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Sarhan N, Arafa EG, Elgiddawy N, Elsayed KNM, Mohamed F. Urea intercalated encapsulated microalgae composite hydrogels for slow-release fertilizers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15032. [PMID: 38951590 PMCID: PMC11217492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In agriculture, hydrogels can be addressed for effective operation of water and controlled-release fertilizers. Hydrogels have a significant ability for retaining water and improving nutrient availability in soil, enhancing plant growth while reducing water and fertilizer usage. This work aimed to prepare a hydrogel composite based on microalgae and biopolymers including chitosan and starch for use as a soil conditioner. The hydrogel composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. All hydrogel properties were studied including swelling degree, biodegradability, water-holding capacity, water retention, and re-swelling capacity in soil and water. The urea fertilizer loading and releasing behavior of the prepared hydrogels were investigated. The results revealed that the range of the maximal urea loading was between 99 and 440%, and the kinetics of loading was fitted with Freundlich model. The urea release % exhibited 78-95%, after 30 days, and the kinetics of release was fitted with zero-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Furthermore, the prepared hydrogels obtained a significant water-holding capacity, after blending soil (50 g) with small amount of hydrogels (1 g), the capacity increased in the range of 99.4-101.5%. In sum, the prepared hydrogels have the potential to be applied as a soil conditioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Sarhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62 511, Egypt
| | - Esraa G Arafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salim St., Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Nada Elgiddawy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62 511, Egypt
| | - Khaled N M Elsayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salim St., Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
- Materials Science Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
- Nanophotonics and Applications Lab, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
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2
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Rukavina Z, Jøraholmen MW, Božić D, Frankol I, Gašparović PG, Škalko-Basnet N, Klarić MŠ, Vanić Ž. Azithromycin-loaded liposomal hydrogel: a step forward for enhanced treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:559-579. [PMID: 38147473 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZT) encapsulated into various types of liposomes (AZT-liposomes) displayed pronounced in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (1). The present study represents a follow-up to this previous work, attempting to further explore the anti-MRSA potential of AZT-liposomes when incorporated into chitosan hydrogel (CHG). Incorporation of AZT-liposomes into CHG (liposomal CHGs) was intended to ensure proper viscosity and texture properties of the formulation, modification of antibiotic release, and enhanced antibacterial activity, aiming to upgrade the therapeutical potential of AZT-liposomes in localized treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. Four different liposomal CHGs were evaluated and compared on the grounds of antibacterial activity against MRSA, AZT release profiles, cytotoxicity, as well as texture, and rheological properties. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the potential of liposomal CHGs for the topical localized treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. CHG ensured proper viscoelastic and texture properties to achieve prolonged retention and prolonged release of AZT at the application site, which resulted in a boosted anti-MRSA effect of the entrapped AZT-liposomes. With respect to anti-MRSA activity and biocompatibility, formulation CATL-CHG (cationic liposomes in CHG) is considered to be the most promising formulation for the treatment of MRSA-related skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Rukavina
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - May Wenche Jøraholmen
- 2Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Dunja Božić
- 3R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd. 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Frankol
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- 2Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- 4Department of Microbiology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Vanić
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Gaweł M, Domalik-Pyzik P, Douglas TEL, Reczyńska-Kolman K, Pamuła E, Pielichowska K. The Effect of Chitosan on Physicochemical Properties of Whey Protein Isolate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3867. [PMID: 37835916 PMCID: PMC10575415 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New scaffolds, based on whey protein isolate (WPI) and chitosan (CS), have been proposed and investigated as possible materials for use in osteochondral tissue repair. Two types of WPI-based hydrogels modified by CS were prepared: CS powder was incorporated into WPI in either dissolved or suspended powder form. The optimal chemical composition of the resulting WPI/CS hydrogels was chosen based on the morphology, structural properties, chemical stability, swelling ratio, wettability, mechanical properties, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The hydrogels with CS incorporated in powder form exhibited superior mechanical properties and higher porosity, whereas those with CS incorporated after dissolution showed enhanced wettability, which decreased with increasing CS content. The introduction of CS powder into the WPI matrix promoted apatite formation, as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. In vitro cytotoxicity results confirmed the cytocompatibility of CS powder modified WPI hydrogels, suggesting their suitability as cell scaffolds. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of WPI/CS scaffolds for osteochondral tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Gaweł
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.-P.); (K.R.-K.); (E.P.)
| | - Patrycja Domalik-Pyzik
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.-P.); (K.R.-K.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Reczyńska-Kolman
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.-P.); (K.R.-K.); (E.P.)
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.-P.); (K.R.-K.); (E.P.)
| | - Kinga Pielichowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (P.D.-P.); (K.R.-K.); (E.P.)
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4
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Karipçin MZ. Hydrogels improved parsley ( Petroselinium crispum(Mill.) Nyman) growth and development under water deficit stress. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15105. [PMID: 36987451 PMCID: PMC10040180 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the most pressing problems facing countries in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world. Data predicts that by 2030, global water consumption will increase by 50%, leading to severe water shortages. Today, agricultural production consumes more than 70% of fresh water in many parts of the world, increasing the pressure on water scarcity. For these reasons, agricultural production models and approaches should be developed to reduce water consumption. One developed approach is the use of hydrogel to reduce water consumption and have a positive effect on plant growth. This study investigated the use of hydrogels as chemical components that can be used in water shortage conditions and against the expected water scarcity. Parsley was used as the model organism. The method used was as follows: two different water treatments (50% and 100%) and four different hydrogel concentrations (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were applied, and root width and length, leaf width and length, main stem length, and the number of tillers were measured. According to the results, while no improvement was observed in the plants with 100% hydrogel concentration, the best results were obtained from 50% hydrogel application. The results obtained from 75% hydrogel application were found to be higher than those of 100% hydrogel but lower than 0% hydrogel application. With 50% hydrogel (water-restricted), all plant growth parameters were higher compared to the plants with 100% (full irrigation) water application. It was determined that the average value of the I1 (50%) irrigation was the highest (3.6), and the average value of the I2 (100%) irrigation (2.4) was the lowest. It was determined that the highest average value (6.2) in all measured traits was the average value of the H1 (50%) application, and the lowest average value (0.0) was in the H3 hydrogel applications (100%). In conclusion, this study suggested that hydrogel application is beneficial on a large scale, can optimize water resource management for higher yields in agriculture, and has a positive effect on agricultural yield under water deficit stress.
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Lazaridou M, Nanaki S, Zamboulis A, Papoulia C, Chrissafis K, Klonos PA, Kyritsis A, Vergkizi-Nikolakaki S, Kostoglou M, Bikiaris DN. Super absorbent chitosan-based hydrogel sponges as carriers for caspofungin antifungal drug. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120925. [PMID: 34303816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel chitosan copolymers (CS-g-SBMA) grafted with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (SBMA) in various molar ratio 1.5:1, 5:1, 11.5:1 and 20:1, were synthesized in the present study. SBMA was selected as zwitterion molecule showing promising antibacterial properties. Grafted chitosan derivatives were fully characterized for their successful synthesis by NMR and FT-IR, for their crystallinity by XRD showing reduced crystallinity compared to CS alone. Furthermore, swelling studies were conducted with the grafted derivatives showing extensive swelling capacity (maximum degree of swelling up to 1800%) and water absorption was studied with differential scanning calorimetry and equilibrium water adsorption/desorption isotherms were analyzed. Caspofungin, a novel antifungal drug, was used to prepare a double-acting system, with both antibacterial and antifungal properties, proper for topical use. Drug loaded hydrogels were prepared with 10, 20 and 30 wt% drug content and the loaded hydrogels were fully characterized while antimicrobial studies showed enhanced properties. Caspofungin in vitro release showed an initial burst effect followed by a diffusion process while data analysis verified the initial burst release followed by a quasi Fickian diffusion-driven sustained release. Enhance antimicrobial properties was also observed in caspofungin-loaded hydrogels showing the successful fulfill of our scope; an amphiphilic system having great potential for the development of patches with inherent antimicrobial properties and prolonged antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazaridou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavroula Nanaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Chrysanthi Papoulia
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Souzan Vergkizi-Nikolakaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Margaritis Kostoglou
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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6
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Guerle-Cavero R, Lleal-Fontàs B, Balfagón-Costa A. Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1807. [PMID: 33917479 PMCID: PMC8038782 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2023, new legislation will ban the use of animals in the cosmetic industry worldwide. This fact, together with ethical considerations concerning the use of animals or humans in scientific research, highlights the need to propose new alternatives for replacing their use. The aim of this study is to create a tri-layered chitosan membrane ionically crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in order to simulate the number of layers in human skin. The current article highlights the creation of a membrane where pores were induced by a novel method. Swelling index, pore creation, and mechanical property measurements revealed that the swelling index of chitosan membranes decreased and, their pore formation and elasticity increased with an increase in the Deacetylation Grade (DDA). Additionally, the results demonstrate that chitosan's origin can influence the elastic modulus value and reproducibility, with higher values being obtained with seashell than snow crab or shrimp shells. Furthermore, the data show that the addition of each layer, until reaching three layers, increases the elastic modulus. Moreover, if layers are crosslinked, the elastic modulus increases to a much greater extent. The characterization of three kinds of chitosan membranes was performed to find the most suitable material for studying different human skin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Guerle-Cavero
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Instituto Químico de Sarriá, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (B.L.-F.); (A.B.-C.)
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7
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Torabi H, Mehdikhani M, Varshosaz J, Shafiee F. An innovative approach to fabricate a thermosensitive melatonin‐loaded conductive pluronic/chitosan hydrogel for myocardial tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Torabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdikhani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
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Kosowska K, Domalik-Pyzik P, Sekuła-Stryjewska M, Noga S, Jagiełło J, Baran M, Lipińska L, Zuba-Surma E, Chłopek J. Gradient Chitosan Hydrogels Modified with Graphene Derivatives and Hydroxyapatite: Physiochemical Properties and Initial Cytocompatibility Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4888. [PMID: 32664452 PMCID: PMC7404139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated preparation of gradient chitosan-matrix hydrogels through a novel freezing-gelling-thawing method. The influence of three types of graphene family materials (GFM), i.e., graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and poly(ethylene glycol) grafted graphene oxide (GO-PEG), as well as hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the physicochemical and biological properties of the composite hydrogels was examined in view of their potential applicability as tissue engineering scaffolds. The substrates and the hydrogel samples were thoroughly characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, digital and scanning electron microscopy, rheological and mechanical analysis, in vitro chemical stability and bioactivity assays, as well as initial cytocompatibility evaluation with human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). We followed the green-chemistry approach and avoided toxic cross-linking agents, using instead specific interactions of our polymer matrix with tannic acid, non-toxic physical cross-linker, and graphene derivatives. It was shown that the most promising are the gradient hydrogels modified with GO-PEG and HAp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Patrycja Domalik-Pyzik
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.K.); (J.C.)
| | | | - Sylwia Noga
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.-S.); (S.N.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Jagiełło
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (M.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Magdalena Baran
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (M.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Ludwika Lipińska
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (M.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jan Chłopek
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.K.); (J.C.)
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Grebenik EA, Surin AM, Bardakova KN, Demina TS, Minaev NV, Veryasova NN, Artyukhova MA, Krasilnikova IA, Bakaeva ZV, Sorokina EG, Boyarkin DP, Akopova TA, Pinelis VG, Timashev PS. Chitosan-g-oligo(L,L-lactide) copolymer hydrogel for nervous tissue regeneration in glutamate excitotoxicity: in vitro feasibility evaluation. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:015011. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Kosowska K, Domalik-Pyzik P, Krok-Borkowicz M, Chłopek J. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2077. [PMID: 31261610 PMCID: PMC6651717 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene family materials (GFM) are currently considered to be one of the most interesting nanomaterials with a wide range of application. They can also be used as modifiers of polymer matrices to develop composite materials with favorable properties. In this study, hybrid nanocomposites based on chitosan (CS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were fabricated for potential use in bone tissue engineering. CS/rGO hydrogels were prepared by simultaneous reduction and composite formation in acetic acid or lactic acid and crosslinked with a natural agent-tannic acid (TAc). A broad spectrum of research methods was applied in order to thoroughly characterize both the components and the composite systems, i.e., X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffractometry, Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, ninhydrin assay, mechanical testing, in vitro degradation and bioactivity study, wettability, and, finally, cytocompatibility. The composites formed through the self-assembly of CS chains and exfoliated rGO sheets. Obtained results allowed also to conclude that the type of solvent used impacts the polymer structure and its ability to interact with rGO sheets and the mechanical properties of the composites. Both rGO and TAc acted as crosslinkers of the polymer chains. This study shows that the developed materials demonstrate the potential for use in bone tissue engineering. The next step should be their detailed biological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Domalik-Pyzik
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Chłopek
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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