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Smallwood K, Watt KEN, Ide S, Baltrunaite K, Brunswick C, Inskeep K, Capannari C, Adam MP, Begtrup A, Bertola DR, Demmer L, Demo E, Devinsky O, Gallagher ER, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Jech R, Keren B, Kussmann J, Ladda R, Lansdon LA, Lunke S, Mardy A, McWalters K, Person R, Raiti L, Saitoh N, Saunders CJ, Schnur R, Skorvanek M, Sell SL, Slavotinek A, Sullivan BR, Stark Z, Symonds JD, Wenger T, Weber S, Whalen S, White SM, Winkelmann J, Zech M, Zeidler S, Maeshima K, Stottmann RW, Trainor PA, Weaver KN. POLR1A variants underlie phenotypic heterogeneity in craniofacial, neural, and cardiac anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:809-825. [PMID: 37075751 PMCID: PMC10183370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous pathogenic variants in POLR1A, which encodes the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase I, were previously identified as the cause of acrofacial dysostosis, Cincinnati-type. The predominant phenotypes observed in the cohort of 3 individuals were craniofacial anomalies reminiscent of Treacher Collins syndrome. We subsequently identified 17 additional individuals with 12 unique heterozygous variants in POLR1A and observed numerous additional phenotypes including neurodevelopmental abnormalities and structural cardiac defects, in combination with highly prevalent craniofacial anomalies and variable limb defects. To understand the pathogenesis of this pleiotropy, we modeled an allelic series of POLR1A variants in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assessments demonstrate variable effects of individual pathogenic variants on ribosomal RNA synthesis and nucleolar morphology, which supports the possibility of variant-specific phenotypic effects in affected individuals. To further explore variant-specific effects in vivo, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to recapitulate two human variants in mice. Additionally, spatiotemporal requirements for Polr1a in developmental lineages contributing to congenital anomalies in affected individuals were examined via conditional mutagenesis in neural crest cells (face and heart), the second heart field (cardiac outflow tract and right ventricle), and forebrain precursors in mice. Consistent with its ubiquitous role in the essential function of ribosome biogenesis, we observed that loss of Polr1a in any of these lineages causes cell-autonomous apoptosis resulting in embryonic malformations. Altogether, our work greatly expands the phenotype of human POLR1A-related disorders and demonstrates variant-specific effects that provide insights into the underlying pathogenesis of ribosomopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smallwood
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Satoru Ide
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kristina Baltrunaite
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chad Brunswick
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine Inskeep
- Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Corrine Capannari
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Laurie Demmer
- Atrium Health's Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Erin Demo
- Sibley Heart Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily R Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetic Department, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Kussmann
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Roger Ladda
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Lansdon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA; Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Genomics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Mardy
- Department of Women's Health, University of Texas Austin Dell Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Raiti
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Carol J Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA; Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Matej Skorvanek
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Susan L Sell
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie R Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Genomics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph D Symonds
- Paediatric Neuroscience Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G667AB, UK
| | - Tara Wenger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sacha Weber
- CCA-AHU de génétique clinique et de neurogénétique, Service de Génétique et de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Genetic Department, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shimriet Zeidler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - K Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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2
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Abstract
WNT/CTNNB1 signaling plays a critical role in the development of all multicellular animals. Here, we include both the embryonic stages, during which tissue morphogenesis takes place, and the postnatal stages of development, during which tissue homeostasis occurs. Thus, embryonic development concerns lineage development and cell fate specification, while postnatal development involves tissue maintenance and regeneration. Multiple tools are available to researchers who want to investigate, and ideally visualize, the dynamic and pleiotropic involvement of WNT/CTNNB1 signaling in these processes. Here, we discuss and evaluate the decisions that researchers need to make in identifying the experimental system and appropriate tools for the specific question they want to address, covering different types of WNT/CTNNB1 reporters in cells and mice. At a molecular level, advanced quantitative imaging techniques can provide spatio-temporal information that cannot be provided by traditional biochemical assays. We therefore also highlight some recent studies to show their potential in deciphering the complex and dynamic mechanisms that drive WNT/CTNNB1 signaling.
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Bridges JP, Safina C, Pirard B, Brown K, Filuta A, Panchanathan R, Bouhelal R, Reymann N, Patel S, Seuwen K, Miller WE, Ludwig MG. Regulation of pulmonary surfactant by the adhesion GPCR GPR116/ADGRF5 requires a tethered agonist-mediated activation mechanism. eLife 2022; 11:69061. [PMID: 36073784 PMCID: PMC9489211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic details of the tethered agonist mode of activation for the adhesion GPCR ADGRF5/GPR116 have not been completely deciphered. We set out to investigate the physiological importance of autocatalytic cleavage upstream of the agonistic peptide sequence, an event necessary for NTF displacement and subsequent receptor activation. To examine this hypothesis, we characterized tethered agonist-mediated activation of GPR116 in vitro and in vivo. A knock-in mouse expressing a non-cleavable GPR116 mutant phenocopies the pulmonary phenotype of GPR116 knock-out mice, demonstrating that tethered agonist-mediated receptor activation is indispensable for function in vivo. Using site-directed mutagenesis and species-swapping approaches, we identified key conserved amino acids for GPR116 activation in the tethered agonist sequence and in extracellular loops 2/3 (ECL2/3). We further highlight residues in transmembrane 7 (TM7) that mediate stronger signaling in mouse versus human GPR116 and recapitulate these findings in a model supporting tethered agonist:ECL2 interactions for GPR116 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Caterina Safina
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Pirard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kari Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Alyssa Filuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rochdi Bouhelal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Reymann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sejal Patel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, United States
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
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4
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PINK1-mediated Drp1 S616 phosphorylation modulates synaptic development and plasticity via promoting mitochondrial fission. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:103. [PMID: 35422062 PMCID: PMC9010405 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology and distribution along neuronal branches are essential for neural circuitry formation and synaptic efficacy. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We show here that Pink1 knockout (KO) mice display defective dendritic spine maturation, reduced axonal synaptic vesicles, abnormal synaptic connection, and attenuated long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP). Drp1 activation via S616 phosphorylation rescues deficits of spine maturation in Pink1 KO neurons. Notably, mice harboring a knockin (KI) phosphor-null Drp1S616A recapitulate spine immaturity and synaptic abnormality identified in Pink1 KO mice. Chemical LTP (cLTP) induces Drp1S616 phosphorylation in a PINK1-dependent manner. Moreover, phosphor-mimetic Drp1S616D restores reduced dendritic spine localization of mitochondria in Pink1 KO neurons. Together, this study provides the first in vivo evidence of functional regulation of Drp1 by phosphorylation and suggests that PINK1-Drp1S616 phosphorylation coupling is essential for convergence between mitochondrial dynamics and neural circuitry formation and refinement.
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5
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Chowdhury D, Gardner JC, Satpati A, Nookala S, Mukundan S, Porollo A, Landero Figueroa JA, Subramanian Vignesh K. Metallothionein 3-Zinc Axis Suppresses Caspase-11 Inflammasome Activation and Impairs Antibacterial Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:755961. [PMID: 34867993 PMCID: PMC8633875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical inflammasome activation by mouse caspase-11 (or human CASPASE-4/5) is crucial for the clearance of certain gram-negative bacterial infections, but can lead to severe inflammatory damage. Factors that promote non-canonical inflammasome activation are well recognized, but less is known about the mechanisms underlying its negative regulation. Herein, we identify that the caspase-11 inflammasome in mouse and human macrophages (Mϕ) is negatively controlled by the zinc (Zn2+) regulating protein, metallothionein 3 (MT3). Upon challenge with intracellular lipopolysaccharide (iLPS), Mϕ increased MT3 expression that curtailed the activation of caspase-11 and its downstream targets caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β. Mechanistically, MT3 increased intramacrophage Zn2+ to downmodulate the TRIF-IRF3-STAT1 axis that is prerequisite for caspase-11 effector function. In vivo, MT3 suppressed activation of the caspase-11 inflammasome, while caspase-11 and MT3 synergized in impairing antibacterial immunity. The present study identifies an important yin-yang relationship between the non-canonical inflammasome and MT3 in controlling inflammation and immunity to gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jason C. Gardner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Abhijit Satpati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Santhosh Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Julio A. Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kavitha Subramanian Vignesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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6
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Jarmas AE, Brunskill EW, Chaturvedi P, Salomonis N, Kopan R. Progenitor translatome changes coordinated by Tsc1 increase perception of Wnt signals to end nephrogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6332. [PMID: 34732708 PMCID: PMC8566581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nephron endowment is determined by the coordinated cessation of nephrogenesis in independent niches. Here we report that translatome analysis in Tsc1+/- nephron progenitor cells from mice with elevated nephron numbers reveals how differential translation of Wnt antagonists over agonists tips the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Wnt agonists are poorly translated in young niches, resulting in an environment with low R-spondin and high Fgf20 promoting self-renewal. In older niches we find increased translation of Wnt agonists, including R-spondin and the signalosome-promoting Tmem59, and low Fgf20, promoting differentiation. This suggests that the tipping point for nephron progenitor exit from the niche is controlled by the gradual increase in stability and possibly clustering of Wnt/Fzd complexes in individual cells, enhancing the response to ureteric bud-derived Wnt9b inputs and driving synchronized differentiation. As predicted by these findings, removing one Rspo3 allele in nephron progenitors delays cessation and increases nephron numbers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Jarmas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric W Brunskill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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7
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Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Pathre P, Besse JA, Baruch-Morgenstern NB, Ballaban AY, Osswald GA, Brusilovsky M, Habel JE, Caldwell JM, Ynga-Durand MA, Abonia PJ, Hu YC, Wen T, Rothenberg ME. Functional role of kallikrein 5 and proteinase-activated receptor 2 in eosinophilic esophagitis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/545/eaaz7773. [PMID: 32461336 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz7773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, food antigen-driven, inflammatory disease of the esophagus and is associated with impaired barrier function. Evidence is emerging that loss of esophageal expression of the serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 7 (SPINK7), is an upstream event in EoE pathogenesis. Here, we provide evidence that loss of SPINK7 mediates its pro-EoE effects via kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and its substrate, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Overexpression of KLK5 in differentiated esophageal epithelial cells recapitulated the effect of SPINK7 gene silencing, including barrier impairment and loss of desmoglein-1 expression. Conversely, KLK5 deficiency attenuated allergen-induced esophageal protease activity, modified commensal microbiome composition, and attenuated eosinophilia in a murine model of EoE. Inhibition of PAR2 blunted the cytokine production associated with loss of SPINK7 in epithelial cells and attenuated the allergen-induced esophageal eosinophilia in vivo. Clinical samples substantiated dysregulated PAR2 expression in the esophagus of patients with EoE, and delivery of the clinically approved drug α1 antitrypsin (A1AT, a protease inhibitor) inhibited experimental EoE. These findings demonstrate a role for the balance between KLK5 and protease inhibitors in the esophagus and highlight EoE as a protease-mediated disease. We suggest that antagonizing KLK5 and/or PAR2 has potential to be therapeutic for EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Andrea M Klingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Purnima Pathre
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - John A Besse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Netali Ben Baruch-Morgenstern
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Adina Y Ballaban
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Garrett A Osswald
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jeff E Habel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mario A Ynga-Durand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.,Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Investigación y Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo J Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.
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8
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Ratner LD, La Motta GE, Briski O, Salamone DF, Fernandez-Martin R. Practical Approaches for Knock-Out Gene Editing in Pigs. Front Genet 2021; 11:617850. [PMID: 33747029 PMCID: PMC7973260 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.617850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important resource for meat production and serve as a model for human diseases. Due to their physiological and anatomical similarities to humans, these animals can recapitulate symptoms of human diseases, becoming an effective model for biomedical research. Although, in the past pig have not been widely used partially because of the difficulty in genetic modification; nowadays, with the new revolutionary technology of programmable nucleases, and fundamentally of the CRISPR-Cas9 systems, it is possible for the first time to precisely modify the porcine genome as never before. To this purpose, it is necessary to introduce the system into early stage zygotes or to edit cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this review, several strategies for pig knock-out gene editing, using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, will be summarized, as well as genotyping methods and different delivery techniques to introduce these tools into the embryos. Finally, the best approaches to produce homogeneous, biallelic edited animals will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Daniela Ratner
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal (LabBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gaston Emilio La Motta
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal (LabBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olinda Briski
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal (LabBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Felipe Salamone
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal (LabBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Fernandez-Martin
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Animal (LabBA), Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Zhang L, Wang T, Chen XF, Xu ZX, Cao JB, Sun H. TMEM59 protects against cerebral ischemic stroke by suppressing pyroptosis and microglial activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 543:72-79. [PMID: 33517129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common disease worldwide with high mortality and disability rates. Nevertheless, pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is still vague, and finding novel therapeutic target is urgently necessary. TMEM59 (also known as dendritic cell-derived factor 1, DCF1), a type I transmembrane protein, contains a minimal 19-amino-acid peptide in its intracellular domain, and has been involved in neurological pathology. However, its biological impacts on ischemic stroke are still unknown. In this study, we provided new evidence that TMEM59 expression was significantly down-regulated upon ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The effect of stroke insult on TMEM59 expression change was only detected in microglial cells by in vitro studies. We observed that TMEM59 knockout markedly accelerated cerebral I/R in mice induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), as evidenced by the elevated infarction volume, neurological deficit scores, brain water contents and neuronal death, further contributing to the abnormal behaviors for mice. We then found that microglial activation reflected by the enhanced expression of Iba-1 was dramatically potentiated by TMEM59 knockout in MCAO-treated mice. Pyroptosis was highly triggered in mice with cerebral I/R, while being further aggravated in mice with TMEM59 deletion, as proved by the considerably increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, mature-IL-1β and mature-IL-18. Additionally, TMEM59 knockout mice exhibited accelerated activation of NF-κB signaling pathway compared with the wild type group of mice after MCAO operation, indicating the anabatic neuroinflammation. The effects of TMEM59 suppression on ischemic stroke were confirmed in microglial cells with exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). In contrast, the in vitro studies verified that improving TMEM59 expression effectively hindered pyroptosis and inflammation in microglial cells upon OGD/R treatment. Taken together, these findings illustrated protective effects of TMEM59 against ischemic stroke through restraining pyroptosis and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511447, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Jiang-Bei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Hu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
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10
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Endogenous retroviruses drive species-specific germline transcriptomes in mammals. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:967-977. [PMID: 32895553 PMCID: PMC8246630 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation in the germline ensures the production of high-quality gametes, long-term maintenance of the species, and speciation. Male germline transcriptomes undergo dynamic changes after the mitosis-to-meiosis transition and have been subject to evolutionary divergence among mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying germline regulatory divergence remain undetermined. Here, we show that endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) influence species-specific germline transcriptomes. After the mitosis-to-meiosis transition in male mice, specific ERVs function as active enhancers to drive germline genes, including a mouse-specific gene set, and bear binding motifs for critical regulators of spermatogenesis such as A-MYB. This raises the possibility that a genome-wide transposition of ERVs rewired germline gene expression in a species-specific manner. Of note, independently evolved ERVs are associated with the expression of human-specific germline genes, demonstrating the prevalence of ERV-driven mechanisms in mammals. Together, we propose that ERVs fine-tune species-specific transcriptomes in the mammalian germline.
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11
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Chowdhury D, Alrefai H, Landero Figueroa JA, Candor K, Porollo A, Fecher R, Divanovic S, Deepe GS, Subramanian Vignesh K. Metallothionein 3 Controls the Phenotype and Metabolic Programming of Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3873-3886.e7. [PMID: 31242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages promote wound healing but weaken antimicrobial defenses. The mechanisms that enforce macrophage divergence and dictate the phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of M2 macrophages remain elusive. We show that alternative activation with interleukin (IL)-4 induces expression of metallothionein 3 (MT3) that regulates macrophage polarization and function. MT3 was requisite for metabolic reprograming in IL-4-stimulated macrophages or M(IL-4) macrophages to promote mitochondrial respiration and suppress glycolysis. MT3 fostered an M(IL-4) phenotype, suppressed hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α activation, and thwarted the emergence of a proinflammatory M1 program in macrophages. MT3 deficiency augmented macrophage plasticity, resulting in enhanced interferon γ (IFNγ) responsiveness and a dampened M(IL-4) phenotype. Thus, MT3 programs the phenotype and metabolic fate of M(IL-4) macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hani Alrefai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Kathleen Candor
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Roger Fecher
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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12
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Li C, Liu H, Hu YC, Lan Y, Jiang R. Generation and characterization of Six2 conditional mice. Genesis 2020; 58:e23365. [PMID: 32277572 PMCID: PMC7363584 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous deletion of Six2, which encodes a member of sine oculis homeobox family transcription factors, has recently been associated with the frontonasal dysplasia syndrome FND4. Previous studies showed that Six2 is expressed in multiple tissues during craniofacial development in mice, including embryonic head mesoderm, postmigratory frontonasal neural crest cells, and epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the developing palate and nasal structures. Whereas Six2 -/- mice exhibited cranial base defects but did not recapitulate frontonasal phenotypes of FND4 patients, Six1 -/- Six2 -/- double mutant mice showed severe craniofacial defects including midline facial clefting. The complex phenotypes of FND4 patients and of Six1 -/- Six2 -/- mutant mice indicate that Six2 plays crucial roles in distinct cell types at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis. Here we report generation of mice carrying insertions of a pair of loxP sites flanking exon-1 of the Six2 gene (Six2 f allele) using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. We show that the Six2 f allele functions normally and is effectively inactivated by Cre-mediated recombination in vivo. Furthermore, we show that Six2 f/f ;Wnt1-Cre mice recapitulated cranial base defects but not neonatal lethality of Six2 -/- mice. These results indicate that Six2 f/f mice enable systematic investigation of cell type- and stage-specific Six2 function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochang Li
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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13
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RNA Demethylase ALKBH5 Selectively Promotes Tumorigenesis and Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:64-80.e9. [PMID: 32402250 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification in mRNA, has been implicated in tumorigenesis. As an m6A demethylase, ALKBH5 has been shown to promote the development of breast cancer and brain tumors. However, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), ALKBH5 was reported to be frequently deleted, implying a tumor-suppressor role. Here, we show that ALKBH5 deletion is rare in human AML; instead, ALKBH5 is aberrantly overexpressed in AML. Moreover, its increased expression correlates with poor prognosis in AML patients. We demonstrate that ALKBH5 is required for the development and maintenance of AML and self-renewal of leukemia stem/initiating cells (LSCs/LICs) but not essential for normal hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, ALKBH5 exerts tumor-promoting effects in AML by post-transcriptional regulation of its critical targets such as TACC3, a prognosis-associated oncogene in various cancers. Collectively, our findings reveal crucial functions of ALKBH5 in leukemogenesis and LSC/LIC self-renewal/maintenance and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the ALKBH5/m6A axis.
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14
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The Initiation of Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation Sequesters DNA Damage Signaling from Autosomes in Mouse Spermatogenesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:408-420.e5. [PMID: 31902729 PMCID: PMC7076562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) is an essential event in the mammalian male germline. MSCI is directed by a DNA damage response (DDR) pathway centered on the phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX at serine 139 (termed γH2AX). The failure to initiate MSCI is linked to complete meiotic arrest and elimination of germ cells; however, the mechanisms underlying this arrest and elimination remain unknown. To address this question, we established a new separation-of-function mouse model for H2ax that shows specific and complete defects in MSCI. The genetic change is a point mutation in which another H2AX amino acid residue important in the DDR, tyrosine 142 (Y142), is converted to alanine (H2ax-Y142A). In H2ax-Y142A meiosis, the establishment of DDR signals on the chromosome-wide domain of the sex chromosomes is impaired. The initiation of MSCI is required for stage progression, which enables crossover formation, suggesting that the establishment of MSCI permits the timely progression of male meiosis. Our results suggest that normal meiotic progression requires the removal of ATR-mediated DDR signaling from autosomes. We propose a novel biological function for MSCI: the initiation of MSCI sequesters DDR factors from autosomes to the sex chromosomes at the onset of the pachytene stage, and the subsequent formation of an isolated XY nuclear compartment-the XY body-sequesters DDR factors to permit meiotic progression from the mid-pachytene stage onward. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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15
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Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Gene-Pulmonary Macrophage Transplantation Therapy of PAP in Csf2ra -/- Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1597-1611. [PMID: 31326401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a genetic lung disease characterized by surfactant accumulation and respiratory failure arising from disruption of GM-CSF signaling. While mutations in either CSF2RA or CSF2RB (encoding GM-CSF receptor α or β chains, respectively) can cause PAP, α chain mutations are responsible in most patients. Pulmonary macrophage transplantation (PMT) is a promising new cell therapy in development; however, no studies have evaluated this approach for hereditary PAP (hPAP) caused by Csf2ra mutations. Here, we report on the preclinical safety, tolerability, and efficacy of lentiviral-vector (LV)-mediated Csf2ra expression in macrophages and PMT of gene-corrected macrophages (gene-PMT therapy) in Csf2ra gene-ablated (Csf2ra-/-) mice. Gene-PMT therapy resulted in a stable transgene integration and correction of GM-CSF signaling and functions in Csf2ra-/- macrophages in vitro and in vivo and resulted in engraftment and long-term persistence of gene-corrected macrophages in alveoli; restoration of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis; correction of PAP-specific cytologic, histologic, and biomarker abnormalities; and reduced inflammation associated with disease progression in untreated mice. No adverse consequences of gene-PMT therapy in Csf2ra-/- mice were observed. Results demonstrate that gene-PMT therapy of hPAP in Csf2ra-/- mice was highly efficacious, durable, safe, and well tolerated.
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16
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Fujimoto M, Andrew M, Liao L, Zhang D, Yildirim G, Sluss P, Kalra B, Kumar A, Yakar S, Hwa V, Dauber A. Low IGF-I Bioavailability Impairs Growth and Glucose Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Human PAPPA2 p.Ala1033Val Mutation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1363-1376. [PMID: 30977789 PMCID: PMC6507901 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive free IGF-I is critically important for growth. The bioavailability of IGF-I is modulated by the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their proteases, such as pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2). We have created a mouse model with a specific mutation in PAPPA2 identified in a human with PAPP-A2 deficiency. The human mutation was introduced to the mouse genome via a knock-in strategy, creating knock-in mice with detectable protein levels of Papp-a2 but without protease activities. We found that the Pappa2 mutation led to significant reductions in body length (10%), body weight (10% and 20% in males and females, respectively), and relative lean mass in mice. Micro-CT analyses of Pappa2 knock-in femurs from adult mice showed inhibited periosteal bone expansion leading to more slender bones in both male and female mice. Furthermore, in the Pappa2 knock-in mice, insulin resistance correlated with decreased serum free IGF-I and increased intact IGFBP-3 concentrations. Interestingly, mice heterozygous for the knock-in mutation demonstrated a growth rate for body weight and length as well as a biochemical phenotype that was intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mice. This study models a human PAPPA2 mutation in mice. The mouse phenotype closely resembles that of the human patients, and it provides further evidence that the regulation of IGF-I bioavailability by PAPP-A2 is critical for human growth and for glucose and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lihong Liao
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gozde Yildirim
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Shoshana Yakar
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Correspondence: Andrew Dauber, MD, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, WW3.5, Suite 200, Room 1215, Washington, DC 20010. E-mail: ; or Vivian Hwa, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Albert Sabin Way, T5.605, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. E-mail:
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Correspondence: Andrew Dauber, MD, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, WW3.5, Suite 200, Room 1215, Washington, DC 20010. E-mail: ; or Vivian Hwa, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Albert Sabin Way, T5.605, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. E-mail:
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17
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Khanal T, Leung YK, Jiang W, Timchenko N, Ho SM, Kim K. NR2E3 is a key component in p53 activation by regulating a long noncoding RNA DINO in acute liver injuries. FASEB J 2019; 33:8335-8348. [PMID: 30991008 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801881rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage-induced long noncoding RNA (DINO) is a long noncoding RNA that directly interacts with p53 and thereby enhances p53 stability and activity in response to various cellular stresses. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 3 (NR2E3) plays a crucial role in maintaining active DINO epigenetic status for its proper induction and subsequent p53 activation. In acetaminophen (APAP)- or carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injuries, NR2E3 knockout (KO) mice exhibited far more severe liver injuries due to impaired DINO induction and p53 activation. Mechanistically, NR2E3 loss both in vivo and in vitro induced epigenetic DINO repression accompanied by reduced DINO chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, compared with the efficient reversal by a typical antidote N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment of APAP-induced liver injury in wild-type mice, the liver injury of NR2E3 KO mice was not effectively reversed, indicating that an intact NR2E3-DINO-p53-signaling axis is essential for NAC-mediated recovery against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings establish that NR2E3 is a critical component in p53 activation and a novel susceptibility factor to drug- or toxicant-induced acute liver injuries.-Khanal, T., Leung, Y.-K., Jiang, W., Timchenko, N., Ho, S.-M., Kim, K. NR2E3 is a key component in p53 activation by regulating a long noncoding RNA DINO in acute liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Khanal
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wang Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolai Timchenko
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyounghyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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18
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Abstract
Direct modification of the genome of the zygotes (i.e., one-cell embryos) by the CRISPR/Cas9-editing reagents, followed by embryo transfer to pseudopregnant females for live birth, has been the most effective method to generate laboratory rodent models for research. The method relies on proper delivery of the editing reagents into zygotes, which is commonly achieved by a standard or slightly modified pronuclear microinjection technique. In this chapter, we describe in detail an alternative delivery method, named piezo-driven cytoplasmic microinjection, which offers a superior embryo survival and birth rate. Because this method uses a much wider injection needle than that in pronuclear injection, it allows a larger volume of the editing materials to be transported into the zygotes, leading to an increase in the targeting efficiency. This also eliminates the clogging issues seen regularly in pronuclear injection. Moreover, Cytochalasin B that is used to soften zygotes during piezo-driven microinjection has been suggested a role in improving the knockin efficiency, which provides an additional benefit to use this injection method.
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19
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Alder MN, Mallela J, Opoka AM, Lahni P, Hildeman DA, Wong HR. Olfactomedin 4 marks a subset of neutrophils in mice. Innate Immun 2018; 25:22-33. [PMID: 30537894 PMCID: PMC6661892 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918817611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell of the innate immune system and
participate in essential immune functions. Heterogeneity within neutrophils has
been documented, but it is difficult to distinguish if these are altered
activation states of a single population or separate subpopulations of
neutrophils determined at the time of differentiation. Several groups have
identified a subset of human neutrophils that express olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) and
increased OLFM4+ neutrophils during sepsis is correlated with worse outcome,
suggesting these neutrophils or the OLFM4 they secrete may be pathogenic. We
tested if mice could be used as a model to study OLFM4+ neutrophils. We found
the OLFM4 expressing subset of neutrophils is conserved in mice. Depending on
the strain, 7–35% of murine neutrophils express OLFM4 and expression is
determined early in neutrophil differentiation. OLFM4+ neutrophils phagocytose
and transmigrate with similar efficiency as OLFM4− neutrophils. Here we show
that within neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) OLFM4+ and OLFM4− neutrophils
undergo NETosis and OLFM4 colocalizes. Finally, we generated an OLFM4 null mouse
and show that these mice are protected from death when challenged with sepsis,
providing further evidence that the OLFM4 expressing subpopulation of
neutrophils, or the OLFM4 they secrete, may be pathogenic during overwhelming
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Alder
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Jaya Mallela
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Amy M Opoka
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Patrick Lahni
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- 2 Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Hector R Wong
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
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20
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Dunn-Fletcher CE, Muglia LM, Pavlicev M, Wolf G, Sun MA, Hu YC, Huffman E, Tumukuntala S, Thiele K, Mukherjee A, Zoubovsky S, Zhang X, Swaggart KA, Lamm KYB, Jones H, Macfarlan TS, Muglia LJ. Anthropoid primate-specific retroviral element THE1B controls expression of CRH in placenta and alters gestation length. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006337. [PMID: 30231016 PMCID: PMC6166974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and parturition are intricately regulated to ensure successful reproductive outcomes. However, the factors that control gestational length in humans and other anthropoid primates remain poorly defined. Here, we show the endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat transposon-like human element 1B (THE1B) selectively controls placental expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that, in turn, influences gestational length and birth timing. Placental expression of CRH and subsequently prolonged gestational length were found in two independent strains of transgenic mice carrying a 180-kb human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA that contained the full length of CRH and extended flanking regions, including THE1B. Restricted deletion of THE1B silenced placental CRH expression and normalized birth timing in these transgenic lines. Furthermore, we revealed an interaction at the 5′ insertion site of THE1B with distal-less homeobox 3 (DLX3), a transcription factor expressed in placenta. Together, these findings suggest that retroviral insertion of THE1B into the anthropoid primate genome may have initiated expression of CRH in placental syncytiotrophoblasts via DLX3 and that this placental CRH is sufficient to alter the timing of birth. The proper timing of delivery is critical during pregnancy; if too early or too late, the baby will be at risk of serious health problems and even death. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a protein that can be detected in maternal blood, and its concentration correlates with the timing of birth. In humans and other anthropoid primates, CRH is made by the placenta, whereas in other mammals, it is produced in a specialized region of the brain. To understand the regulation and evolution of this key protein, we inserted the human CRH gene and nearby regions into the mouse genome, which resulted in human CRH expression in the mouse placenta. Mouse litters that make CRH in their placentas are born later than control mice, showing that CRH can directly affect birth timing. Using our mouse model, we then selectively deleted a remnant of an ancient retrovirus that is normally found in the DNA of anthropoid primates and demonstrated that this specific region controls expression of CRH in the placenta. Deletion of this region also restored normal birth timing in the mice by eliminating CRH production from the placenta. We propose that retroviral regulation of CRH in the placenta may be a mechanism of controlling birth timing in humans and other anthropoid primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Dunn-Fletcher
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CED); (LJM)
| | - Lisa M. Muglia
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Pavlicev
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gernot Wolf
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ming-An Sun
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Huffman
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shivani Tumukuntala
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katri Thiele
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandra Zoubovsky
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuzhe Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kayleigh A. Swaggart
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine Y. Bezold Lamm
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Helen Jones
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Todd S. Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CED); (LJM)
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