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Amill F, Gauthier J, Rautio M, Derome N. Characterization of gill bacterial microbiota in wild Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus) across lakes, rivers, and bays in the Canadian Arctic ecosystems. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0294323. [PMID: 38329329 PMCID: PMC10923216 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02943-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Teleost gill mucus has a highly diverse microbiota, which plays an essential role in the host's fitness and is greatly influenced by the environment. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), a salmonid well adapted to northern conditions, faces multiple stressors in the Arctic, including water chemistry modifications, that could negatively impact the gill microbiota dynamics related to the host's health. In the context of increasing environmental disturbances, we aimed to characterize the taxonomic distribution of transcriptionally active taxa within the bacterial gill microbiota of Arctic char in the Canadian Arctic in order to identify active bacterial composition that correlates with environmental factors. For this purpose, a total of 140 adult anadromous individuals were collected from rivers, lakes, and bays belonging to five Inuit communities located in four distinct hydrologic basins in the Canadian Arctic (Nunavut and Nunavik) during spring (May) and autumn (August). Various environmental factors were collected, including latitudes, water and air temperatures, oxygen concentration, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), salinity, and chlorophyll-a concentration. The taxonomic distribution of transcriptionally active taxa within the gill microbiota was quantified by 16S rRNA gene transcripts sequencing. The results showed differential bacterial activity between the different geographical locations, explained by latitude, salinity, and, to a lesser extent, air temperature. Network analysis allowed the detection of a potential dysbiosis signature (i.e., bacterial imbalance) in fish gill microbiota from Duquet Lake in the Hudson Strait and the system Five Mile Inlet connected to the Hudson Bay, both showing the lowest alpha diversity and connectivity between taxa.IMPORTANCEThis paper aims to decipher the complex relationship between Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and its symbiotic microbial consortium in gills. This salmonid is widespread in the Canadian Arctic and is the main protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids source for Inuit people. The influence of environmental parameters on gill microbiota in wild populations remains poorly understood. However, assessing the Arctic char's active gill bacterial community is essential to look for potential pathogens or dysbiosis that could threaten wild populations. Here, we concluded that Arctic char gill microbiota was mainly influenced by latitude and air temperature, the latter being correlated with water temperature. In addition, a dysbiosis signature detected in gill microbiota was potentially associated with poor fish health status recorded in these disturbed environments. With those results, we hypothesized that rapid climate change and increasing anthropic activities in the Arctic might profoundly disturb Arctic char gill microbiota, affecting their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Amill
- Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeff Gauthier
- Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Milla Rautio
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Marchand E, Petit F, Alliot F, Blanchoud H, Costantini D, Guigon E, Martin N, Traore S, Goutte A. Contrasted Antibiotics and Pesticides Occurrence in Fish Exposed In Situ to Urban Effluents: A 20-Day Caging Experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 38116996 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban freshwater ecosystems receive a wide array of organic pollutants through wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) discharges and agricultural runoff. Evaluating the fate and effects of antibiotics and pesticides can be a challenging task, especially the effects on freshwater vertebrates because of their abilities to metabolize and excrete these chemicals and because of their high mobility and escape behavior when exposed to stressful environmental conditions. In the present study, 37 wild gudgeons (Gobio gobio) were caged for a period of up to 20 days, upstream and downstream of a WWTP effluent discharge in the Orge River (a tributary of the Seine River, France). Levels of pesticides and antibiotics in fish muscles were monitored weekly and compared with environmental contamination (water and sediments). Our results highlighted a slight bioaccumulation of pesticides in the gudgeon muscles at the downstream site after 20 days of exposure. Concerning antibiotics, ofloxacin was the most detected compound in fish muscles (85% of occurrence) and ranged from undetectable to 8 ng g-1 dry weight. Antibiotic levels in fish muscle were not higher at the downstream site and did not increase with exposure duration, despite high levels in the water (up to 29 times greater than upstream). Potential ecotoxicological effects were also evaluated: Body condition did not differ between the caging location and exposure time. Three oxidative status markers in the fish livers showed significant shifts after 14 days of caging. Our results suggest a high clearance rate of antibiotics and, to a lesser extent, of pesticides in wild gudgeons, which could be explained by changes in xenobiotic metabolism with pollutant exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Marchand
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Petit
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Blanchoud
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David Costantini
- UPMA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elodie Guigon
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Sira Traore
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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Laltlanmawia C, Saha H, Ghosh L, Saha RK, Malla S. Identification and analysis of pathogenic bacteria causing outbreaks in Indian major carp aquaculture of Tripura. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:263-279. [PMID: 37584068 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate bacterial disease outbreaks in Indian major carp from aquaculture systems in Tripura, India, and identify the bacterial species associated with those outbreaks. METHODS A 3-year surveillance was conducted in eight districts of Tripura, during which nine bacterial disease outbreaks were recorded. Fourteen bacterial strains isolated from diseased Indian major carp were selected and identified using phenotypic, molecular (16S ribosomal RNA gene), and phylogenetic analyses. In vitro pathogenicity studies were performed to assess the potential pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria. RESULT The selected isolated strains were preliminarily identified under the genera Aeromonas (9 isolates), Acinetobacter (1 isolate), Citrobacter (3 isolates), and Pseudomonas (1 isolate). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the species of the isolated bacteria, including Aeromonas jandaei (strains COF_AHE09 and COF_AHE61), Aeromonas veronii (strains COF_AHE13, COF_AHE52, COF_AHE55, COF_AHE56, and COF_AHE62), Aeromonas hydrophila (strains COF_AHE51 and COF_AHE58), Acinetobacter pittii (strain COF_AHE14), Citrobacter freundii (strains COF_AHE20, COF_AHE57, and COF_AHE59), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain COF_AHE54). Behavioral and clinical signs observed in the diseased fish, such as lethargy, skin hemorrhaging, ulcers, fin and tail rot, exophthalmia, distended abdomen, scale loss, and skin discoloration, indicated the presence of bacterial septicemia. The in vitro pathogenicity studies highlighted the potential role of these bacteria in disease development, especially under environmental stress. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the diversity of bacterial species associated with bacterial disease outbreaks in Indian major carp from aquaculture systems in Tripura. It serves as the first comprehensive investigation of its kind, contributing to our understanding of bacterial infections in Indian major carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laltlanmawia
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Himadri Saha
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Lija Ghosh
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Ratan Kumar Saha
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Supratim Malla
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
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Samsing F, Zhang W, Zadoks RN, Whittington R, Venturini C, Giles C, Carson J, Becker JA. Cold temperature stress and damaged skin induced high mortality in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:751-766. [PMID: 36966382 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most diseases in aquaculture are caused by opportunistic pathogens. One of them, Vibrio harveyi, is a widespread Gram-negative bacterium that has become an important pathogen of aquatic species in marine environments. Here, we propose the use of the causal pie model as a framework to conceptualize the causation of vibriosis in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and to establish an effective challenge model. In the model, a sufficient cause, or the causal pie, is a constellation of component causes that lead to an outcome (e.g. vibriosis). In the pilot study, a high cumulative mortality (63.3% ± 10.0%, mean ± SE) was observed when V. harveyi was administered by intraperitoneal injection using a high challenge dose [107 colony-forming units (CFU) fish-1 ], but low or no mortality was observed in fish subject to cold stress or fish with intact skin when challenged by immersion. We, therefore, tested the use of a skin lesion (induced with a 4-mm biopsy punch) combined with cold temperature stress to induce vibriosis following the causal pie model. After challenge, fish were immediately subject to cold stress (22°C) or placed at an optimal temperature of 30°C. All groups were challenged with 108 CFU mL-1 for 60 min. A considerably higher mortality level (72.7% ± 13.9%) was observed in fish challenged with both a skin lesion and cold stress compared with mortality in fish only having a skin lesion (14.6% ± 2.8%). V. harveyi was re-isolated from all moribund fish and was detected by species-specific real-time PCR in gills, head kidney and liver, regardless of challenge treatment confirming vibriosis as the cause of disease. Parenchymal tissues had histopathological changes consistent with vibriosis. Whole-genome sequence (WGS) is provided for the Vibrio harveyi isolate examined in this study. Overall, the causal pie model was a useful framework to conceptualize the design of the experimental challenge model, in which both cold stress and skin damage were identified as component causes of vibriosis with high mortality. This conceptual framework can be applied to other opportunistic pathogens in aquaculture or to the study of co-infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Samsing
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carola Venturini
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carla Giles
- Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jeremy Carson
- Carson BioConsulting, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Rieder J, Kapopoulou A, Bank C, Adrian-Kalchhauser I. Metagenomics and metabarcoding experimental choices and their impact on microbial community characterization in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 36788626 PMCID: PMC9930364 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) play a role in system success, nutrient cycling, and water quality. Considering the increasing socio-economic role of fish farming, e.g., regarding food security, an in-depth understanding of aquaculture microbial communities is also relevant from a management perspective, especially regarding the growth, development, and welfare of the farmed animal. However, the current data on the composition of microbial communities within RAS is patchy, which is partly attributable to diverging method choices that render comparative analyses challenging. Therefore, there is a need for accurate, standardized, and user-friendly methods to study microbial communities in aquaculture systems. RESULTS We compared sequencing approach performances (3 types of 16S short amplicon sequencing, PacBio long-read amplicon sequencing, and amplification-free shotgun metagenomics) in the characterization of microbial communities in two commercial RAS fish farms. Results showed that 16S primer choice and amplicon length affect some values (e.g., diversity measures, number of assigned taxa or distinguishing ASVs) but have no impact on spatio-temporal patterns between sample types, farms and time points. This implies that 16S rRNA approaches are adequate for community studies. The long-read amplicons underperformed regarding the quantitative resolution of spatio-temporal patterns but were suited to identify functional services, e.g., nitrification cycling and the detection of pathogens. Finally, shotgun metagenomics extended the picture to fungi, viruses, and bacteriophages, opening avenues for exploring inter-domain interactions. All sequencing datasets agreed on major prokaryotic players, such as Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Nitrospirota, and Proteobacteria. CONCLUSION The different sequencing approaches yielded overlapping and highly complementary results, with each contributing unique data not obtainable with the other approaches. We conclude that a tiered approach constitutes a strategy for obtaining the maximum amount of information on aquaculture microbial communities and can inform basic research on community evolution dynamics. For specific and/or applied questions, single-method approaches are more practical and cost-effective and could lead to better farm management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rieder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Theoretical Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adamandia Kapopoulou
- Division of Theoretical Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bank
- Division of Theoretical Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Ghafarifarsani H, Nedaei S, Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H. Effect of Different Levels of Chlorogenic Acid on Growth Performance, Immunological Responses, Antioxidant Defense, and Disease Resistance of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:3679002. [PMID: 37124879 PMCID: PMC10132906 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3679002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study is designed to assay the efficacy of chlorogenic acid (ChA) in the diet on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, serum immunological, biochemical, and antioxidant variables, and mucosal immune response as well as disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Rainbow trout juveniles received diets supplemented with different inclusion levels of ChA (0 (ctrl), 200 (CA1), 400 (CA2), 600 (CA3), and 800 (CA4) mg kg-1 diet) for 60 days. According to the findings, fish from CA3 and CA4 groups demonstrated the best results considering the final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) (P < 0.05). Also, the group that received 600 mg kg-1 ChA-supplemented diet showed the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest specific growth rate (SGR) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the minimum survival rate (SR) was only detected in the CA4 treatment (P < 0.05). Regression analysis exhibited that rainbow trout growth indices were polynomially linked to dietary chlorogenic acid concentrations. In this regard, the optimal levels of chlorogenic acid according to growth parameters (FCR and SGR) were 0.71 and 0.62 gr kg-1 diet, respectively. The results exhibited superior performance of protease and amylase activities in CA2, CA3, and CA4 groups with the maximum amount in the group receiving 600 mg kg-1 ChA-enriched diet (P < 0.05). Serum lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin (Ig), and components 3 and 4 (C3 and C4) values of CA2, CA3, and CA4 groups were significantly higher than others with the highest amount in the CA3 group (P <0.05). Additionally, serum nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value in the CA3 and CA4 groups and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the CA3 group were notably more than others (P < 0.05). Moreover, the lowest aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the highest total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) values were observed in CA3 treatment (P < 0.05). CA2 and CA3 groups demonstrated increased serum catalase (CAT) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) values compared to the control while the highest CAT and lowest MDA values were observed in CA3 treatment (P < 0.05). Considering mucus immunity, the significantly maximum LYZ and protease values were demonstrated in CA2 and CA3 groups, and the highest ALP, Ig, and esterase values were demonstrated in the CA3 group. In comparison with the control, the mortality rates of the groups that received the ChA diets were remarkably (P < 0.05) lower postchallenge with Y. ruckeri, and the highest survival and relative percentage of survival (RPS) (P < 0.05) belonged to the CA3 group. Results obtained from the current study suggested ChA as a functional dietary additive to raise growth parameters, immune indices, antioxidant capacity, and resistance to disease in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shiva Nedaei
- Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Al-Ashhab A, Alexander-Shani R, Avrahami Y, Ehrlich R, Strem RI, Meshner S, Shental N, Sharon G. Sparus aurata and Lates calcarifer skin microbiota under healthy and diseased conditions in UV and non-UV treated water. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:42. [PMID: 35729615 PMCID: PMC9210813 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The welfare of farmed fish is influenced by numerous environmental and management factors. Fish skin is an important site for immunity and a major route by which infections are acquired. The objective of this study was to characterize bacterial composition variability on skin of healthy, diseased, and recovered Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) and Barramundi (Lates calcarifer). S. aurata, which are highly sensitive to gram-negative bacteria, were challenged with Vibrio harveyi. In addition, and to provide a wider range of infections, both fish species (S. aurata and L. calcarifer) were infected with gram-positive Streptococcus iniae, to compare the response of the highly sensitive L. calcarifer to that of the more resistant S. aurata. All experiments also compared microbial communities found on skin of fish reared in UV (a general practice used in aquaculture) and non-UV treated water tanks. Results Skin swab samples were taken from different areas of the fish (lateral lines, abdomen and gills) prior to controlled infection, and 24, 48 and 72 h, 5 days, one week and one-month post-infection. Fish skin microbial communities were determined using Illumina iSeq100 16S rDNA for bacterial sequencing. The results showed that naturally present bacterial composition is similar on all sampled fish skin sites prior to infection, but the controlled infections (T1 24 h post infection) altered the bacterial communities found on fish skin. Moreover, when the naturally occurring skin microbiota did not quickly recover, fish mortality was common following T1 (24 h post infection). We further confirmed the differences in bacterial communities found on skin and in the water of fish reared in non-UV and UV treated water under healthy and diseased conditions. Conclusions Our experimental findings shed light on the fish skin microbiota in relation to fish survival (in diseased and healthy conditions). The results can be harnessed to provide management tools for commercial fish farmers; predicting and preventing fish diseases can increase fish health, welfare, and enhance commercial fish yields. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00191-y.
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Du S, Chen W, Yao Z, Huang X, Chen C, Guo H, Zhang D. Enterococcus faecium are associated with the modification of gut microbiota and shrimp post-larvae survival. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:88. [PMID: 34952650 PMCID: PMC8710032 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are widely used to promote host health. Compared to mammals and terrestrial invertebrates, little is known the role of probiotics in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, eighteen tanks with eight hundred of shrimp post-larvae individuals each were randomly grouped into three groups, one is shrimps administered with E. faecium as probiotic (Tre) and others are shrimps without probiotic-treatment (CK1: blank control, CK2: medium control). We investigated the correlations between a kind of commercial Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) powder and microbiota composition with function potentials in shrimp post-larvae gut. RESULTS We sequenced the 16S rRNA gene (V4) of gut samples to assess diversity and composition of the shrimp gut microbiome and used differential abundance and Tax4Fun2 analyses to identify the differences of taxonomy and predicted function between different treatment groups. The ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium) were tracked in gut microbiota of Tre and the shrimps here showed the best growth performance especially in survival ratio (SR). The distribution of SR across samples was similar to that in PCoA plot based on Bray-Curits and two subgroups generated (SL: SR < 70%, SH: SR ≥ 70%). The gut microbiota structure and predicted function were correlated with both treatment and SR, and SR was a far more important factor driving taxonomic and functional differences than treatment. Both Tre and SH showed a low and uneven community species and shorted phylogenetic distance. We detected a shift in composition profile at phylum and genus level and further identified ten OTUs as relevant taxa that both closely associated with treatment and SR. The partial least squares path model further supported the important role of relevant taxa related to shrimp survival ratio. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found gut microbiota correlated to both shrimp survival and ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium). These correlations should not be dismissed without merit and will uncover a promising strategy for developing novel probiotics through certain consortium of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325099, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325099, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Slinger J, Wynne JW, Adams MB. Profiling Branchial Bacteria of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Following Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.756101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gill diseases caused by either opportunistic or specific pathogens are an emerging area of concern for aquaculture producers in part due to their sometimes complex and/or cryptic nature. Many antimicrobial treatments used in aquacultural settings are broad spectrum in nature. The effect of such therapeutics upon reduction and recolonization of commensal or pathogenic microbiota post-treatment has received little attention to date. Commensal bacteria are an integral component of the barrier function of mucosal surfaces in animals. This study evaluated the effect of several commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments upon the diversity and composition of branchial bacteria of Atlantic salmon. Here we exposed Atlantic salmon smolt to a number of commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments including chemotherapeutants (chloramine-t and hydrogen peroxide) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline and florfenicol) in vivo. Subsequently we examined the change in bacterial load, 16S rRNA gene expression, and taxonomic diversity post-treatment upon the gills. Results revealed a decrease in cultivable bacterial colonies after antimicrobial treatment, and a downstream decrease in bacterial richness and abundance post-treatment, with colonization of several prominent pathogenic taxa including Vibrio and Tenacibaculum. Temporal tracing over a 14-day period demonstrated that the bacteriome of gill mucus is sensitive to change, and altered by antimicrobial treatment and handling. This study identified candidate antimicrobial treatments which could be implemented in future studies to illustrate the effect of dysbiosis on microbial gill diseases.
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Whole-genome association study searching for QTL for Aeromonas salmonicida resistance in rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17857. [PMID: 34497310 PMCID: PMC8426485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, has extensive negative effects on wild and farmed salmonids worldwide. Vaccination induces some protection under certain conditions but disease outbreaks occur even in vaccinated fish. Therefore, alternative disease control approaches are required to ensure the sustainable expansion of rainbow trout aquaculture. Selective breeding can be applied to enhance host resistance to pathogens. The present work used genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with A. salmonicida resistance in rainbow trout. A total 798 rainbow trout exposed to A. salmonicida by bath challenge revealed 614 susceptible and 138 resistant fish. Genotyping was conducted using the 57 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and the GWAS was performed for survival and time to death phenotypes. We identified a QTL on chromosome 16 and located positional candidate genes in the proximity of the most significant SNPs. In addition, samples from exposed fish were examined for expression of 24 immune-relevant genes indicating a systematic immune response to the infection. The present work demonstrated that resistance to A. salmonicida is moderately heritable with oligogenic architecture. These result will be useful for the future breeding programs for improving the natural resistance of rainbow trout against furunculosis.
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Colin Y, Berthe T, Molbert N, Guigon E, Vivant AL, Alliot F, Collin S, Goutte A, Petit F. Urbanization Constrains Skin Bacterial Phylogenetic Diversity in Wild Fish Populations and Correlates with the Proliferation of Aeromonads. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:523-536. [PMID: 33415385 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the state of rivers resulting from the activity and expansion of urban areas are likely to affect aquatic populations by increasing stress and disease, with the microbiota playing a potentially important intermediary role. Unraveling the dynamics of microbial flora is therefore essential to better apprehend the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the health of host populations and the ecological integrity of hydrosystems. In this context, the present study simultaneously examined changes in the microbial communities associated with mucosal skin and gut tissues of eight fish species along an urbanization gradient in the Orge River (France). 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding revealed that the structure and composition of the skin microbiota varied substantially along the disturbance gradient and to a lesser extent according to fish taxonomy. Sequences affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria, in particular the genus Aeromonas, prevailed on fish caught in the most urbanized areas, whereas they were nearly absent upstream. This rise of opportunistic taxa was concomitant with a decline in phylogenetic diversity, suggesting more constraining environmental pressures. In comparison, fish gut microbiota varied much more moderately with the degree of urbanization, possibly because this niche might be less directly exposed to environmental stressors. Co-occurrence networks further identified pairs of associated bacterial taxa, co-existing more or less often than expected at random. Few correlations could be identified between skin and gut bacterial taxa, supporting the assumption that these two microbial niches are disconnected and do not suffer from the same vulnerability to anthropic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Colin
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France.
| | - Thierry Berthe
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Noëlie Molbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Elodie Guigon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Anne-Laure Vivant
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Fabienne Petit
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
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12
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Bai J, Baker SM, Goodrich-Schneider RM, Montazeri N, Sarnoski PJ. Development of a rapid colorimetric strip method for determination of volatile bases in mahi-mahi and tuna. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2398-2409. [PMID: 33928640 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) are two major fish species responsible for scombroid poisoning in the United States. The purpose of this research was to develop a low-cost and easily operated colorimetric strip method for the rapid determination of spoilage degree via amine response in mahi-mahi and tuna. The color strip method was developed by investigating different types of dyes, filter papers, sample volume, water bath temperature, and other parameters. Ultimately rose bengal and bromophenol blue (BPB) dyes were chosen. These two dyes produced standard curves with good linearity (0-50 mg/L for the total biogenic amines) and uniformity of color change. The r2 values for the standard curves of the rose Bengal and BPB were 0.9535 and 0.8883, respectively. Significant positive Pearson correlations coefficients (r) between the volatile biogenic amine levels detected by these two colorimetric strip methods with increasing spoilage grade of mahi-mahi (rose bengal: r = 0.8907, p < 0.0001; BPB: r = 0.8711, p < 0.0001) and tuna (rose bengal: r = 0.8351, p < 0.0001; BPB: r = 0.7362, p = 0.0001) were observed. For mahi-mahi, the volatile amines detected by the colorimetric strips correlated positively with increasing levels of eight biogenic amines, free alanine, four aldehydes, isoamyl alcohol, two ketones, and dimethyl disulfide. For tuna, the results determined by colorimetric strips positively correlated with three biogenic amines, three free amino acids, four aldehydes, and ethanol. The two validated colorimetric strips could rapidly monitor the spoilage degree of mahi-mahi and tuna at low-cost. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Rose bengal strips and BPB strips were developed as a rapid, objective, analytical method that can serve as an alternative to sensory grading methods. These two nonspecific colorimetric strip methods provided good linear response and uniformity of color change. Volatile amine levels in fish determined by these colorimetric strip methods were statistically significant and positively correlated with the spoilage grade of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Shirley M Baker
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | | | - Naim Montazeri
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Paul J Sarnoski
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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13
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Nowlan JP, Britney SR, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Application of Quantitative-PCR to Monitor Netpen Sites in British Columbia (Canada) for Tenacibaculum Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040414. [PMID: 33915806 PMCID: PMC8066307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum are frequently detected from fish with tenacibaculosis at aquaculture sites; however, information on the ecology of these bacteria is sparse. Quantitative-PCR assays were used to detect T. maritimum and T. dicentrarchi at commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) netpen sites throughout several tenacibaculosis outbreaks. T. dicentrarchi and T. maritimum were identified in live fish, dead fish, other organisms associated with netpens, water samples and on inanimate substrates, which indicates a ubiquitous distribution around stocked netpen sites. Before an outbreak, T. dicentrarchi was found throughout the environment and from fish, and T. maritimum was infrequently identified. During an outbreak, increases in the bacterial load in were recorded and no differences were recorded after an outbreak supporting the observed recrudescence of mouthrot. More bacteria were recorded in the summer months, with more mortality events and antibiotic treatments, indicating that seasonality may influence tenacibaculosis; however, outbreaks occurred in both seasons. Relationships were identified between fish mortalities and antimicrobial use to water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) (p < 0.05), but with low R2 values (<0.25), other variables are also involved. Furthermore, Tenacibaculum species appear to have a ubiquitous spatial and temporal distribution around stocked netpen sites, and with the potential to induce disease in Atlantic salmon, continued research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
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14
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Ming J, Fu Z, Ma Z, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Song C, Yuan X, Wu Q. The effect of sulfamonomethoxine treatment on the gut microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1116. [PMID: 32965800 PMCID: PMC7658448 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible effects of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), we quantitatively evaluated the microbial shifts in the intestines of Nile tilapia in response to different doses of SMM (200 and 300 mg/kg) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At the phylum level, the control group (0 mg kg-1 SMM) was dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. In the treatment groups, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant phyla. Cluster analysis indicated that the two groups treated with SMM clustered together. Similarly, the bacterial families that dominated the control group differed from those dominating the treatment groups. The changes in intestinal microbial composition over time were similar between the two SMM treatment groups. In both groups, the abundances of some families, including the Bacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae, increased first and then decreased. Overall, the addition of SMM to the feed changed the structure of the intestinal microbiota in Nile tilapia. This study improves our understanding of the impact of SMM on the intestinal microenvironment of Nile tilapia. Our results provide guidelines for the feasibility of SMM use in aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinhua Yuan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qinglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Scheifler M, Sanchez-Brosseau S, Magnanou E, West N, Suzuki M, Duperron S, Desdevises Y. Host Species and Body Site Explain the Variation in the Microbiota Associated to Wild Sympatric Mediterranean Teleost Fishes. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:212-222. [PMID: 31932881 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are an important component in shaping the evolution of hosts and as such, the study of bacterial communities with molecular techniques is shedding light on the complexity of symbioses between bacteria and vertebrates. Teleost fish are a heterogeneous group that live in a wide variety of habitats, and thus a good model group to investigate symbiotic interactions and their influence on host biology and ecology. Here we describe the microbiota of thirteen teleostean species sharing the same environment in the Mediterranean Sea and compare bacterial communities among different species and body sites (external mucus, skin, gills, and intestine). Our results show that Proteobacteria is the dominant phylum present in fish and water. However, the prevalence of other bacterial taxa differs between fish and the surrounding water. Significant differences in bacterial diversity are observed among fish species and body sites, with higher diversity found in the external mucus. No effect of sampling time nor species individual was found. The identification of indicator bacterial taxa further supports that each body site harbors its own characteristic bacterial community. These results improve current knowledge and understanding of symbiotic relationships among bacteria and their fish hosts in the wild since the majority of previous studies focused on captive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France.
| | - M Scheifler
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - S Sanchez-Brosseau
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - E Magnanou
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - N West
- FR3724, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - M Suzuki
- FR3724, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - S Duperron
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 12 rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Y Desdevises
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Avenue Pierre Fabre., F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
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16
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Replacing fishmeal with plant protein in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) diets by supplementation with fish protein hydrolysate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4194. [PMID: 32144276 PMCID: PMC7060232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding an 80% plant protein diet, with and without fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation, on the growth and gut health of Atlantic salmon were investigated. Fish were fed either (A) a control diet containing 35% fishmeal, (B) an 80% plant protein diet with 15% fishmeal, (C) an 80% plant protein diet with 5% fishmeal and 10% partly hydrolysed protein, or (D) an 80% plant protein diet with 5% fishmeal and 10% soluble protein hydrolysate. Fish on the 80% plant- 15% fishmeal diet were significantly smaller than fish in the other dietary groups. However, partly-hydrolysed protein supplementation allowed fish to grow as well as fish fed the control 35% fishmeal diet. Fish fed the FPH diets (diets C and D) had significantly higher levels of amino acids in their blood, including 48% and 27% more branched chain amino acids compared to fish on the 35% fishmeal diet, respectively. Plant protein significantly altered gut microbial composition, significantly decreasing α-diversity. Spirochaetes and the families Moritellaceae, Psychromonadaceae, Helicobacteraceae and Bacteroidaceae were all found at significantly lower abundances in the groups fed 80% plant protein diets compared to the control fishmeal diet.
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17
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Bass D, Stentiford GD, Wang HC, Koskella B, Tyler CR. The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:996-1008. [PMID: 31522755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing awareness of the diversity and ubiquity of microbes (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses) associated with larger 'host' organisms has led to the realisation that many diseases thought to be caused by one primary agent are the result of interactions between multiple taxa and the host. Even where a primary agent can be identified, its effect is often moderated by other symbionts. Therefore, the one pathogen-one disease paradigm is shifting towards the pathobiome concept, integrating the interaction of multiple symbionts, host, and environment in a new understanding of disease aetiology. Taxonomically, pathobiomes are variable across host species, ecology, tissue type, and time. Therefore, a more functionally driven understanding of pathobiotic systems is necessary, based on gene expression, metabolic interactions, and ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bass
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4HB, UK
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18
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de Alexandre Sebastião F, LaFrentz BR, Shelley JP, Stevens B, Marancik D, Dunker F, Reavill D, Soto E. Flavobacterium inkyongense isolated from ornamental cichlids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1309-1313. [PMID: 31197833 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John P Shelley
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Brittany Stevens
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, California
- California Science Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Freeland Dunker
- Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California
| | - Drury Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, California
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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19
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Ben Hamed S, Tavares Ranzani-Paiva MJ, Tachibana L, de Carla Dias D, Ishikawa CM, Esteban MA. Fish pathogen bacteria: Adhesion, parameters influencing virulence and interaction with host cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:550-562. [PMID: 29966687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wild fisheries are declining due to over-fishing, climate change, pollution and marine habitat destructions among other factors, and, concomitantly, aquaculture is increasing significantly around the world. Fish infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are quite common in aquaculture, although their seriousness depends on the season. Drug-supplemented feeds are often used to keep farmed fish free from the diseases caused by such bacteria. However, given that bacteria can survive well in aquatic environments independently of their hosts, bacterial diseases have become major impediments to aquaculture development. On the other hand, the indiscriminate uses of antimicrobial agents has led to resistant strains and the need to switch to other antibiotics, although it seems that an integrated approach that considers not only the pathogen but also the host and the environment will be the most effective method in the long-term to improve aquatic animal health. This review covers the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and details the foundations underlying the interactions occurring between pathogenic bacteria and the fish host in the aquatic environment, as well as the factors that influence virulence. Understanding and linking the different phenomena that occur from adhesion to colonization of the host will offer novel and useful means to help design suitable therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Ben Hamed
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Tavares Ranzani-Paiva
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tachibana
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Carla Dias
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Massatoshi Ishikawa
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - María Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, ''Campus Mare Nostrum'', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Llewellyn MS, Leadbeater S, Garcia C, Sylvain FE, Custodio M, Ang KP, Powell F, Carvalho GR, Creer S, Elliot J, Derome N. Parasitism perturbs the mucosal microbiome of Atlantic Salmon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43465. [PMID: 28266549 PMCID: PMC5339869 DOI: 10.1038/srep43465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between parasite, host and host-associated microbiota are increasingly understood as important determinants of disease progression and morbidity. Salmon lice, including the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis and related species, are perhaps the most important problem facing Atlantic Salmon aquaculture after feed sustainability. Salmon lice parasitize the surface of the fish, feeding off mucus, scales and underlying tissue. Secondary bacterial infections are a major source of associated morbidity. In this study we tracked the diversity and composition of Salmo salar skin surface microbiota throughout a complete L. salmonis infection cycle among 800 post-smolts as compared to healthy controls. Among infected fish we observed a significant reduction in microbial richness (Chao1, P = 0.0136), raised diversity (Shannon, P < 7.86e-06) as well as highly significant destabilisation of microbial community composition (Pairwise Unifrac, beta-diversity, P < 1.86e-05; P = 0.0132) by comparison to controls. While undetectable on an individual level, network analysis of microbial taxa on infected fish revealed the association of multiple pathogenic genera (Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Tenacibaculum, Pseudomonas) with high louse burdens. We discuss our findings in the context of ecological theory and colonisation resistance, in addition to the role microbiota in driving primary and secondary pathology in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Leadbeater
- St Andrew’s Marine Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | | | - M. Custodio
- Universidade Federale do Rondonia, Porto Vehlo, Brazil
| | | | | | - G. R. Carvalho
- Marine and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, University of Wales, Bangor, Wales, UK
| | - S. Creer
- Marine and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, University of Wales, Bangor, Wales, UK
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21
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Tanaka KH, Vincent AT, Trudel MV, Paquet VE, Frenette M, Charette SJ. The mosaic architecture of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida pAsa4 plasmid and its consequences on antibiotic resistance. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2595. [PMID: 27812409 PMCID: PMC5088629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonids, is an issue especially because many isolates of this bacterium display antibiotic resistances, which limit treatments against the disease. Recent results suggested the possible existence of alternative forms of pAsa4, a large plasmid found in A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and bearing multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The present study reveals the existence of two newly detected pAsa4 variants, pAsa4b and pAsa4c. We present the extensive characterization of the genomic architecture, the mobile genetic elements and the antimicrobial resistance genes of these plasmids in addition to the reference pAsa4 from the strain A449. The analysis showed differences between the three architectures with consequences on the content of resistance genes. The genomic plasticity of the three pAsa4 variants could be partially explained by the action of mobile genetic elements like insertion sequences. Eight additional isolates from Canada and Europe that bore similar antibiotic resistance patterns as pAsa4-bearing strains were genotyped and specific pAsa4 variants could be attributed to phenotypic profiles. pAsa4 and pAsa4c were found in Europe, while pAsa4b was found in Canada. In accordance with their content in conjugative transfer genes, only pAsa4b and pAsa4c can be transferred by conjugation in Escherichia coli. The plasticity of pAsa4 variants related to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance indicates that these plasmids may pose a threat in terms of the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Tanaka
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Antony T Vincent
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie V Trudel
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie E Paquet
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Frenette
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale (GREB), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve J Charette
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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