1
|
Wallings R, McFarland K, Staley H, Neighbarger N, Schaake S, Brueggemann N, Zittel S, Usnich T, Klein C, Sammler E, Tansey MG. The R1441C-LRRK2 mutation induces myeloid immune cell exhaustion in an age- and sex-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.12.562063. [PMID: 37905053 PMCID: PMC10614788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Considering age is the greatest risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases, aging, in particular aging of the immune system, is the most underappreciated and understudied contributing factor in the neurodegeneration field. Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been implicated in peripheral immune signaling, however, the effects of an aging immune system on LRRK2 function have been neglected to be considered. We demonstrate here that the R1441C mutation induces a hyper-responsive phenotype in macrophages from young female mice, characterized by increased effector functions, including stimulation-dependent antigen presentation, cytokine release, phagocytosis, and lysosomal function. This is followed by age-acquired immune cell exhaustion in a Lrrk2-kinase-dependent manner. Immune-exhausted macrophages exhibit suppressed antigen presentation and hypophagocytosis, which is also demonstrated in myeloid cells from R1441C and Y1699C-PD patients. Our novel findings that LRRK2 mutations confer immunological advantage at a young age but may predispose the carrier to age-acquired immune exhaustion have significant implications for LRRK2 biology and therapeutic development. Indeed, LRRK2 has become an appealing target in PD, but our findings suggest that more research is required to understand the cell-type specific consequences and optimal timing of LRRK2-targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiao S, Kang Y, Tan X, Zhou X, Zhang C, Lai S, Liu J, Shao L. Nanomaterials-induced programmed cell death: Focus on mitochondria. Toxicology 2024; 504:153803. [PMID: 38616010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widely utilized in several domains, such as everyday life, societal manufacturing, and biomedical applications, which expand the potential for nanomaterials to penetrate biological barriers and interact with cells. Multiple studies have concentrated on the particular or improper utilization of nanomaterials, resulting in cellular death. The primary mode of cell death caused by nanotoxicity is programmable cell death, which includes apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Based on our prior publications and latest research, mitochondria have a vital function in facilitating programmed cell death caused by nanomaterials, as well as initiating or transmitting death signal pathways associated with it. Therefore, this review takes mitochondria as the focal point to investigate the internal molecular mechanism of nanomaterial-induced programmed cell death, with the aim of identifying potential targets for prevention and treatment in related studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Qiao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiner Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xinru Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shulin Lai
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kung PJ, Elsayed I, Reyes-Pérez P, Bandres-Ciga S. Immunogenetic Determinants of Parkinson’s Disease Etiology. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S13-S27. [PMID: 35367971 PMCID: PMC9535568 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a systemic disorder in which inflammation might play a causative role rather than being a consequence or an epiphenomenon of the neurodegenerative process. Although growing genetic evidence links the central and peripheral immune system with both monogenic and sporadic PD, our understanding on how the immune system contributes to PD pathogenesis remains a daunting challenge. In this review, we discuss recent literature aimed at exploring the role of known genes and susceptibility loci to PD pathogenesis through immune system related mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline shared genetic etiologies and interrelations between PD and autoimmune diseases and underlining challenges and limitations faced in the translation of relevant allelic and regulatory risk loci to immune-pathological mechanisms. Lastly, with the field of immunogenetics expanding rapidly, we place these insights into a future context highlighting the prospect of immune modulation as a promising disease-modifying strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Jui Kung
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inas Elsayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
- International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)-Africa, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Paula Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigacion sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Autonoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weindel CG, Martinez EL, Zhao X, Mabry CJ, Bell SL, Vail KJ, Coleman AK, VanPortfliet JJ, Zhao B, Wagner AR, Azam S, Scott HM, Li P, West AP, Karpac J, Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondrial ROS promotes susceptibility to infection via gasdermin D-mediated necroptosis. Cell 2022; 185:3214-3231.e23. [PMID: 35907404 PMCID: PMC9531054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Although mutations in mitochondrial-associated genes are linked to inflammation and susceptibility to infection, their mechanistic contributions to immune outcomes remain ill-defined. We discovered that the disease-associated gain-of-function allele Lrrk2G2019S (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) perturbs mitochondrial homeostasis and reprograms cell death pathways in macrophages. When the inflammasome is activated in Lrrk2G2019S macrophages, elevated mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) directs association of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) to mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondrial GSDMD pore formation then releases mtROS, promoting a switch to RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Consistent with enhanced necroptosis, infection of Lrrk2G2019S mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis elicits hyperinflammation and severe immunopathology. Our findings suggest a pivotal role for GSDMD as an executer of multiple cell death pathways and demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction can direct immune outcomes via cell death modality switching. This work provides insights into how LRRK2 mutations manifest or exacerbate human diseases and identifies GSDMD-dependent necroptosis as a potential target to limit Lrrk2G2019S-mediated immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi G Weindel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Eduardo L Martinez
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Cory J Mabry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Krystal J Vail
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Aja K Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jordyn J VanPortfliet
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Sikandar Azam
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wallings RL, Herrick MK, Tansey MG. LRRK2 at the Interface Between Peripheral and Central Immune Function in Parkinson's. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:443. [PMID: 32508566 PMCID: PMC7253584 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly accepted that there is an interplay between the peripheral immune response and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic cases of PD but are also found in immune-related disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and leprosy. Furthermore, LRRK2 has been associated with bacterial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella typhimurium. Recent evidence suggests a role of LRRK2 in the regulation of the immune system and modulation of inflammatory responses, at a systemic level, with LRRK2 functionally implicated in both the immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. It has therefore been suggested that peripheral immune signaling may play an important role in the regulation of neurodegeneration in LRRK2 as well as non-LRRK2-associated PD. This review will discuss the current evidence for this hypothesis and will provide compelling rationale for placing LRRK2 at the interface between peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mary K. Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seol W, Nam D, Son I. Rab GTPases as Physiological Substrates of LRRK2 Kinase. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:134-145. [PMID: 31138985 PMCID: PMC6526114 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) is a gene whose specific mutations cause Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. LRRK2 harbors GTPase and kinase activities, two enzyme activities that play critical roles in the regulation of cellular signal transduction. Among the several LRRK2 pathogenic mutations, the most prevalent G2019S mutation increases its kinase activity when compared with the wild-type (WT), suggesting that LRRK2 kinase substrates are potential culprits of PD pathogenesis. Although there were several studies to identify LRRK2 kinase substrates, most of them mainly employed in vitro kinase assays. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether the identified substrates were real physiological substrates. However, efforts to determine physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates have recently identified several members of the Rab GTPase family as physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates. A conserved threonine or serine in the switch II domain of certain Rab GTPase family members (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab5A/B, Rab8A/B, Rab10, Rab12, Rab29, Rab35 and Rab43) has been pinpointed to be phosphorylated by LRRK2 in cells using sophisticated phosphoproteomics technology in combination with LRRK2-specific kinase inhibitors. The Rab GTPases regulate vesicle trafficking, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a regulator of such vesicle trafficking, confirming previously suggested LRRK2 functions. However, how the consequence of the LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation is related to PD pathogenesis is not clear. This review briefly summarizes the recent results about LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The role of LRRK2 in cell signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:197-207. [PMID: 30578345 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder known primarily for its motor features. Mutations and risk variants in LRRK2 cause familial and idiopathic forms of PD. Mutations segregating with disease are found in the LRRK2 GTPase and kinase domains, affecting catalytic activity and protein-protein interactions. This likely results in an overall gain of LRRK2 cell signalling function contributing to PD pathogenesis. This concept supports the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as disease-modifying treatments, at least for a subset of patients. However, the function of LRRK2 as a cell signalling protein with two catalytic and several protein-protein interaction domains is highly complex. For example, LRRK2 plays important roles in several inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that it may mediate immune responses in PD. Consistently, LRRK2-mediated cell signalling was not only shown to be important for neuronal function, including neuronal development and homeostasis, but also for peripheral and central immune responses. The catalytic activity of LRRK2 is regulated by autophosphorylation, protein monomer/dimer cycling, and upstream kinases and GTPases, affecting its subcellular localisation and downstream signalling. Part of LRRK2-mediated signalling is likely facilitated by Rab protein phosphorylation, affecting primarily membrane trafficking, including vesicle release at the trans-Golgi network. However, LRRK2 also displays intrinsic GTPase activity and functions as a signalling scaffold. As an example, LRRK2 was suggested to be part of the NRON complex and β-catenin destruction complex, inhibiting NFAT and canonical Wnt signalling, respectively. In summary, continuous research into LRRK2 signalling function contributes to novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in PD.
Collapse
|