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Liebscher I, Cevheroğlu O, Hsiao CC, Maia AF, Schihada H, Scholz N, Soave M, Spiess K, Trajković K, Kosloff M, Prömel S. A guide to adhesion GPCR research. FEBS J 2022; 289:7610-7630. [PMID: 34729908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a class of structurally and functionally highly intriguing cell surface receptors with essential functions in health and disease. Thus, they display a vastly unexploited pharmacological potential. Our current understanding of the physiological functions and signaling mechanisms of aGPCRs form the basis for elucidating further molecular aspects. Combining these with novel tools and methodologies from different fields tailored for studying these unusual receptors yields a powerful potential for pushing aGPCR research from singular approaches toward building up an in-depth knowledge that will facilitate its translation to applied science. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on aGPCRs in respect to structure-function relations, physiology, and clinical aspects, as well as the latest advances in the field. We highlight the upcoming most pressing topics in aGPCR research and identify strategies to tackle them. Furthermore, we discuss approaches how to promote, stimulate, and translate research on aGPCRs 'from bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | | | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannes Schihada
- C3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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3
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Joshi B, Gaur H, Hui SP, Patra C. Celsr family genes are dynamically expressed in embryonic and juvenile zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:192-213. [PMID: 35213071 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor (Celsr) family belongs to the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. In most vertebrates, the Celsr family has three members (CELSR1-3), whereas zebrafish display four paralogues (celsr1a, 1b, 2, 3). Although studies have shown the importance of the Celsr family in planar cell polarity, axonal guidance, and dendritic growth, the molecular mechanisms of the Celsr family regulating these cellular processes in vertebrates remain elusive. Zebrafish is an experimentally more amenable model to study vertebrate development, as zebrafish embryos develop externally, optically transparent, remain alive with malformed organs, and zebrafish is genetically similar to humans. Understanding the detailed expression pattern is the first step of exploring the functional mechanisms of the genes involved in development. Thus, we report the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Celsr family members in zebrafish nervous tissues. Our analysis shows that celsr1b and celsr2 are expressed maternally. In embryos, celsr1a, celsr1b, and celsr2 are expressed in the neural progenitors, and celsr3 is expressed in all five primary neural clusters of the brain and mantle layer of the spinal cord. In juvenile zebrafish, celsr1a, celsr1b, and celsr2 are presumably expressed in the neural progenitor enriched regions of the CNS. Therefore, the expression pattern of zebrafish Celsr family members is reminiscent of patterns described in other vertebrates or mammalian speciate. This indicates the conserved role of Celsr family genes in nervous system development and suggests zebrafish as an excellent model to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Celsr family genes in vertebrate neurogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Joshi
- Agharkar Research Institute, Developmental Biology, Pune, 411004, India.,Also affiliated to SP Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Himanshu Gaur
- Agharkar Research Institute, Developmental Biology, Pune, 411004, India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Agharkar Research Institute, Developmental Biology, Pune, 411004, India.,Also affiliated to SP Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
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He L, Wei JY, Liu DX, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Atg7 Silencing Inhibits Laminin-5 Expression to Suppress Tube Formation by Brain Endothelial Cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2255-2260. [PMID: 31265765 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral angiogenesis is a key event during brain development and recovery from brain injury. We previously demonstrated that Atg7 knockout impaired angiogenesis in the mouse brain. However, the role of Atg7 in angiogenesis is not completely understood. In this study, we used human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) to investigate the mechanism of Atg7-regulated cerebral angiogenesis. We found that Atg7 depletion specifically diminished the expression of the β3 and γ2 chains of laminin-5, a major component of the extracellular matrix. In contrast, autophagy inhibitors did not affect laminin-5 expression, suggesting that Atg7-regulated laminin-5 expression is autophagy-independent. We also found that Atg7-regulated laminin-5 expression occurred at the transcriptional level through NF-κB signaling. Exogenous laminin-5 or the NF-κB agonist betulinic acid effectively rescued tube formation by Atg7-deficient HBMECs. Taken together, our study identified a novel mechanism by which Atg7 regulates laminin-5 expression via NF-κB to modulate tube formation by brain endothelial cells during cerebral angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 302:2255-2260, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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6
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Niaudet C, Petkova M, Jung B, Lu S, Laviña B, Offermanns S, Brakebusch C, Betsholtz C. Adgrf5 contributes to patterning of the endothelial deep layer in retina. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:491-505. [PMID: 31256320 PMCID: PMC6863953 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization of the inner retinal space is a major cause of vision loss. In retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) syndrome, newly formed vessels originate from the retinal plexus and invade the inner retinal space. However, the molecular pathways preventing subretinal vascularization remain largely unknown. In most murine models of RAP, pathological neovascularization occurs concomitantly with the development of the retinal vasculature. Here, we demonstrate that disturbing the sequence of morphogenetic events that shape the three-layered retinal vascular network leads to subretinal vascularization. Sprouts emerging from the perivenous region after the first postnatal week extended toward the retinal space where they merged into the deep layer. The small GTPase Rac1 was required for the formation of these vascular extensions and the vascular inner plexus is formed coaxially to the overarching veins. The adhesion receptor Adgrf5 was highly expressed in the endothelium of the central nervous system, where it regulates blood–brain barrier formation. The vascular superficial plexus of Adgrf5 mutant mouse retinae exhibited an increased vascular density in the perivenous areas with increased projections toward the inner plexus where they subsequently created hyper-dense endothelial cells (EC) clusters. Disturbing the perivenous pool of EC thus significantly altered the inner plexus formation. These abnormalities culminated in transient vascular protrusions in the inner retinal space. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unobserved vascular morphogenetic defect in Adgrf5 knockout mice, implicating a role for ADGRF5 in the initiation of subretinal vascularization. Our findings also illustrate how vein-derived EC shape the inner retinal layer formation and could control the appearance of angiomatous malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Niaudet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Petkova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Jung
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - B Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - C Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Arimont M, van der Woude M, Leurs R, Vischer HF, de Graaf C, Nijmeijer S. Identification of Key Structural Motifs Involved in 7 Transmembrane Signaling of Adhesion GPCRs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van der Woude
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F. Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCRs in Kidney Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468160 PMCID: PMC5808184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the fastest growing pathology worldwide with a prevalence of >10% in many countries. In addition, kidney cancer represents 5% of all new diagnosed cancers. As currently no effective therapies exist to restore kidney function after CKD- as well as cancer-induced renal damage, it is important to elucidate new regulators of kidney development and disease as new therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets. In recent years adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), the second largest GPCR family, gained significant attention as they are present on almost all mammalian cells, are associated to a plethora of diseases and regulate important cellular processes. aGPCRs regulate for example cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell migration, and cell aggregation; all processes that play important roles in kidney development and/or disease. Moreover, polycystin-1, a major regulator of kidney development and disease, contains a GAIN domain, which is otherwise only found in aGPCRs. In this review, we assess the potential of aGPCRs as therapeutic targets for kidney disease. For this purpose we have summarized the available literature and analyzed data from the databases The Human Protein Atlas, EURExpress, Nephroseq, FireBrowse, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons data portal (NCIGDC). Our data indicate that most aGPCRs are expressed in different spatio-temporal patterns during kidney development and that altered aGPCR expression is associated with a variety of kidney diseases including CKD, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis as well as renal cell carcinoma. We conclude that aGPCRs present a promising new class of therapeutic targets and/or might be useful as diagnostic markers in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of receptors that play key roles in many different physiological processes. These receptors are notable for their exceptionally long ectodomains, which span several hundred to several thousand amino acids and contain various adhesion-related domains, as well as a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. The GAIN domain is conserved throughout almost the entire family and undergoes autoproteolysis to cleave the receptors into two noncovalently-associated protomers. Recent studies have revealed that the signaling activity of aGPCRs is largely determined by changes in the interactions among these protomers. We review recent advances in understanding aGPCR activation mechanisms and discuss the physiological roles and pharmacological properties of aGPCRs, with an eye toward the potential utility of these receptors as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
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