ostrovsky O. Can Cannabidiol Affect the Efficacy of Chemotherapy and Epigenetic Treatments in Cancer? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050766. [PMID: 34065479 PMCID: PMC8160970 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cannabinoids with chronic neuropathic pain and anxiety has been demonstrated in a multitude of studies. With the high availability of a non-intoxicating compound, cannabidiol (CBD), an over-the-counter medication, has generated heightened interest in its use in the field of oncology. This review focuses on the widespread therapeutic potential of CBD with regard to enhanced wound healing, lowered toxicity profiles of chemotherapeutics, and augmented antitumorigenic effects. The current literature is sparse with regard to determining the clinically relevant concentrations of CBD given the biphasic nature of the compound’s response. Therefore, there is an imminent need for further dose-finding studies in order to determine the optimal dose of CBD for both intermittent and regular users. We address the potential influence of regular or occasional CBD usage on therapeutic outcomes in ovarian cancer patients. Additionally, as the development of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer results in treatment failure, the potential for CBD to augment the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic and epigenetic drugs is a topic of significant importance. Our review is focused on the widespread therapeutic potential of CBD and whether or not a synergistic role exists in combination with epigenetic and classic chemotherapy medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Griffiths
- MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (C.G.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - James Aikins
- MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (C.G.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - David Warshal
- MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (C.G.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Cooper University Healthcare and Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(856)-536-1099; Fax: +1-(856)-757-9647
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13
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Kong HE, Pollack BP, Blalock TW. Cannabinoids in dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85:1565-1570. [PMID: 33422628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Though known as a medicinal herb for centuries, the recent legalization of cannabinoids across many states has ushered in a new era where cannabinoids have become a popular treatment option among clinicians and patients alike. Cannabinoids have demonstrated efficacy in wound healing, reducing inflammation, ameliorating pain, and have shown potential as an antitumor agent. As a result, cannabinoids have been rapidly woven into the fabric of modern medicine. However, the utility of cannabinoids in dermatologic surgery has not been explored to date. In this article, we review the current literature to discuss the potential impact of cannabinoid use in dermatologic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta VA Health System, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Travis W Blalock
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta VA Health System, Decatur, Georgia.
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14
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Lipid peroxidation inhibition study: A promising case of 1,3-di([1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)urea. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 326:109137. [PMID: 32442417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study eighteen inhibitors of the hydrolytic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system were investigated for antioxidant activity using lipid peroxidation (LP) method. Among the assayed compounds ten belong to carbamates with phenyl [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylcarbamate (6), reported for the first time, and eight are retro-amide derivatives of palmitamine. Interestingly, results indicated that most of the tested compounds have good antioxidant properties. In particular, 1,3-di([1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)urea (3) shows IC50 = 26 ± 6 μM comparable to ones obtained for standard antioxidants trolox and quercetin (IC50 = 22 ± 6 μM and 23 ± 6 μM, respectively). Compound 3 was investigated further by means of DFT calculations, to clarify a possible mechanism of the antioxidant action. In order to estimate the capability of 3 to act as radical scavenger the structure was optimized at B3LYP/6-311++G** level and the respective bond dissociation enthalpies were calculated. The calculations in non-polar medium predicted as favorable mechanism a donation of a hydrogen atom to the free radical and formation of N-centered radical, while in polar solvents the mechanism of free radical scavenging by SPLET dominates over HAT H-abstraction. The possible radical scavenging mechanisms of another compound with potent antioxidant properties (IC50 = 53 ± 12 μM), the retro-amide derivative of palmitamine (compound 18), was estimated computationally based on the reaction enthalpies of a model compound (structural analogue to 18). The computations indicated that the most favorable mechanisms are hydrogen atom transfer from the hydroxyl group in meta-position of the benzamide fragment in nonpolar medium, and proton transfer from the hydroxyl group in ortho-position of the benzamide fragment in polar medium.
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15
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Alhouayek M, Stafberg L, Karlsson J, Bergström SH, Fowler CJ. Effects of orthotopic implantation of rat prostate tumour cells upon components of the N-acylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol signalling systems: an mRNA study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6314. [PMID: 32286386 PMCID: PMC7156441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is good evidence that the N-acylethanolamine (NAE)/monoacylglycerol (MAG) signalling systems are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, it is not known how prostate tumours affect these systems in the surrounding non-malignant tissue and vice versa. In the present study we have investigated at the mRNA level 11 components of these systems (three coding for anabolic enzymes, two for NAE/MAG targets and six coding for catabolic enzymes) in rat prostate tissue following orthotopic injection of low metastatic AT1 cells and high metastatic MLL cells. The MLL tumours expressed higher levels of Napepld, coding for a key enzyme in NAE synthesis, and lower levels of Naaa, coding for the NAE hydrolytic enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase than the AT1 tumours. mRNA levels of the components of the NAE/MAG signalling systems studied in the tissue surrounding the tumours were not overtly affected by the tumours. AT1 cells in culture expressed Faah, coding for the NAE hydrolytic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, at much lower levels than Naaa. However, the ability of the intact cells to hydrolyse the NAE arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) was inhibited by an inhibitor of FAAH, but not of NAAA. Treatment of the AT1 cells with interleukin-6, a cytokine known to be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, did not affect the expression of the components of the NAE/MAG system studied. It is thus concluded that in the model system studied, the tumours show different expressions of mRNA coding for key the components of the NAE/MAG system compared to the host tissue, but that these changes are not accompanied by alterations in the non-malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B1.72.01-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Linda Stafberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Apotek Hjärtat, Ringvägen 113, SE-118 60, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Karlsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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16
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Vago R, Ravelli A, Bettiga A, Casati S, Lavorgna G, Benigni F, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Orioli M, Ciuffreda P, Ottria R. Urine Endocannabinoids as Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer at Early Stage. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040870. [PMID: 32260109 PMCID: PMC7226386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in cancer onset and progression and the less studied connection between ECS and bladder cancer, here an evaluation of the ECS modifications associated with bladder cancer is reported. Urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients with bladder cancer at different grades. Endocannabinoids (ECs) and N-acylethanolamides (NAEs) were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS and results normalized for creatinine content. An increase in the urine concentrations of four ECs and NAEs analyzed was observed with a statistically significant increase in the arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and stearoylethanoamide (SEA) associated with bladder cancer. Receiver operating characteristic curves built with AEA and SEA data allowed the selection of 160 pg/mL for SEA (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.91, Selectivity (SE) 94%, Specificity (SP) 45%) and 8 pg/mL for AEA (AUC = 0.85, SE 94%, SP 61%) as the best cut-off values. Moreover, data from bladder cancer samples at different grades were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the expressions of thirteen different components of the “endocannabinoidome” were analyzed. Statistical analysis highlights significant variations in the expression of three enzymes involved in EC and NAE turnover in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ravelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Sezione di Tossicologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Arianna Bettiga
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvana Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Giovanni Lavorgna
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (F.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Orioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Sezione di Tossicologia Forense, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9693
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17
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Pharmacokinetics of Sativex® in Dogs: Towards a Potential Cannabinoid-Based Therapy for Canine Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020279. [PMID: 32054131 PMCID: PMC7072526 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid-based medicine Sativex® is currently marketed for the treatment of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis patients and is being investigated for other central and peripheral pathological conditions. It may also serve in Veterinary Medicine for the treatment of domestic animals, in particular for dogs affected by different pathologies, including human-like pathological conditions. With the purpose of assessing different dosing paradigms for using Sativex in Veterinary Medicine, we investigated its pharmacokinetics when administered to naïve dogs via sublingual delivery. In the single dose arm of the study, adult Beagle dogs were treated with 3 consecutive sprays of Sativex, and blood samples were collected at 12 intervals up to 24 h later. In the multiple dose arm of the study, Beagle dogs received 3 sprays daily for 14 days, and blood samples were collected for 24 h post final dose. Blood was used to obtain plasma samples and to determine the levels of cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and its metabolite 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC. Maximal plasma concentrations of both Δ9-THC (Cmax = 18.5 ng/mL) and CBD (Cmax = 10.5 ng/mL) were achieved 2 h after administration in the single dose condition and at 1 h in the multiple dose treatment (Δ9-THC: Cmax = 24.5 ng/mL; CBD: Cmax = 15.2 ng/mL). 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC, which is mainly formed in the liver from Δ9-THC, was almost undetected, which is consistent with the use of sublingual delivery. A potential progressive accumulation of both CBD and Δ9-THC was detected following repeated exposure, with maximum plasma concentrations for both cannabinoids being achieved following multiple dose. Neurological status, body temperature, respiratory rate and some hemodynamic parameters were also recorded in both conditions, but in general, no changes were observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that single or multiple dose sublingual administration of Sativex to naïve dogs results in the expected pharmacokinetic profile, with maximal levels of phytocannabinoids detected at 1–2 h and suggested progressive accumulation after the multiple dose treatment.
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18
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Summary of the International Conference on Onco-Nephrology: an emerging field in medicine. Kidney Int 2019; 96:555-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Youssif BG, Mohamed AM, Osman EEA, Abou-Ghadir OF, Elnaggar DH, Abdelrahman MH, Treamblu L, Gomaa HA. 5-Chlorobenzofuran-2-carboxamides: From allosteric CB1 modulators to potential apoptotic antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Qiu C, Yang L, Wang B, Cui L, Li C, Zhuo Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Wang X. The role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the regulation of the tumor-immune microenvironment in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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21
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Ayakannu T, Taylor AH, Marczylo TH, Maccarrone M, Konje JC. Identification of Novel Predictive Biomarkers for Endometrial Malignancies: N-Acylethanolamines. Front Oncol 2019; 9:430. [PMID: 31245282 PMCID: PMC6579876 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify new biochemical markers for endometrial cancer (EC). Recent evidence suggests that members of the endocannabinoid system (N-acylethanolamines) that bind to and activate receptors that are dysregulated in EC are involved in this tumour's biology. These observations suggest increased N-acylethanolamine levels in the tissue that might appear in plasma and could be used as disease biomarkers. Methods: N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and the N-acylethanolamine substances, N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) were quantified in plasma and endometrial tissue collected from 31 EC and seven atrophic controls using UHPLC-MS/MS. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) and logistic regression were used to determine diagnostic accuracy. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) protein levels were determined by specific immunohistochemistry and histomorphometric analyses. Correlations between plasma and tissue levels of the three N-acylethanolamines and tissue levels of the three N-acylethanolamines and CB1 and CB2 receptor expression levels were determined using correlation analysis. Results: Plasma and tissue AEA and PEA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in EC than controls whilst OEA levels were significantly elevated in type 1 EC tissues but not in plasma. There were significant positive correlations between plasma and tissue levels of AEA (R 2 = 0.302, p = 0.008) and PEA (R 2 = 0.182, p = 0.047), but not for OEA (R 2 = 0.022, p = 0.506). The diagnostic accuracies for EC were: sensitivity of 53.3%, specificity of 100% for plasma AEA (>1.36 nM); sensitivity of 73.3%, specificity of 100% for plasma PEA (>27.5 nM); and sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity of 28.6% for plasma OEA (>4.97 nM). Logistic regression increased the area under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.781 for AEA, 0.857 for PEA, and 0.543 for OEA to a combined AUC of 0.933 for EC diagnosis. Significant inverse correlations between tissue AEA (R 2 = 0.343, p = 0.003) and PEA (R 2 = 0.384, p < 0.0001) levels and CB1 expression were observed. No correlation between tissue levels of OEA and CB1 and tissue levels of any of the three N-acylethanolamines and CB2 protein expression were observed, except in the type 1 EC patients. Conclusion: Since plasma AEA and PEA are significantly elevated in patients with EC and a reflection of production by the endometrial tumour, then these lipids have the potential to be useful biomarkers for the early diagnosis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Gynaecology Oncology Cancer Centre, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H Taylor
- Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H Marczylo
- Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Toxicology Department at the Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Justin C Konje
- Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sidra Medicine, Women's Wellness and Research Center, HMC, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Neuroinflammation in hypertension: the renin-angiotensin system versus pro-resolution pathways. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:279-291. [PMID: 31039397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overstimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathways within brain areas responsible for sympathetic outflow is well evidenced as a primary contributing factor to the establishment and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms and stimuli responsible for promoting a pro-inflammatory state are not fully elucidated. Recent work has unveiled novel compounds derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which actively regulate the resolution of inflammation. Failure or dysregulation of the resolution process has been linked to a variety of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the pathologic role of neuroinflammation in the hypertensive state, SPMs and their associated pathways may provide a link between hypertension and the long-standing association of dietary ω-3 PUFAs with cardioprotection. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the RAS-driven pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension, particularly in regards to the chronic low-grade neuroinflammatory response. In addition, we examine the potential for an impaired resolution of inflammation process in the context of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Elisabeth Mowry
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA; Center for Neurosciences Research Initiative, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
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23
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Moreno E, Cavic M, Krivokuca A, Casadó V, Canela E. The Endocannabinoid System as a Target in Cancer Diseases: Are We There Yet? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 31024307 PMCID: PMC6459931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been placed in the anti-cancer spotlight in the last decade. The immense data load published on its dual role in both tumorigenesis and inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic spread has transformed the cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R), and other members of the endocannabinoid-like system, into attractive new targets for the treatment of various cancer subtypes. Although the clinical use of cannabinoids has been extensively documented in the palliative setting, clinical trials on their application as anti-cancer drugs are still ongoing. As drug repurposing is significantly faster and more economical than de novo introduction of a new drug into the clinic, there is hope that the existing pharmacokinetic and safety data on the ECS ligands will contribute to their successful translation into oncological healthcare. CB1R and CB2R are members of a large family of membrane proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCRs can form homodimers, heterodimers and higher order oligomers with other GPCRs or non-GPCRs. Currently, several CB1R and CB2R-containing heteromers have been reported and, in cancer cells, CB2R form heteromers with the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) human V-Erb-B2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 (HER2). These protein complexes possess unique pharmacological and signaling properties, and their modulation might affect the antitumoral activity of the ECS. This review will explore the potential of the endocannabinoid network in the anti-cancer setting as well as the clinical and ethical pitfalls behind it, and will develop on the value of cannabinoid receptor heteromers as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapies and as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Dariš B, Tancer Verboten M, Knez Ž, Ferk P. Cannabinoids in cancer treatment: Therapeutic potential and legislation. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:14-23. [PMID: 30172249 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Cannabis sativa L. has been used as an herbal remedy for centuries and is the most important source of phytocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of receptors, endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and metabolizing enzymes, and plays an important role in different physiological and pathological processes. Phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids can interact with the components of ECS or other cellular pathways and thus affect the development/progression of diseases, including cancer. In cancer patients, cannabinoids have primarily been used as a part of palliative care to alleviate pain, relieve nausea and stimulate appetite. In addition, numerous cell culture and animal studies showed antitumor effects of cannabinoids in various cancer types. Here we reviewed the literature on anticancer effects of plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids, to better understand their mechanisms of action and role in cancer treatment. We also reviewed the current legislative updates on the use of cannabinoids for medical and therapeutic purposes, primarily in the EU countries. In vitro and in vivo cancer models show that cannabinoids can effectively modulate tumor growth, however, the antitumor effects appear to be largely dependent on cancer type and drug dose/concentration. Understanding how cannabinoids are able to regulate essential cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis, such as progression through the cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell death, as well as the interactions between cannabinoids and the immune system, are crucial for improving existing and developing new therapeutic approaches for cancer patients. The national legislation of the EU Member States defines the legal boundaries of permissible use of cannabinoids for medical and therapeutic purposes, however, these legislative guidelines may not be aligned with the current scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dariš
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
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25
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Simmerman E, Qin X, Yu JC, Baban B. Cannabinoids as a Potential New and Novel Treatment for Melanoma: A Pilot Study in a Murine Model. J Surg Res 2018; 235:210-215. [PMID: 30691796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma is a complex malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence continues to rise, and despite advances in treatment, the prognosis is poor. Thus, it is necessary to develop novel strategies to treat this aggressive cancer. Synthetic cannabinoids have been implicated in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, reducing tumor growth, and reducing metastasis. We developed a unique study focusing on the effects of treatment with a cannabinoid derivative on malignant melanoma tumors in a murine model. METHODS Murine B16F10 melanoma tumors were established subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were then treated with intraperitoneal injections of vehicle twice per week (control-group 1, n = 6), Cisplatin 5 mg/kg/wk (group 2; n = 6), and Cannabidiol (CBD) 5 mg/kg twice per week (group 3; n = 6). Tumors were measured and volume calculated as (4π/3) × (width/2)2 × (length/2). Tumor size and survival curves were measured. Results were compared using a one-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test. RESULTS A significant decrease in tumor size was detected in mice treated with CBD when compared with the control group (P = 0.01). The survival curve of melanoma tumors treated with CBD increased when compared with the control group and was statistically significant (P = 0.04). The growth curve and survival curve of melanoma tumors treated with Cisplatin were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, when compared with the control and CBD-treated groups. Mice treated with Cisplatin demonstrated the longest survival time, but the quality of life and movement of CBD-treated mice were observed to be better. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a potential beneficial therapeutic effect of cannabinoids, which could influence the course of melanoma in a murine model. Increased survival and less tumorgenicity are novel findings that should guide research to better understand the mechanisms by which cannabinoids could be utilized as adjunctive treatment of cancer, specifically melanoma. Further studies are necessary to evaluate this potentially new and novel treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Simmerman
- Department of Oral Biology/Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Division of Plastic Surgery/Medical College of Georgia, Department of Surgery, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Xu Qin
- Department of Oral Biology/Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jack C Yu
- Division of Plastic Surgery/Medical College of Georgia, Department of Surgery, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology/Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Division of Plastic Surgery/Medical College of Georgia, Department of Surgery, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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26
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Gil-Ordóñez A, Martín-Fontecha M, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:18-32. [PMID: 30059673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) has been characterized as the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Besides this role, MAGL has progressively acquired a growing importance as an integrative metabolic hub that controls not only the in vivo levels of 2-AG but also of other monoacylglycerides and, indirectly, the levels of free fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis as well as other lipids with pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic effects, coming from the further metabolism of fatty acids. All these functions have only started to be elucidated in the last years due to the progress made in the knowledge of the structure of MAGL and in the development of genetic and chemical tools. In this review we report the advances made in the field with a special focus on the last decade and how MAGL has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases that currently lack appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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Chiurchiù V, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Bioactive Lipids and Chronic Inflammation: Managing the Fire Within. Front Immunol 2018; 9:38. [PMID: 29434586 PMCID: PMC5797284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response that works as a contained fire that is pre-emptively sparked as a defensive process during infections or upon any kind of tissue insult, and that is spontaneously extinguished after elimination or termination of the damage. However, persistent and uncontrolled immune reactions act as a wildfire that promote chronic inflammation, unresolved tissue damage and, eventually, chronic diseases. A wide network of soluble mediators, among which endogenous bioactive lipids, governs all immune processes. They are secreted by basically all cells involved in inflammatory processes and constitute the crucial infrastructure that triggers, coordinates and confines inflammatory mechanisms. However, these molecules are also deeply involved in the detrimental transition from acute to chronic inflammation, be it for persistent or excessive action of pro-inflammatory lipids or for the impairment of the functions carried out by resolving ones. As a matter of fact, bioactive lipids have been linked, to date, to several chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the involvement of the main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids—namely classical eicosanoids, pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophospholipids/sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids—in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to the pathogenesis of chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Oláh A, Szekanecz Z, Bíró T. Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1487. [PMID: 29176975 PMCID: PMC5686045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that certain active ingredients of the plants of Cannabis genus, i.e., the "phytocannabinoids" [pCBs; e.g., (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (-)-cannabidiol, etc.] can influence a wide array of biological processes, and the human body is able to produce endogenous analogs of these substances ["endocannabinoids" (eCB), e.g., arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), etc.]. These ligands, together with multiple receptors (e.g., CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, etc.), and a complex enzyme and transporter apparatus involved in the synthesis and degradation of the ligands constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a recently emerging regulator of several physiological processes. The ECS is widely expressed in the human body, including several members of the innate and adaptive immune system, where eCBs, as well as several pCBs were shown to deeply influence immune functions thereby regulating inflammation, autoimmunity, antitumor, as well as antipathogen immune responses, etc. Based on this knowledge, many in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at exploiting the putative therapeutic potential of cannabinoid signaling in inflammation-accompanied diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) or in organ transplantation, and to dissect the complex immunological effects of medical and "recreational" marijuana consumption. Thus, the objective of the current article is (i) to summarize the most recent findings of the field; (ii) to highlight the putative therapeutic potential of targeting cannabinoid signaling; (iii) to identify open questions and key challenges; and (iv) to suggest promising future directions for cannabinoid-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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30
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Bufalin attenuates cancer-induced pain and bone destruction in a model of bone cancer. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:1211-1219. [PMID: 28840279 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bufalin is a natural anti-inflammatory small molecule. Given the close relationship between inflammation and cancer, many scholars have studied the effect of bufalin on cancer in vitro, but in vivo research is still lacking. A murine bone cancer model was used in this study. We conducted pain sensitive test on mice with bone cancer, by nocifensive behavior, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia. Serum levels of bone loss markers with bufalin treatment were measured by ELISA. Expressions of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) were analyzed in bufalin-treated mice by real-time PCR and Western blot. Cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2) inverse agonist AM630 was administrated to mice with bone cancer together with bufalin. Bufalin relieved cancer-induced pain and bone destruction in the murine bone cancer model. Serum levels of bone loss markers after bufalin treatment were reduced. Bufalin upregulated OPG and downregulated RANKL. The CB2 receptor inverse agonist, AM630, reduced the pain relief of bufalin treatment in the mouse bone cancer model. This study demonstrates that bufalin relieves cancer-induced pain and bone destruction, which is mediated through the CB2 receptor.
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31
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Punzo F, Tortora C, Di Pinto D, Manzo I, Bellini G, Casale F, Rossi F. Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effect of EC/EV system in human osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54459-54471. [PMID: 28903355 PMCID: PMC5589594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common and aggressive bone tumor in children. The Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid system has been proposed as anticancer target in tumor of different origins. This system is composed of two receptors (CB1 and CB2), the Transient Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel and their ligands and enzymes. CB1 is expressed mainly in central nervous system while CB2 predominantly on immune and peripheral cells. We investigated the effects of JWH-133 (CB2 agonist) and RTX (TRPV1 agonist) in six human Osteosarcoma cell lines: MG-63, U-2OS, MNNG/HOS, Saos-2, KHOS/NP, Hs888Lu, by Apoptosis and Migration-Assay. We also compared the effects of these compounds on Caspase-3, AKT, MMP-2 and Notch-1 regulation by Q-PCR and Western Blotting. We observed an anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-invasive effect. Our results show that both CB2 stimulation and TRPV1 activation, in different Osteosarcoma cell lines, can act on the same pathways to obtain the same effect, indicating the Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid system as a new therapeutic target in Osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Punzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "Leonardo Donatelli", The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "Leonardo Donatelli", The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Pinto
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Iolanda Manzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "Leonardo Donatelli", The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "Leonardo Donatelli", The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorina Casale
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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32
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Ladin DA, Soliman E, Escobedo R, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Burns C, Van Dross R. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Novel Prostamide, 15-Deoxy, Δ 12,14-Prostamide J 2, as a Selective Antitumor Therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:838-849. [PMID: 28292936 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-ethanolamide, also known as 15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostamide J2 (15d-PMJ2) is a novel product of the metabolism of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by COX-2. 15d-PMJ2 preferentially induced cell death and apoptosis in tumorigenic A431 keratinocytes and B16F10 melanoma cells compared with nontumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes and Melan-A melanocytes. Activation of the ER stress execution proteins, PERK and CHOP10, was evaluated to determine whether this process was involved in 15d-PMJ2 cell death. 15d-PMJ2 increased the phosphorylation of PERK and expression of CHOP10 in tumorigenic but not nontumorigenic cells. The known ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutaric acid, significantly inhibited 15d-PMJ2-mediated apoptosis, suggesting ER stress as a primary apoptotic mediator. Furthermore, the reactive double bond present within the cyclopentenone structure of 15d-PMJ2 was identified as a required moiety for the induction of ER stress apoptosis. The effect of 15d-PMJ2 on B16F10 melanoma growth was also evaluated by dosing C57BL/6 mice with 0.5 mg/kg 15d-PMJ2 Tumors of animals treated with 15d-PMJ2 exhibited significantly reduced growth and mean weights compared with vehicle and untreated animals. TUNEL and IHC analysis of tumor tissues showed significant cell death and ER stress in tumors of 15d-PMJ2-treated compared with control group animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that the novel prostamide, 15d-PMJ2, possesses potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 838-49. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ladin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Rene Escobedo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Colin Burns
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Lamberti A, Ranieri R, Cuomo G, Abate M, Faggiana G, Proto MC, Fiore D, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:133-150. [PMID: 28232276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, several lines of evidence support a therapeutic potential of Cannabis derivatives and in particular phytocannabinoids. Δ9-THC and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant phytocannabinoids in Cannabis plants and therapeutic application for both compounds have been suggested. However, CBD is recently emerging as a therapeutic agent in numerous pathological conditions since devoid of the psychoactive side effects exhibited instead by Δ9-THC. In this review, we highlight the pharmacological activities of CBD, its cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent action, its biological effects focusing on immunomodulation, angiogenetic properties, and modulation of neuronal and cardiovascular function. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol is also highlighted, in particular in nuerological diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Lamberti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Gaia Cuomo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giorgio Faggiana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy; Corporea, Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy.
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Carpi S, Fogli S, Polini B, Montagnani V, Podestà A, Breschi MC, Romanini A, Stecca B, Nieri P. Tumor-promoting effects of cannabinoid receptor type 1 in human melanoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:272-279. [PMID: 28131817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of endocannabinoid system in melanoma development and progression is actually not fully understood. This study was aimed at clarifying whether cannabinoid-type 1 (CB1) receptor may function as tumor-promoting or -suppressing signal in human cutaneous melanoma. CB1 receptor expression was measured in human melanoma cell lines by real-time PCR. A genetic deletion of CB1 receptors in selected melanoma cells was carried out by using three different short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Performance of target gene silencing was verified by real-time PCR and Western blot. The effects of CB1 receptor silencing on cell growth, clonogenicity, migration capability, cell cycle progression, and activation of mitogenic signals was tested. Lentiviral shRNAs vectors targeting different regions of the human CB1 gene led to a significant reduction in CB1 receptor mRNA and a near complete loss of CB1 receptor protein, compared to control vector (LV-c). The number of viable cells, the colony-forming ability and cell migration were significantly reduced in cells transduced with CB1 lentiviral shRNAs compared to LV-c. Cell cycle analyses showed arrest at G1/S phase. p-Akt and p-ERK expression were decreased in transduced versus control cells. Findings of this study suggest that CB1 receptor might function as tumor-promoting signal in human cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carpi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Valentina Montagnani
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Stecca
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori (CRL-ITT), Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Revealing the role of the endocannabinoid system modulators, SR141716A, URB597 and VDM-11, in sleep homeostasis. Neuroscience 2016; 339:433-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bravo-Ferrer I, Cuartero MI, Zarruk JG, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Romera VG, Díaz-Alonso J, García-Segura JM, Guzmán M, Lizasoain I, Galve-Roperh I, Moro MA. Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptor Drives Neurogenesis and Improves Functional Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2016; 48:204-212. [PMID: 27899748 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability characterized by physical, cognitive, and emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, pharmacological options are scarce. The cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) is neuroprotective in acute experimental stroke by anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, its role in chronic stroke is still unknown. METHODS Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice; CB2R modulation was assessed by administering the CB2R agonist JWH133 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) or the CB2R antagonist SR144528 (N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) once daily from day 3 to the end of the experiment or by CB2R genetic deletion. Analysis of immunofluorescence-labeled brain sections, 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of brain cell suspensions, and behavioral tests were performed. RESULTS SR144528 decreased neuroblast migration toward the boundary of the infarct area when compared with vehicle-treated mice 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistently, mice on this pharmacological treatment, like mice with CB2R genetic deletion, displayed a lower number of new neurons (NeuN+/BrdU+ cells) in peri-infarct cortex 28 days after stroke when compared with vehicle-treated group, an effect accompanied by a worse sensorimotor performance in behavioral tests. The CB2R agonist did not affect neurogenesis or outcome in vivo, but increased the migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro; the CB2R antagonist alone did not affect in vitro migration. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that CB2R is fundamental for driving neuroblast migration and suggest that an endocannabinoid tone is required for poststroke neurogenesis by promoting neuroblast migration toward the injured brain tissue, increasing the number of new cortical neurons and, conceivably, enhancing motor functional recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Romera
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Alonso
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M García-Segura
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
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Nuclear Lipids in the Nervous System: What they do in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:321-336. [PMID: 27766461 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years it has been widely demonstrated that cell nucleus contains neutral and polar lipids localized in nuclear membranes, nucleoli, nuclear matrix and chromatin. Nuclear lipids may show specific organization forming nuclear lipid microdomains and have both structural and functional roles. Depending on their localization, nuclear lipids play different roles such as the regulation of nuclear membrane and nuclear matrix fluidity but they also can act as platforms for vitamin and hormone function, for active chromatin anchoring, and for the regulation of gene expression, DNA duplication and transcription. Crosstalk among different kinds of lipid signalling pathways influence the physiopathology of numerous cell types. In neural cells the nuclear lipids are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, migration and apoptosis. Abnormal metabolism of nuclear lipids might be closely associated with tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease among others.
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The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 prevents neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:248-57. [PMID: 27324222 PMCID: PMC5411672 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation represents a common feature of prostate cancer and is associated with accelerated disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Nowadays, there is no treatment for this aggressive form of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN, a non-selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist) on the NE differentiation of prostate cancer cells. METHODS: NE differentiation of prostate cancer LNCaP cells was induced by serum deprivation or by incubation with interleukin-6, for 6 days. Levels of NE markers and signaling proteins were determined by western blotting. Levels of cannabinoid receptors were determined by quantitative PCR. The involvement of signaling cascades was investigated by pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA. RESULTS: The differentiated LNCaP cells exhibited neurite outgrowth, and increased the expression of the typical NE markers neuron-specific enolase and βIII tubulin (βIII Tub). Treatment with 3 μM WIN inhibited NK differentiation of LNCaP cells. The cannabinoid WIN downregulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in NE differentiation inhibition. In addition, an activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was observed in WIN-treated cells, which correlated with a decrease in the NE markers expression. Our results also show that during NE differentiation the expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 dramatically decreases. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt/AMPK might be an important axis modulating NE differentiation of prostate cancer that is blocked by the cannabinoid WIN, pointing to a therapeutic potential of cannabinoids against NE prostate cancer.
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Endocannabinoids as Guardians of Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:230. [PMID: 26875980 PMCID: PMC4783962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids including anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are involved in cancer pathophysiology in several ways, including tumor growth and progression, peritumoral inflammation, nausea and cancer pain. Recently we showed that the endocannabinoid profiles are deranged during cancer to an extent that this manifests in alterations of plasma endocannabinoids in cancer patients, which was mimicked by similar changes in rodent models of local and metastatic cancer. The present topical review summarizes the complexity of endocannabinoid signaling in the context of tumor growth and metastasis.
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Zhang J, Dai EH, Jiang HQ. Cannabinoid receptor 2 and several digestive system diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:400-407. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is made up of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). A multitude of physiological effects and putative pathophysiological roles have been proposed for the endogenous cannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas and tumors. This paper aims to review the endocannabinoid system and the relations of CB2 with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, hepatic disease and digestive system tumors.
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