Natural Withanolides in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases

Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera and their therapeutic activities with special reference to COVID-19

Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants. Medicinal plants, such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia, are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications. The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world. The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles, folkloric importance, and primary pharmacological activity of W. somnifera and T. cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.

Shoden promotes Relief from stress and anxiety: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on healthy subjects with high stress levels

Background

This randomized placebo-controlled study examined the effect of ashwagandha root and leaf extract 60 mg (AE60) and 120 mg (AE120) (35 % withanolide glycosides, Shoden) in physically healthy subjects with higher stress and anxiety. It is hypothesized that a low dose extract with higher withanolide glycosides would decrease cortisol and increase testosterone thereby reducing stress and anxiety.

Methods

This parallel arm study recruited 60 subjects with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1 (AE60:AE120: placebo) for 60 days. Subjects who fulfilled the DSM -IV Criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with a Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA score >20, and morning serum cortisol >25 mcg/dl were included in the study. The participants did not have depression symptoms and were screened using Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. The primary outcome measure was HAMA and the secondary measures were morning serum cortisol, testosterone, perceived stress scale (PSS), clinical global impressions scale (CGI), and patient's global impression of change scale (PGIC).

Results

After 60 days, significant differences were observed between the treatment groups and placebo. HAMA scores decreased by 59 % in both AE60 and AE120 groups compared to a negligible increase of 0.83 % in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). Morning serum cortisol levels decreased by 66 % in AE60 and 67 % in AE120, compared to a 2.22 % change in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). Testosterone levels increased by 22 % in AE60 and 33 % in AE120, compared to a 4 % increase in males in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). PSS scores decreased by 53 % in AE60 and 62 % in AE120, CGI-severity scores decreased by 72 % in AE60 and 68 % in AE120, and PGIC scores improved by 60 % in both AE60 and AE120 groups, all showing significant differences compared to the placebo group.

Conclusion

Ashwagandha extract with 35 % withanolide glycosides (Shoden) at 60 mg and 120 mg was significantly effective in reduced morning serum cortisol and increasing total testosterone. Therefore, it can be recommended for reducing high stress and anxiety.

Clinical trial registration

The study was prospectively registered in Clinical Trial Registry, India with registration number CTRI/2022/04/042133 [Registered on: April 25, 2022].

Computational insights into the role of structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites as inhibitors against Imidazole Glycerol Phosphate Dehydratase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the major causes of death worldwide and there is a pressing need for the development of novel drug leads. The Imidazole Glycerol Phosphate Dehydratase (IGPD) of Mtb is one of the key enzymes in the histidine biosynthesis pathway and has been recognized as the potentially underexploited drug target for anti-tuberculosis treatment. In the present study, 6063 structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites (PSM) were screened for their efficiency in inhibiting the catalytic activity of IGPD through molecular docking. The top 150 PSMs with the lowest binding energy represent the chemical classes, including Tannins (34%), Flavonoid Glycosides (14%), Terpene Glycosides (10%), Steroid Lactones (9.3%), Flavonoids (6.6%), Steroidal Glycosides (4.6%), etc. Bismahanine, Ashwagandhanolide, and Daurisoline form stable IGPD-inhibitor complexes with binding free energies of -291.3 ± 16.5, -279.0 ± 25.0, and -279.8 ± 17.6 KJ/mol, respectively, as determined by molecular dynamics simulations. These PSM demonstrated strong H-bond interactions with the amino acid residues Ile279, Arg281, and Lys276 in the catalytic region of IGPD, as revealed by structural snapshots. On the basis of our findings, these three PSM could be considered as possible leads against IGPD and should be explored in vitro and in vivo.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Role of HSP90 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Liver Diseases

Non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the fatal liver diseases which encompass a spectrum of disease severity associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disorder. Heat shock proteins serve as markers in early prognosis and diagnosis of early stages of liver diseases associated with metabolic disorder. This review aims to comprehensively investigate the significance of HSP90 isoforms in T2DM and liver diseases. Additionally, we explore the collective knowledge on plant-based drug compounds that regulate HSP90 isoform targets, highlighting their potential in treating T2DM-associated liver diseases. Furthermore, this review focuses on the computational systems' biology and next-generation sequencing technology approaches that are used to unravel the potential medicine for the treatment of pleiotropy of these 2 diseases and to further elucidate the mechanism.

The benefits of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) supplements on brain function and sports performance

Ashwagandha or Withania somnifera is an herbal plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. Because of its wide range of phytochemicals, ashwagandha root extract has been used in numerous research studies, either alone or in conjunction with other natural plants, for various biomedical applications, which include its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, anti-tumor, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Additionally, it improves endothelial function, lowers reactive oxygen species, controls apoptosis, and improves mitochondrial function. These properties make it a useful treatment for a variety of conditions, including age-related symptoms, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, stress, arthritis, fatigue, and cognitive/memory impairment. Despite the numerous benefits of ashwagandha supplementation, there have been just four meta-analyses on the herb's effectiveness in treating anxiety, neurobehavioral disorders, impotence, and infertility. Moreover, no reviews exist that examine how ashwagandha affects antioxidant response and physical sports performance. Consequently, the goal of this study was to analyze the scientific literature regarding the effects of ashwagandha consumption on antioxidant response and athletic performance.

Covalent binding of withanolides to cysteines of protein targets

Withanolides represent an important category of natural products with a steroidal lactone core. Many of them contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety with a high reactivity toward sulfhydryl groups, including protein cysteine thiols. Different withanolides endowed with marked antitumor and anti-inflammatory have been shown to form stable covalent complexes with exposed cysteines present in the active site of oncogenic kinases (BTK, IKKβ, Zap70), metabolism enzymes (Prdx-1/6, Pin1, PHGDH), transcription factors (Nrf2, NFκB, C/EBPβ) and other structural and signaling molecules (GFAP, β-tubulin, p97, Hsp90, vimentin, Mpro, IPO5, NEMO, …). The present review analyzed the covalent complexes formed through Michael addition alkylation reactions between six major withanolides (withaferin A, physalin A, withangulatin A, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E, withanone and tubocapsanolide A) and key cysteine residues of about 20 proteins and the resulting biological effects. The covalent conjugation of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system of withanolides with reactive protein thiols can occur with a large set of soluble and membrane proteins. It points to a general mechanism, well described with the leading natural product withaferin A, but likely valid for most withanolides harboring a reactive (electrophilic) enone moiety susceptible to react covalently with cysteinyl residues of proteins. The multiplicity of reactive proteins should be taken into account when studying the mechanism of action of new withanolides. Proteomic and network analyses shall be implemented to capture and compare the cysteine covalent-binding map for the major withanolides, so as to identify the protein targets at the origin of their activity and/or unwanted effects. Screening of the cysteinome will help understanding the mechanism of action and designing cysteine-reactive electrophilic drug candidates.

In vivo evaluation of efficacy and safety of Coagulansin-A in treating arthritis

The current study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of Coag-A through in vivo analysis in CFA induced mice model. Treatment of CFA induced arthritis in mice with Coagulansin-A (10 mg/kg i.p. daily for 28 days), a withanolide obtained from Withania coagulans, as well as standard drug treatment with Dexamethasone (5 mg/kg i.p) was provided. The effect of Coag-A on body weight, relative organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, survival rate, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant enzymes was evaluated. The liver and kidney histopathology were also assessed to ascertain its safety profile. Treatment of arthritic mice with Coag-A considerably improved body weight, relative organ weight of liver, kidney, and spleen, ameliorated hematology and serum biochemistry, and increased survival and antioxidant potential. Coag-A was found to be safer with fewer adverse effects showing hepato-protective, nephroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effect. It also significantly (p < 0.001) improved histopathology of CFA-induced mice when compared with Dexa. In conclusion, compared to dexamethasone, Coag-A has demonstrated a greater therapeutic benefit and fewer side effects in the treatment of arthritis against the CFA-induced model.

Divergent synthesis of complex withanolides enabled by a scalable route and late-stage functionalization

Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring C28 steroids based on an ergostane skeleton. They have a high degree of polyoxygenation, and the abundance of O-functional groups has enabled various natural alterations to both the carbocyclic skeleton and the side chain. Consequently, these molecules have intricate structural features that lead to their highly varied display of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. Despite being intriguing leads for further discovery research, synthetic access to the withanolides remains highly challenging-compounds for current biological research are mainly isolated from plants, often inefficiently. Here, we report the divergent synthesis of 11 withanolides in 12 to 20 steps, enabled by a gram-scale route and a series of late-stage functionalizations, most notably a bioinspired photooxygenation-allylic hydroperoxide rearrangement sequence. This approach enables further biological research disconnected from a reliance on minute quantities of the parent natural products or their simple derivatives.

NF-ĸB axis in diabetic neuropathy, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy: A roadmap from molecular intervention to therapeutic strategies

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness defined by elevated blood glucose levels, mediating various tissue alterations, including the dysfunction of vital organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to many consequences that specifically affect the brain, heart, and kidneys. These issues are known as neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy, respectively. Inflammation is acknowledged as a pivotal biological mechanism that contributes to the development of various diabetes consequences. NF-κB modulates inflammation and the immune system at the cellular level. Its abnormal regulation has been identified in several clinical situations, including cancer, inflammatory bowel illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential impact of NF-κB on complications associated with DM. Enhanced NF-κB activity promotes inflammation, resulting in cellular harm and compromised organ performance. Phytochemicals, which are therapeutic molecules, can potentially decline the NF-κB level, therefore alleviating inflammation and the progression of problems correlated with DM. More importantly, the regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by various factors, such as TLR4 in DM. Highlighting these factors can facilitate the development of novel therapies in the future.

Compounds with potentialities as novel chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis at preclinical level

Leishmaniasis are neglected infectious diseases caused by kinetoplastid protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania. These sicknesses are present mainly in tropical regions and almost 1 million new cases are reported each year. The absence of vaccines, as well as the high cost, toxicity or resistance to the current drugs determines the necessity of new treatments against these pathologies. In this review, several compounds with potentialities as new antileishmanial drugs are presented. The discussion is restricted to the preclinical level and molecules are organized according to their chemical nature, source and molecular targets. In this manner, we present antimicrobial peptides, flavonoids, withanolides, 8-aminoquinolines, compounds from Leish-Box, pyrazolopyrimidines, and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization/depolymerization, topoisomerase IB, proteases, pteridine reductase, N-myristoyltransferase, as well as enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, response against oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and sterol biosynthesis. This work is a contribution to the general knowledge of these compounds as antileishmanial agents.

Regulating Cholesterol in Tumorigenesis: A Novel Paradigm for Tumor Nanotherapeutics

During the past decade, "membrane lipid therapy", which involves the regulation of the structure and function of tumor cell plasma membranes, has emerged as a new strategy for cancer treatment. Cholesterol is an important component of the tumor plasma membrane and serves an essential role in tumor initiation and progression. This review elucidates the role of cholesterol in tumorigenesis (including tumor cell proliferation, invasion/metastasis, drug resistance, and immunosuppressive microenvironment) and elaborates on the potential therapeutic targets for tumor treatment by regulating cholesterol. More meaningfully, this review provides an overview of cholesterol-integrated membrane lipid nanotherapeutics for cancer therapy through cholesterol regulation. These strategies include cholesterol biosynthesis interference, cholesterol uptake disruption, cholesterol metabolism regulation, cholesterol depletion, and cholesterol-based combination treatments. In summary, this review demonstrates the tumor nanotherapeutics based on cholesterol regulation, which will provide a reference for the further development of "membrane lipid therapy" for tumors.

Aromatic Plants as Potential Resources to Combat Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis, which affects an estimated 10% of men and 18% of women over the age of 60 and is increasing in genetic prevalence and incidence, is acknowledged as the condition that degrades the quality of life for older adults in the world. There is currently no known treatment for osteoarthritis. The majority of therapeutic methods slow the progression of arthritis or treat its symptoms, making effective treatment to end the degenerative process of arthritis elusive. When non-pharmacological therapy is ineffective, various pharmacological therapies may be used to treat osteoarthritis. Pharmacological therapy, however, can have major adverse effects and be very expensive. As a result, alternative remedies have been researched. The promise for the safe and efficient management of osteoarthritis has been demonstrated by herbal remedies. Experimental research suggests that herbal extracts and compounds can reduce inflammation, inhibit catabolic processes, and promote anabolic processes that are important for treating osteoarthritis. Due to their therapeutic and innate pharmacological qualities, aromatic herbs are frequently employed as herbal remedies. Recent research has shown that aromatic plants have the potency to treat osteoarthritis. Additionally, complex mixtures of essential oils and their bioactive ingredients, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and are obtained from aromatic plants, are frequently utilized as complementary therapies for osteoarthritis. To establish new study avenues, the advantageous anti-osteoarthritic effects of aromatic herbal medicines, including plants, essential oils, and their bioactive components, are extensively discussed.

Effects of Withania somnifera on Cortisol Levels in Stressed Human Subjects: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Withania somnifera (WS), a popular medicinal plant of the Solanaceae family, contains active ingredients with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-stress activities. However, its precise mechanisms of action and optimal use as a supplement are not yet fully understood. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the impact of WS supplementation on cortisol levels in stressed humans by analyzing clinical trials conducted prior to May 2023.

METHODS

The assessment was carried out following the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) by exploring the databases of EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, and Scopus.

RESULTS

Of the 4788 articles identified, only 9 studies met the selection criteria. The selected studies varied in terms of design, results, formulations, dosages, and treatment duration (30-112 days), and involved subjects with varying degrees of stress. WS supplementation decreases cortisol secretion with no significant adverse effects. Nonetheless, none of the studies evaluated the potential impact of cortisol reduction on adrenal function and long-term effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Brief-term supplementation with WS appears to have a stress-reducing effect in stressed individuals. However, since the long-term effects of WS supplementation are not yet fully understood, WS supplements should be used under medical supervision.

Culinary spices and herbs in managing early and long-COVID-19 complications: A comprehensive review

Human race is preparing for the upsurge and aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic complicated by novel variants, new waves, variable mortality rate, and post-COVID complications. Despite use of repurposed drugs, symptomatic treatments and licensing of multiple vaccines, the daily number of cases and rate of transmission are significant. Culinary spices and herbs have been historically used in pandemic and non-pandemic times to reduce respiratory viral burden. Specific food items and culinary spices can boost the levels of protective immunity and also offer therapeutic benefits against impervious bugs via well-known as well as less-known but scientifically testable mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the phytochemicals profile of Ayurvedic herbs and inferred from the clinical trials/observational studies to provide a focused and succinct perspective on the relevance of "food-based" traditional decoction to moderate COVID-19 disease and long-COVID via modulation of immunity and reinstatement of homeostasis. We also underscore the druggable targets in pathogenesis of COVID-19 which are relevant to the ongoing clinical trials using spices and herbs. This information will provide a strong scientific rationale for standardization of the traditional herbs-based therapies and adopting the use of herbs, spices, and their formulations for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission, long-COVID symptoms, and COVID-19 disease progression.

Main urinary biomarkers of golden berries (Physalis peruviana) following acute and short-term nutritional intervention in healthy human volunteers

The metabolites entering the bloodstream and being excreted in urine as a result of consuming golden berries are currently unidentified. However, these metabolites potentially underlie the health benefits observed in various in vitro, animal, and human models. A nutritional intervention with 18 healthy human volunteers was performed, and urine was collected at baseline and after acute and short-term fruit consumption for 19 days. After UPLC-ESI/QToF-MS analysis, untargeted metabolomics was performed on the urine samples, and from the 50 most discriminant ions (VIP > 2) generated by a validated PLS-DA model (CV-ANOVA = 3.7e-35; R^2Y = 0.86, Q^2Y = 0.62 and no overfitting), 22 compounds were identified with relatively high confidence. The most discriminant metabolites confirmed by DHS/GC-MS2 analysis of volatiles in urine were sesquiterpenes (C15H22): 3 stereoisomers, β-vatirenene, β-vetivenene, and β-vetispirene, and 2 isomers, eremophila-1(10),8,11-triene and α-curcumene. Another major urinary biomarker was 4β-hydroxywithanolide E and its phase II derivatives, which were observed in urine for all individual up to 24 h after the fruit was consumed; thus, the bioavailability of this biomarker in humans was demonstrated for the first time. Additionally, the excretion of certain acylcarnitines and hypoxanthine in urine increased after golden berry consumption, which may be associated with a detoxifying effect and may occur because fats were utilized rather than carbohydrates to meet the body's energy needs. The main biomarkers of golden berry consumption are specific to this fruit, confirming its potential for the functional food market.

A critical assessment of the whole plant-based phytotherapeutics from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal with respect to safety and efficacy vis-a-vis leaf or root extract-based formulation

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, popularly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is well acclaimed for its health-enhancing effects, including its potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumorigenic properties. The prime biological effectors of these attributes are a diverse group of ergostane-based steroidal lactones termed withanolides. Withanones and withanosides are distributed differentially across the plant body, whereas withanolides and withanones are known to be more abundant in leaves, while withanosides are found exclusively in the roots of the plants. Standardized W. somnifera extract is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)-affirmed, however, moderate to severe toxic manifestations may occur at high dosages. Withaferin A, which also happens to be the primary bioactive ingredient for the effectiveness of this plant. There have been contrasting reports regarding the distribution of withaferin A in W. somnifera. While most reports state that the roots of the plant have the highest concentrations of this phytochemical, several others have indicated that leaves can accumulate withaferin A in proportionately higher amounts. A comprehensive survey of the available reports suggests that the biological effects of Ashwagandha are grossly synergistic in nature, with many withanolides together mediating the desired physiological effect. In addition, an assorted formulation of withanolides can also neutralize the toxic effects (if any) associated with withaferin A. This mini-review presents a fresh take on the recent developments regarding the safety and toxicity of the plant, along with a critical assessment of the use of roots against leaves as well as whole plants to develop therapeutic formulations. Going by the currently available scientific evidence, it is safe to infer that the use of whole plant formulations instead of exclusively root or leaf recipes may present the best possible option for further exploration of therapeutic benefits from this novel medicinal plant.HighlightsTherapeutic potential of withanolides owes to the presence of α,β unsaturated ketone which binds to amines, alcohols, and esters and 5β, 6β epoxy group which react with side chain thiols of proteins.At concentrations above NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level), the same mechanisms contribute towards toxicity of the molecule.Although withanosides are found exclusively in roots, whole plants have higher contents of withanones and withanolides.Whole plant-based formulations have other metabolites which can nullify the toxicity associated with roots.Extracts made from whole plants, therefore can holistically impart all therapeutic benefits as well as mitigate toxicity.

Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Hematological and Biochemical Markers, Hormonal Behavior, and Oxidant Response in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ws) is a common herb plant that has been used for centuries to treat a wide range of conditions, particularly certain chronic diseases due to its antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antistress, and chondroprotective effects, among many others. No conclusive evidence, however, exists about the potential health effects of Ws in adults without chronic conditions. We aimed to evaluate the current evidence on the health benefits of Ws supplementation in healthy adults. RECENT FINDINGS: Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed to assess the effects of Ws on hematological and biochemical markers, hormonal behavior, and oxidant response in healthy adults. Original articles published up to March 5, 2022, with a controlled trial design or pre-post intervention design, in which supplementation of Ws was compared to a control group or data prior to intervention were included. Among 2,421 records identified in the search, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, most of the studies reported beneficial effects of the Ws supplementation, and no serious adverse events were reported. Participants supplemented with Ws displayed reduced levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, and counterbalanced hormone levels. No evidence of the beneficial effects of Ws supplementation on hematological markers was reported. Ws supplementation appears to be safe, may regulate hormone levels, and has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of its application.

Golden berry leaf extract containing withanolides suppresses TNF-α and IL-17 induced IL-6 expression in HeLa Cells

Inflammation, characterized by the overexpression of IL-6 in various tissues, has been reported as a symptom of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we established an experimental system for overexpression of IL-6 in HeLa cells stimulated by TNF-α and IL-17, along with identification of anti-inflammatory materials and components from local agricultural, forestry, and fishery resources. We constructed a library of extracts from natural sources, of which 111 samples were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities. The MeOH extract of Golden Berry (Physalis peruviana L) leaf was found to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties (IC50 = 4.97 µg/mL). Preparative chromatography identified two active constituents, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (4β-HWE) (IC50 = 183 nM) and withanolide E (WE) (IC50 = 65.1 nM). Withanolides are known anti-inflammatory ingredients of Withania somnifera, an Ayurvedic herbal medicine. P. peruviana leaves containing 4β-HWE and WE should be considered as useful natural resources for anti-inflammatory products.

Datura stramonium Flowers as a Potential Natural Resource of Bioactive Molecules: Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Molecular Docking Analysis

The present study investigated the antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of different aerial parts (flowers, leaves and seeds) of Datura stramonium. The plant material was extracted with 80% methanol for about 24 h. The sensitivity to microorganisms analysis was performed by the microdilution technique. Antioxidant tests were performed by scavenging the DPPH and ABTS radicals, and by FRAP assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through the inhibition of nitric oxide production in activated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Cell viability was assessed with an MTT assay. Results show that the flower extract revealed a powerful antimicrobial capacity against Gram-positive bacteria and strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. No significant cytotoxicity to activated macrophages was recorded. High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis identified two molecules with important anti-inflammatory effects: 12α-hydroxydaturametelin B and daturametelin B. Molecular docking analysis with both pro-inflammatory agents tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 revealed that both compounds showed good binding features with the selected target proteins. Our results suggest that D. stramonium flower is a promising source of compounds with potential antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Isolated withanolide steroidal lactones from D. stramonium flower extract with promising anti-inflammatory activity have therapeutic potential against inflammatory disorders.

Withanolides of Athenaea velutina with potential inhibitory properties against SARS coronavirus main protease (mpro): molecular modeling studies

Since the global COVID-19 pandemic began, the scientific community has dedicated efforts to finding effective antiviral drugs to treat or minimize the effects caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Some targets can act as inhibitor substrates, highlighting the Main Protease (Mpro), which plays an essential role in the translation and transcription of the virus cycle. Withanolides, a class of natural C28 steroidal lactones, are compounds of interest as possible inhibitors of Mpro and other critical targets of the virus, such as papain-like protease. In this study, the isolation of a new withanolide (1), along with the known 27-deoxywithaferin A (2) and 27-deoxy-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A (3), from the leaves of Athenaea velutina (Solanaceae) is described. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic and spectrometric methods (NMR, IR, HRESIMS). Moreover, the interaction and the stability of withanolides 1-3 and withanolide D (4), previously isolated of Acnistus arborescens, against the Mpro target through molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and binding free energy simulations were analyzed. The molecular dynamics results indicated that the complexes formed by the molecular docking simulations between the Mpro target with each of the withanolides 1-4 exhibited good stability during the simulations due to a slight change in the structure of complexes. The binding free energy results suggested that withanolide (1) can be a natural candidate against COVID-19 disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In Silico Study on the Interactions, Molecular Docking, Dynamics and Simulation of Potential Compounds from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Root against Cancer by Targeting KAT6A

Cancer is characterized by the abnormal development of cells that divide in an uncontrolled manner and further take over the body and destroy the normal cells of the body. Although several therapies are practiced, the demand and need for new therapeutic agents are ever-increasing because of issues with the safety, efficacy and efficiency of old drugs. Several plant-based therapeutics are being used for treatment, either as conjugates with existing drugs or as standalone formulations. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a highly studied medicinal plant which is known to possess immunomodulatory activity as well as anticancer properties. The pivotal role of KAT6A in major cellular pathways and its oncogenic nature make it an important target in cancer treatment. Based on the literature and curated datasets, twenty-six compounds from the root of W. somnifera and a standard inhibitor were docked with the target KAT6A using Autodock vina. The compounds and the inhibitor complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (50 ns) using Desmond to understand the stability and interactions. The top compounds (based on the docking score of less than -8.5 kcal/mol) were evaluated in comparison to the inhibitor. Based on interactions at ARG655, LEU686, GLN760, ARG660, LEU689 and LYS763 amino acids with the inhibitor WM-8014, the compounds from W. somnifera were evaluated. Withanolide D, Withasomniferol C, Withanolide E, 27-Hydroxywithanone, Withanolide G, Withasomniferol B and Sitoindoside IX showed high stability with the residues of interest. The cell viability of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was evaluated by treating them with W. Somnifera root extract using an MTT assay, which showed inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 45 µg/mL. The data from the study support the traditional practice of W. somnifera as an anticancer herb.

Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Studies of Selected Botanical Dietary Supplements Used in the United States

Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an "herbal tea." Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.

Combination Treatment of Withalongolide a Triacetate with Cisplatin Induces Apoptosis by Targeting Translational Initiation, Migration, and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Treatment regimens for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) typically include cisplatin and radiotherapy and are limited by toxicities. We have identified naturally derived withalongolide A triacetate (WGA-TA) from Physalis longifolia as a lead compound for targeting HNSCC. We hypothesized that combining WGA-TA with cisplatin may allow for lower, less toxic cisplatin doses. HNSCC cell lines were treated with WGA-TA and cisplatin. After treatment with the drugs, the cell viability was determined by MTS assay. The combination index was calculated using CompuSyn. The expression of proteins involved in the targeting of translational initiation complex, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and apoptosis were measured by western blot. Invasion and migration were measured using the Boyden-chamber assay. Treatment of MDA-1986 and UMSCC-22B cell lines with either WGA-TA or cisplatin alone for 72 h resulted in a dose dependent decrease in cell viability. Cisplatin in combination with WGA-TA resulted in significant synergistic cell death starting from 1.25 μM cisplatin. Combination treatment with WGA-TA resulted in lower cisplatin dosing while maintaining the downregulation of translational initiation complex proteins, the induction of apoptosis, and the blockade of migration, invasion, and EMT transition. These results suggest that combining a low concentration of cisplatin with WGA-TA may provide a safer, more effective therapeutic option for HNSCC that warrants translational validation.

Evaluating anticancer properties of Withaferin A—a potent phytochemical

Withaferin A is a C28 steroidal lactone derived from the plant Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha. Withaferin A has received great attention for its anticancer properties noted in cancer cells of various origins. Extracts of Withania somnifera have been used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani Indian medicine for their various pharmacological benefits. In recent years, Withania somnifera or Ashwagandha extract has become popularized as a health supplement marketed for its stress and anxiety reducing effects. Withaferin A is one of the most studied withanolides extracted from Withania somnifera that has gained great attention for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and pro-apoptotic effects. Extensive in vivo and in vitro studies have depicted Withaferin A’s interactions with key role players in cancerous activity of the cell to exert its pro-apoptotic effects. Withaferin A interactions with NF-κB, STAT, Hsp90, ER-α, p53, and TGF-β have noted inhibition in cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest in G2/M stage, ultimately leading to apoptosis or cell death. This review highlights pro-apoptotic properties of Withaferin A including generation of reactive oxidative species, Par-4 activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) induction, and p53 activation. Analysis of Withaferin A’s involvement in various oncogenic pathways leading to malignant neoplasm and its pharmacologic activity in conjunction with various cancer drugs provides promising evidence in therapeutic potential of Withaferin A as a cancer treatment.

Withania somnifera - a magic plant targeting multiple pathways in cancer related inflammation

BACKGROUND

Deregulated inflammatory responses are known to play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Tumor microenvironment is associated with the presence of a diverse array of inflammatory reactions, which further help tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Withania somnifera is known to curb proliferation of cancer cells and lower inflammatory responses.

PURPOSE

In order to minimize the inflammation, cancer treatments often include immunomodulatory drugs. However, given the side effects of both of the cytotoxic cancer drugs and synthetic immunomodulatory agents, there is a need to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents for improved cancer therapy. A number of reports indicate that bioactive phytochemicals derived from W. somnifera exhibit anti-inflammatory capabilities in cancer. A deeper look into the underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in W. somnifera mediated anti inflammation is lacking, which is essential to fully understand the potential of this magical plant in cancer. Therefore, in the present review we are summarizing various reports, which describe mechanistic understanding of W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

In order to gather information on the molecular pathways affected by W. somnifera in cancer related inflammation, 'PubMed' and 'Science Direct' databases were searched using keywords Withania, cancer inflammation, and Withaferin A. Selected literature was analyzed to cover the role of inflammation in cancer, usage and side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, W. somnifera as an immunomodulatory agent in cancer, molecular pathways modulated by W. somnifera in various preclinical models, and clinical trials using W. somnifera as an anti-inflammatory agent.

RESULTS

Upon literature survey we found that both W. somnifera extracts and Withaferin-A, exhibit anti inflammatory activities in various preclinical cancer models. W. somnifera modulates a number of signaling pathways such as NF-kB, JAK-STAT and AP1 to reduce cancer related inflammation. Anti inflammatory properties of W. somnifera might be effective in the treatment of drug resistance in cancers. Based on its promising effects against cancer associated inflammation in preclinical studies, W. somnifera derived products are being tested in clinical trials.

CONCLUSION

Several preclinical studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential of W. somnifera in a variety of cancers. While a few clinical trials are investigating the role of W. somnifera in various diseases, focused studies on its role in cancer related inflammation are lacking. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects offer targeting of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is speculated to play a critical role in chemoresistance. Apart from targeting cancer cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects of Withania provide double advantage in cancer management. Therefore, clinical trials to target cancer related inflammation using W. somnifera as a drug, should be performed to validate its advantages in cancer therapy.

Withanolides, the hidden gem in Physalis minima: A mini review on their anti-inflammatory, anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-cancer effects

The Southeast Asian rainforests, notably in East Malaysia, are home to a diverse range of medicinal plant species with limitless therapeutic potential. Physalis minima (family Solanaceae) is a native East Malaysia plant which is closely linked to P. angulata, are recognized for their various pharmacology properties are abundance in Withanolides, a C₂₈-steroidal lactones based on an ergostane skeleton. This review focuses on the bioactive compounds of this herb, as it is frequently used to treat inflammation, neurodegenerative disease and cancer among East Malaysian ethnic groups. In this review, a total of 103 Withanolides were reported, with 59 of them being newly characterized. Previous scientific data revealed that Withanolides were intriguing principal compounds for inflammatory, neuroinflammatory and cancer treatment due to unique steroidal structure and strong bioactivities. Despite their excellent pharmacological characteristics, only a few Withanolides have been extensively studied, and the majority of them, particularly the newly discovered Withanolides, remained unknown for their therapeutic properties. This indicates that P. minima compounds are worth to be investigate for its pharmacological effects.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Phytochemistry, structure-activity relationship, and anticancer potential

BACKGROUND

Ayurveda is a highly recognized, well-documented, and well-accepted traditional medicine system. This system utilizes many natural products in various forms for therapeutic purposes. Thousands of plants mentioned in the Ayurvedic system are useful in disease mitigation and health preservation. One potential plant of the Ayurvedic system is "Ashwagandha" [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal], commonly regarded as Indian Ginseng. It possesses various therapeutic activities, such as neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and anticancer effects.

PURPOSE

Here we present a comprehensive insight on the anticancer effects of W. somnifera and mechanistic attributes of its bioactive phytocompounds. This review also provides updated information on the clinical studies pertaining to cancer, safety evaluation and opportunities for chemical modifications of withanolides, a group of specialized phytochemicals of W. somnifera.

METHODS

The present study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Various scientific databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, were explored for related studies published up to May 2021.

RESULTS

An updated review on the anticancer potential and mechanisms of action of the major bioactive components of W. somnifera, including withanolides, withaferin A and withanone, is presented. Comprehensive information on clinical attributes of W. somnifera and its active components are presented with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and toxicity evaluation.

CONCLUSION

The outcome of the work clearly indicates that W. somnifera has a significant potential for cancer therapy. The SAR revealed that various withanolides in general and withaferin A in particular have binding energies against various proteins and tremendous potential to serve as the lead for new chemical entities. Nevertheless, additional studies, particularly well-designed clinical trials are required before therapeutic application of withanolides for cancer treatment.

Metabolomic Insights Into Endophyte-Derived Bioactive Compounds

Among the various plant-associated microbiota, endophytes (the microbial communities inhabiting plant endosphere without causing disease symptoms) exhibit the most intimate and specific association with host plants. Endophytic microbes influence various aspects of plant responses (such as increasing availability of nutrients, tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.) by modulating the primary and secondary metabolism of the host. Besides, endophytic microbes produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds, which have potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Further, there is sufficient evidence for endophyte-derived plant metabolites, which could be pursued as alternative sources of commercially important plant metabolites. The field of bioprospecting, the discovery of novel chemistries, and endophyte-mediated production of plant metabolites have witnessed a boom with the advent of omics technologies (especially metabolomics) in endophyte research. The high throughput study of small metabolites at a particular timepoint or tissue forms the core of metabolomics. Being downstream to transcriptome and proteome, the metabolome provides the most direct reflection of the phenotype of an organism. The contribution of plant and microbial metabolomics for answering fundamental questions of plant-endophyte interaction, such as the effect of endophyte inoculation on plant metabolome, composition of metabolites on the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic), etc., have also been discussed.

Withania somnifera Modulates Radiation-Induced Generation of Lung Cancer Stem Cells via Restraining the Hedgehog Signaling Factors

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in the genesis, development, and recurrence of lung cancer (LC) with great resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to assess the inhibitory potential of ethanol extract of Withania somnifera (WS); 500 mg/kg body-weight/day and 8 Gy of ionizing radiation (IR) could inhibit the stemness gene and confer the radiosensitizing effect of W. somnifera extract in the female rat LC model. Compared to IR or WS, the in vitro assay showed that WS + IR potentiates proliferation-inhibition and cell death of the A-549 cell line and suppresses sphere formation. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling associated with the expression levels of lung CSC markers, octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (OCT4), SRY-box 2 (SOX2), CD133, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2), and NANOG was upregulated with stimulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) indicators α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Drosophila embryonic protein (SNAIL-1), Vimentin, and E-cadherin in the LC rat model. The W. somnifera extract plus IR inhibits Hh activation factors, which has resulted in the suppression of CSC gene markers and EMT factors. W. somnifera extract may be a significant adjuvant in the course of radiotherapy, contributing to the termination of tumor progression, and thus providing cure insights into the molecular mechanisms of lung CSCs intervention.

Ahovegbe LY, Ali MS, Tusiimire J, Ogwang PE, Kadima JN, Agaba AG. Chemical constituents and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Physalis peruviana L.: An overview

Physalis peruviana L. is among plant species possessing evident nutritional, nutraceutical, and commercial interests. This review highlights the complexity of the chemical composition supporting the multiple pharmacotherapeutic indications and dietary values of this plant through evidence-based studies from Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, SciFinder, Science Direct, Scopus, the Wiley online library, and Web of Science. The literature mentions at least 40 compounds isolated from different parts; others are still under investigation. High yields in carotenoids, amino acids, minerals, vitamin C, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids have healthy nutritional benefits. Various phytoconstituents, particularly withanolides, exhibit anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potentials, as well as cardiovascular and liver protective effects. Prospective studies reveal that the leaves would also provide various beneficial bioactive chemicals worth being isolated. However, clinical evidence-based studies are seldom. Therefore, adequate pharmaceutical formulations and more in-depth controlled clinical trials are needed to fill the gap.

The steroidal lactone withaferin A impedes T-cell motility by inhibiting the kinase ZAP70 and subsequent kinome signaling

The steroidal lactone withaferin A (WFA) is a dietary phytochemical, derived from Withania somnifera. It exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antistress, and anticancer activities. Here we investigated the effect of WFA on T-cell motility, which is crucial for adaptive immune responses as well as autoimmune reactions. We found that WFA dose-dependently (within the concentration range of 0.3–1.25 μM) inhibited the ability of human T-cells to migrate via cross-linking of the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) integrin with its ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Coimmunoprecipitation of WFA interacting proteins and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry identified a WFA-interactome consisting of 273 proteins in motile T-cells. In particular, our data revealed significant enrichment of the zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) and cytoskeletal actin protein interaction networks upon stimulation. Phospho-peptide mapping and kinome analysis substantiated kinase signaling downstream of ZAP70 as a key WFA target, which was further confirmed by bait-pulldown and Western immunoblotting assays. The WFA-ZAP70 interaction was disrupted by a disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting an involvement of cysteine covalent binding interface. In silico docking predicted WFA binding to ZAP70 at cystine 560 and 564 residues. These findings provide a mechanistic insight whereby WFA binds to and inhibits the ZAP70 kinase and impedes T-cell motility. We therefore conclude that WFA may be exploited to pharmacologically control host immune responses and potentially prevent autoimmune-mediated pathologies.

In Silico Evaluation of Iranian Medicinal Plant Phytoconstituents as Inhibitors against Main Protease and the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which initially appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Elderly individuals and those with comorbid conditions may be more vulnerable to this disease. Consequently, several research laboratories continue to focus on developing drugs to treat this infection because this disease has developed into a global pandemic with an extremely limited number of specific treatments available. Natural herbal remedies have long been used to treat illnesses in a variety of cultures. Modern medicine has achieved success due to the effectiveness of traditional medicines, which are derived from medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to determine whether components of natural origin from Iranian medicinal plants have an antiviral effect that can prevent humans from this coronavirus infection using the most reliable molecular docking method; in our case, we focused on the main protease (Mpro) and a receptor-binding domain (RBD). The results of molecular docking showed that among 169 molecules of natural origin from common Iranian medicinal plants, 20 molecules (chelidimerine, rutin, fumariline, catechin gallate, adlumidine, astragalin, somniferine, etc.) can be proposed as inhibitors against this coronavirus based on the binding free energy and type of interactions between these molecules and the studied proteins. Moreover, a molecular dynamics simulation study revealed that the chelidimerine-Mpro and somniferine-RBD complexes were stable for up to 50 ns below 0.5 nm. Our results provide valuable insights into this mechanism, which sheds light on future structure-based designs of high-potency inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2.

Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological cancer in which relapse and resistance are highly frequent. Therefore, alternatives to conventional treatments are necessary. Withaferin A, a withanolide isolated from Withania somnifera, has previously shown promising activity against various MM models. In the present study, structure-activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated using 56 withanolides. The antiproliferative activity was assessed in three MM cell lines and in a 3D MM coculture model to understand the in vitro activity of compounds in models of various complexity. While the results obtained in 2D allowed a quick and simple evaluation of cytotoxicity used for a first selection, the use of the 3D MM coculture model allowed filtering compounds that perform better in a more complex setup. This study shows the importance of the last model as a bridge between 2D and in vivo studies to select the most active compounds and ultimately lead to a reduction of animal use for more sustained in vivo studies. NF-κB inhibition was determined to evaluate if this could be one of the targeted pathways. The most active compounds, withanolide D (2) and 38, should be further evaluated in vivo.

Topical nanocarriers for management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease manifested by chronic joint inflammation leading to severe disability and premature mortality. With a global prevalence of about 0.3%-1% RA is 3-5 times more prevalent in women than in men. There is no known cure for RA; the ultimate goal for treatment of RA is to provide symptomatic relief. The treatment regimen for RA involves frequent drug administration and high doses of NSAIDs such as indomethacin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, etorcoxib. These potent drugs often have off target effects which drastically decreases patient compliance. Moreover, conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory have many formulation challenges like low solubility and permeability, poor bioavailability, degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes, food interactions and toxicity. To overcome these barriers, researchers have turned to topical route of drug administration, which has superior patience compliance and they also bypass the first past effect experienced with conventional oral administration. Furthermore, to enhance the permeation of drug through the layers of the skin and reach the site of inflammation, nanosized carriers have been designed such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, niosomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and transferosomes. These drug delivery systems are non-toxic and have high drug encapsulation efficiency and they also provide sustained release of drug. This review discusses the effect of formulation composition on the physiochemical properties of these nanocarriers in terms of particle size, surface charge, drug entrapment and also drug release profile thus providing a landscape of topically used nanoformulations for symptomatic treatment of RA.

Design and Synthesis of New Withaferin A Inspired Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors

Withanolides constitute a well-known family of plant-based alkaloids characterised by widespread biological properties, including the ability of interfering with Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway. Following our interest in natural products and in anticancer compounds, we report here the synthesis of a new class of Hh signalling pathway inhibitors, inspired by withaferin A, the first isolated member of withanolides. The decoration of our scaffolds was rationally supported by in silico studies, while functional evaluation revealed promising candidates, confirming once again the importance of natural products as inspiration source for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. A stereoselective approach, based on Brown chemistry, allowed the obtainment and the functional evaluation of the enantiopure hit compounds.

Pharmacologic activities of phytosteroids in inflammatory diseases: Mechanism of action and therapeutic potentials

Natural products and their derivatives are known to be useful for treating numerous diseases since ancient times. Because of their high therapeutic potentials, the use of different medicinal plants is possible to treat varied inflammation-mediated chronic diseases. Among natural products, phytosteroids have emerged as promising compounds mostly because they have diverse pharmacological activities. Currently, available medications exert numerous systemic toxicities, including hypertension, immune suppression, osteoporosis, and metabolic abnormalities. Thus, further research on phytosteroids to subside these complications is of significant importance. In this study, the information on phytosteroids, their types, and actions against inflammation, and allergic complications was collected by a systematic survey of literature on several scientific search engines. The literature review suggested that phytosteroids exhibit antiinflammatory action via different modes through transrepression or selective COX-2 enzymes. Also, in silico ADMET analysis was carried out on available phytosteroids to uncover their pharmacokinetic properties. Our analysis has shown that eight compounds: withaferin A, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, guggulsterone, diosgenin, sarsasapogenin, physalin A, and dioscin, -isolated from medicinal plants show similar pharmacokinetic properties as compared to dexamethasone, commercially available glucocorticoid. These phytosteroids could be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, systematic research is required to explore potent phytosteroids with lesser side effects, which might substitute the current medications.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Opportunity for Clinical Repurposing in COVID-19 Management

As the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing, the therapeutic gaps in conventional management have highlighted the need for the integration of traditional knowledge systems with modern medicine. Ayurvedic medicines, especially Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, WS), may be beneficial in the management of COVID-19. WS is a widely prescribed Ayurvedic botanical known as an immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic agent. The chemical profile and pharmacological activities of WS have been extensively reported. Several clinical studies have reported its safety for use in humans. This review presents a research synthesis of in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) and discusses its potential for prophylaxis and management of COVID-19. We have collated the data from studies on WS that focused on viral infections (HIV, HSV, H1N1 influenza, etc.) and noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cancer, etc.). The experimental literature indicates that WS has the potential for 1) maintaining immune homeostasis, 2) regulating inflammation, 3) suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, 4) organ protection (nervous system, heart, lung, liver, and kidney), and 5) anti-stress, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic activities. Using these trends, the review presents a triangulation of Ayurveda wisdom, pharmacological properties, and COVID-19 pathophysiology ranging from viral entry to end-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The review proposes WS as a potential therapeutic adjuvant for various stages of COVID-19 management. WS may also have beneficial effects on comorbidities associated with the COVID-19. However, systematic studies are needed to realize the potential of WS for improving clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19.

Withaferin A Induces Heat Shock Response and Ameliorates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Impairment of proteostasis network is one of the characteristic features of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders including autosomal dominantly inherited Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, N-terminal portion of mutant huntingtin protein containing expanded polyglutamine repeats accumulates as inclusion bodies and leads to progressive deterioration of various cellular functioning including proteostasis network. Here we report that Withaferin A (a small bioactive molecule derived from Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera) partially rescues defective proteostasis by activating heat shock response (HSR) and delays the disease progression in a HD mouse model. Exposure of Withaferin A activates HSF1 and induces the expression of HSP70 chaperones in an in vitro cell culture system and also suppresses mutant huntingtin aggregation in a cellular model of HD. Withaferin A treatment to HD mice considerably increased their lifespan as well as restored progressive motor behavioral deficits and declined body weight. Biochemical studies confirmed the activation of HSR and global decrease in mutant huntingtin aggregates load accompanied with improvement of striatal function in Withaferin A-treated HD mouse brain. Withaferin A-treated HD mice also exhibit significant decrease in inflammatory processes as evident from the decreased microglial activation. These results indicate immense potential of Withaferin A for the treatment of HD and related neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding and aggregation.

Natural products: A lead for drug discovery and development

Natural products are used since ancient times in folklore for the treatment of various ailments. Plant-derived products have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and structural diversity. A literature survey has been carried out to determine the utility of natural molecules and their modified analogs or derivatives as pharmacological active entities. This review presents a study on the importance of natural products in terms of drug discovery and development. It describes how the natural components can be utilized after small modifications in new perspectives. Various new modifications in structure offer a unique opportunity to establish a new molecular entity with better pharmacological potential. It was concluded that in this current era, new attempts are taken to utilize the compounds derived from natural sources as novel drug candidates, with a focus to find and discover new effective molecules that were referred to as "new entities of natural product drug discovery."

The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells. Distinguishing the etiology of adrenal mass, between benign adenomas, which are quite frequent in general population, and malignant carcinomas with dismal prognosis is often unfeasible. Even after pathohistological analysis, diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinomas is not always straightforward and represents a great challenge for experienced and multidisciplinary expert teams. No single imaging method, hormonal work-up or immunohistochemical labelling can definitively prove the diagnosis of ACC. Over several decades' great efforts have been made in finding novel reliable and available diagnostic and prognostic factors including steroid metabolome profiling or target gene identification. Despite these achievements, the 5-year mortality rate still accounts for approximately 75% to 90%, ACC is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and therapeutic options are unfortunately limited. Therefore, imperative is to identify new biological markers that can predict patient prognosis and provide new therapeutic options.

Computational Insights into the Potential of Withaferin-A, Withanone and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester for Treatment of Aberrant-EGFR Driven Lung Cancers

The anticancer activities of Withaferin-A (Wi-A) and Withanone (Wi-N) from Ashwagandha and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) from honeybee propolis have been well documented. Here, we examined the binding potential of these natural compounds to inhibit the constitutive phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Exon 20 insertion mutants of EGFR, which show resistance to various FDA approved drugs and are linked to poor prognosis of lung cancer patients, were the primary focus of this study. Apart from exon 20 insertion mutants, the potential of natural compounds to serve as ATP competitive inhibitors of wildtype protein and other common mutants of EGFR, namely L858R and exon19del, were also examined. The potential of natural compounds was compared to the positive controls such as erlotinib, TAS6417 and poziotinib. Similar to known inhibitors, Wi-A and Wi-N could displace and binds at the ATP orthosteric site of exon19del, L858R and exon20, while CAPE was limited to wildtype EGFR and exon 20 insertion mutants only. Moreover, the binding free energy of the natural drugs against EGFRs was also comparable to the positive controls. This computational study suggests that Wi-A and Wi-N have potential against multiple mutated EGFRs, warranting further in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Withaferin A protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney of a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction

BACKGROUND

Withaferin A is a functional ingredient of a traditional medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, which has been broadly used in India for protecting against chronic diseases. This bioactive steroidal lactone possesses multiple functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems worldwide with the high complication, morbidity, and mortality rates. The detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of withaferin A on CKD progression still remain to be clarified.

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate whether withaferin A treatment ameliorates the development of renal fibrosis and its related mechanisms in a CKD mouse model.

METHODS

A mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to mimic the progression of CKD. Male adult C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 3 mg/kg/day withaferin A for 14 consecutive days after UUO surgery. Candesartan (5 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control.

RESULTS

Both Withaferin A and candesartan treatments significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes and collagen deposition in the UUO kidneys. Withaferin A could significantly reverse the increases in the protein levels of pro-fibrotic factors (fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin), inflammatory signaling molecules (phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB-p65, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2), and cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis, and infiltration of neutrophils in the UUO kidneys. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules (GRP78, GRP94, ATF4, CHOP, phosphorylated eIF2α, and cleaved caspase 12) were increased in the kidneys of UUO mice, which could be significantly reversed by withaferin A treatment.

CONCLUSION

Withaferin A protects against the CKD progression that is, at least in part, associated with the moderation of ER stress-related apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidneys of CKD. Withaferin A may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the development of CKD.

Tackling Chronic Inflammation with Withanolide Phytochemicals-A Withaferin a Perspective

Chronic inflammatory diseases are considered to be one of the biggest threats to human health. Most prescribed pharmaceutical drugs aiming to treat these diseases are characterized by side-effects and negatively affect therapy adherence. Finding alternative treatment strategies to tackle chronic inflammation has therefore been gaining interest over the last few decades. In this context, Withaferin A (WA), a natural bioactive compound isolated from Withania somnifera, has been identified as a promising anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound. Although the majority of studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of WA in cancer models, recent evidence demonstrates that WA also holds promise as a new phytotherapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases. By targeting crucial inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, WA suppresses the inflammatory disease state in several in vitro and preclinical in vivo models of diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cystic fibrosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a concise overview of the molecular mechanisms by which WA orchestrates its anti-inflammatory effects to restore immune homeostasis.

Investigating 11 Withanosides and Withanolides by UHPLC-PDA and Mass Fragmentation Studies from Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Withania somnifera (WS), also known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is known for its pharmacological significance in neurodegenerative diseases, stress, cancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activity. In this study, the WS extract (WSE) from the root was subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA) analysis to separate 11 withanoside and withanolide compounds. The quantification validation was carried out as per ICHQ2R1 guidelines in a single methodology. The calibration curves were linear (r ² > 0.99) for all 11 compounds within the tested concentration ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.213-0.362 and 0.646-1.098 μg/mL, respectively. The results were precise (relative standard deviation, <5.0%) and accurate (relative error, 0.01-0.76). All compounds showed good recoveries of 84.77-100.11%. For the first time, withanoside VII, 27-hydroxywithanone, dihydrowithaferin A, and viscosalactone B were quantified and validated along with bioactive compounds withanoside IV, withanoside V, withaferin A, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, withanolide A, withanone, and withanolide B simultaneously in WS. This UHPLC-PDA method has practical adaptability for ashwagandha raw material, extract, and product manufacturers, along with basic and applied science researchers. The method has been developed on UHPLC for routine analysis. The 11 withanosides and withanolides were confirmed using the fragmentation pattern obtained by the combined use of electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation in triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (TQ-MS/MS) in the WSE.

The Long Non-coding RNAs: Paramount Regulators of the NLRP3 Inflammasome

The NOD LRR pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytosolic multi-proteins conglomerate with intrinsic ATPase activity. Their predominant presence in the immune cells emphasizes its significant role in immune response. The downstream effector proteins IL-1β and IL-18 are responsible for the biological functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome upon encountering the alarmins and microbial ligands. Although the NLRP3 inflammasome is essential for host defense during infections, uncontrolled activation and overproduction of IL-1β and IL-18 increase the risk of developing autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Emerging evidences suggest the action of lncRNAs in regulating the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome in various disease conditions. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is an emerging field of study and evidence on their regulatory role in various diseases is grabbing attention. Recent studies emphasize the functions of lncRNAs in the fine control of the NLRP3 inflammasome at nuclear and cytoplasmic levels by interfering in chromatin architecture, gene transcription and translation. Recently, lncRNAs are also found to control the activity of various regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome. Understanding the precise role of lncRNA in controlling the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome helps us to design targeted therapies for multiple inflammatory diseases. The present review is a novel attempt to consolidate the substantial role of lncRNAs in the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. A deeper insight on the NLRP3 inflammasome regulation by lncRNAs will help in developing targeted and beneficial therapeutics in the future.

Identification of bioactive molecule from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 and has been declared as pandemic disease by World Health Organization. Lack of targeted therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-2019 have triggered the scientific community to develop new vaccines or drugs against this novel virus. Many synthetic compounds and antimalarial drugs are undergoing clinical trials. The traditional medical practitioners widely use Indian medicinal plant Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) natural constituents, called withanolides for curing various diseases. The main protease (M^pro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a vital role in disease propagation by processing the polyproteins which are required for its replication. Hence, it denotes a significant target for drug discovery. In the present study, we evaluate the potential of 40 natural chemical constituents of Ashwagandha to explore a possible inhibitor against main protease of SARS-CoV-2 by adopting the computational approach. The docking study revealed that four constituents of Ashwagandha; Withanoside II (-11.30 Kcal/mol), Withanoside IV (-11.02 Kcal/mol), Withanoside V (-8.96 Kcal/mol) and Sitoindoside IX (-8.37 Kcal/mol) exhibited the highest docking energy among the selected natural constituents. Further, MD simulation study of 100 ns predicts Withanoside V possess strong binding affinity and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the protein active site and indicates its stability in the active site. The binding free energy score also correlates with the highest score of -87.01 ± 5.01 Kcal/mol as compared to other selected compounds. In conclusion, our study suggests that Withanoside V in Ashwagandha may be serve as a potential inhibitor against M^pro of SARS-CoV-2 to combat COVID-19 and may have an antiviral effect on nCoV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.