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Falchieri M, Coward VJ, Reid SM, Lewis T, Banyard AC. Infectious bronchitis virus: an overview of the "chicken coronavirus". J Med Microbiol 2024; 73:001828. [PMID: 38771617 PMCID: PMC11184965 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious avian Gammacoronavirus that affects mainly chickens (Gallus gallus) but can circulate in other avian species. IBV constitutes a significant threat to the poultry industry, causing reduced egg yield, growth and mortality levels that can vary in impact. The virus can be transmitted horizontally by inhalation or direct/indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated fomites, vehicles, farm personnel and litter (Figure 1). The error-prone viral polymerase and recombination mechanisms mean diverse viral population results, with multiple genotypes, serotypes, pathotypes and protectotypes. This significantly complicates control and mitigation strategies based on vigilance in biosecurity and the deployment of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falchieri
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Vivien J. Coward
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tom Lewis
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK
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Kim HJ, Lee HC, Cho AY, Choi YJ, Lee H, Lee DH, Song CS. Novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis viruses from chickens in Korea, 2019-2021. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1107059. [PMID: 36816194 PMCID: PMC9931148 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has evolved through various mutation mechanisms, including antigenic drift and recombination. Four genotypic lineages of IBVs including GI-15, GI-16, GI-19, and GVI-1 have been reported in Korea. In this study, we isolated two IBVs from chicken farms, designated IBV/Korea/289/2019 (K289/19) and IBV/Korea/163/2021 (K163/21), which are two distinct natural recombinant viruses most likely produced by genetic reassortment between the S1 gene of K40/09 strain (GI-19 lineage) and IBV/Korea/48/2020 (GI-15 lineage) in co-infected commercial chickens. Comparative sequence analysis of hypervariable regions (HVRs) revealed that the K289/19 virus had similar HVR I and II with the K40/09 virus (100% and 99.2% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively), and HVR III with the IBV/Korea/48/2020 virus (100% nucleotide sequence identity). In contrast, the K163/21 virus had HVR I and II similar to the IBV/Korea/48/2020 virus (99.1% and 99.3% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively), and HVR III to the K40/09 virus (96.6% nucleotide sequence identity). The K289/19 virus exhibited similar histopathologic lesions, tissue tropism in trachea and kidney, and antigenicity with the parental K40/09 virus. The K163/21 exhibited similar pathogenicity and tissue tropism with the K40/09 virus, which were similar results with the isolate K289/19. However, it showed a lower antigenic relatedness with both parental strains, exhibiting R-value of 25 and 42, respectively. The continued emergence of the novel reassortant IBVs suggests that multiple recombination events have occurred between different genotypes within Korea. These results suggest that antigenic profiles could be altered through natural recombination in the field, complicating the antigenic match of vaccine strains to field strains. Enhanced surveillance and research into the characteristics of newly emerging IBVs should be carried out to establish effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Andrew Y. Cho
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Choi
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heesu Lee
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Dong-Hun Lee ✉
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea,KHAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea,Chang-Seon Song ✉
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Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Lee SW, Browning GF, Diaz‐Méndez A. Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:496-512. [PMID: 35978541 PMCID: PMC9804484 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae, together with viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic). In this family of viruses, interspecies transmission has been reported, so understanding their pathobiology could lead to a better understanding of the emergence of new serotypes. IBV possesses a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome about 27.6 kb in length that encodes several non-structural and structural proteins. Most functions of these proteins have been confirmed in IBV, but some other proposed functions have been based on research conducted on other members of the family Coronaviridae. IBV has variable tissue tropism depending on the strain, and can affect the respiratory, reproductive, or urinary tracts; however, IBV can also replicate in other organs. Additionally, the pathogenicity of IBV is also variable, with some strains causing only mild clinical signs, while infection with others results in high mortality rates in chickens. This paper extensively and comprehensibly reviews general aspects of coronaviruses and, more specifically, IBV, with emphasis on protein functions and pathogenesis. The pathogenicity of the Australian strains of IBV is also reviewed, describing the variability between the different groups of strains, from the classical to the novel and recombinant strains. Reverse genetic systems, cloning and cell culture growth techniques applicable to IBV are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Quinteros
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Present address:
Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y VeterinariasUniversidad Viña del Mar, Agua Santa 7055 2572007Viña del MarChile
| | - AH Noormohammadi
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneWerribeeVictoriaAustralia
| | - SW Lee
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - GF Browning
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - A Diaz‐Méndez
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Houta MH, Hassan KE, El-Sawah AA, Elkady MF, Kilany WH, Ali A, Abdel-Moneim AS. The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23. Arch Virol 2021; 166:9-26. [PMID: 33416996 PMCID: PMC7791962 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), that leads to severe losses in the poultry industry all over the world. Since the 1950s, IBV has circulated in the Middle East and North Africa, and no tangible evidence has shown any effects of measures taken to control its spread or evolution. Furthermore, new IBV variants are continually discovered. Although several genetic studies on IBV have been conducted, many IBV strains from this region have either been misclassified or remain unclassified. The genotype 23 (GI-23) variant emerged and has prevailed in the Middle East by continuously evolving through inter- and/or intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 genotype is currently enzootic throughout Europe and Asia. Although many studies of protection against the circulating strains have been conducted, they have not been standardized according to regulatory requirements. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution and genetic diversity of IBV genotypes and a genetic classification of IBV strains, with a focus on the GI-23 genotype. The high prevalence of IBV GI-23 strains necessitates the adoption of vaccination schemes using GI-23-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Azza A El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F Elkady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 264, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt. .,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Ennaji Y, Khataby K, Ennaji MM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry: Molecular Epidemiology and Factors Leading to the Emergence and Reemergence of Novel Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7150180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814966-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that causes an acute and highly contagious disease in chickens. The virus can cause substantial economic losses throughout the poultry industry worldwide. It can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause nephritis. The causative agent IBV is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination, thus capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. In addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome and even more factors, making this virus difficult to identify and extremely difficult to control. Surveillance and identification of IBV types are extremely important for control of the disease and the advancement of molecular methods has aided in this pursuit. Genetic typing of IBV, which involves reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene, has revolutionized diagnosis and identification of this virus by making it possible to type and compare the relatedness of a large number of virus isolates in a short period of time. Several conventional and molecular diagnostic methods have been described for the diagnosis of IB in chickens. “All-in/all-out” operations of rearing along with good biosafety measures form the basis of prevention, whereas vaccination forms the backbone of IB control program. Both live and inactivated (oil emulsified) conventional vaccines are available. The new generation vaccines (recombinant and vector-based) developed against locally prevailing IBV strains may be more helpful and avoid the reversion of virulence in live vaccine viruses.
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