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Rizea RE, Corlatescu AD, Costin HP, Dumitru A, Ciurea AV. Understanding Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9966. [PMID: 39337454 PMCID: PMC11432652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This review offers an in-depth examination of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), addressing its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and current as well as emerging treatments. The purpose is to condense key findings and illustrate the complexity of ALS, which is shaped by both genetic and environmental influences. We reviewed the literature to discuss recent advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms such as protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and axonal transport defects, which are critical for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Significant progress has been made in refining diagnostic criteria and identifying biomarkers, leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses. Although current drug treatments provide some benefits, there is a clear need for more effective therapies. Emerging treatments, such as gene therapy and stem cell therapy, show potential in modifying disease progression and improving the quality of life for ALS patients. The review emphasizes the importance of continued research to address challenges such as disease variability and the limited effectiveness of existing treatments. Future research should concentrate on further exploring the molecular foundations of ALS and developing new therapeutic approaches. The implications for clinical practice include ensuring the accessibility of new treatments and that healthcare systems are equipped to support ongoing research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Eugen Rizea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Dumitru
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Morphopathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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Bai D, Deng F, Jia Q, Ou K, Wang X, Hou J, Zhu L, Guo M, Yang S, Jiang G, Li S, Li XJ, Yin P. Pathogenic TDP-43 accelerates the generation of toxic exon1 HTT in Huntington's disease knock-in mice. Aging Cell 2024:e14325. [PMID: 39185703 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon1 of the HTT gene that encodes a polyglutamine tract in huntingtin protein. The formation of HTT exon1 fragments with an expanded polyglutamine repeat has been implicated as a key step in the pathogenesis of HD. It was reported that the CAG repeat length-dependent aberrant splicing of exon1 HTT results in a short polyadenylated mRNA that is translated into an exon1 HTT protein. Under normal conditions, TDP-43 is predominantly found in the nucleus, where it regulates gene expression. However, in various pathological conditions, TDP-43 is mislocalized in the cytoplasm. By investigating HD knock-in mice, we explore whether the pathogenic TDP-43 in the cytoplasm contributes to HD pathogenesis, through expressing the cytoplasmic TDP-43 without nuclear localization signal. We found that the cytoplasmic TDP-43 is increased in the HD mouse brain and that its mislocalization could deteriorate the motor and gait behavior. Importantly, the cytoplasmic TDP-43, via its binding to the intron1 sequence (GU/UG)n of the mouse Htt pre-mRNA, promotes the transport of exon1-intron1 Htt onto ribosome, resulting in the aberrant generation of exon1 Htt. Our findings suggest that cytoplasmic TDP-43 contributes to HD pathogenesis via its binding to and transport of nuclear un-spliced mRNA to the ribosome for the generation of a toxic protein product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Fuyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen Testing Center of Medical Devices, In Vitro Diagnostic Reagents Testing Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaili Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Su Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Buchan JR. Stress granules and P-bodies - New ideas and experimental models worth exploring. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 158:1-2. [PMID: 38232687 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85716, United States.
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4
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Craig RA, De Vicente J, Estrada AA, Feng JA, Lexa KW, Canet MJ, Dowdle WE, Erickson RI, Flores BN, Haddick PCG, Kane LA, Lewcock JW, Moerke NJ, Poda SB, Sweeney Z, Takahashi RH, Tong V, Wang J, Yulyaningsih E, Solanoy H, Scearce-Levie K, Sanchez PE, Tang L, Xu M, Zhang R, Osipov M. Discovery of DNL343: A Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant eIF2B Activator Designed for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5758-5782. [PMID: 38511649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a key component of the integrated stress response (ISR), which regulates protein synthesis and stress granule formation in response to cellular insult. Modulation of the ISR has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as vanishing white matter (VWM) disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on its ability to improve cellular homeostasis and prevent neuronal degeneration. Herein, we report the small-molecule discovery campaign that identified potent, selective, and CNS-penetrant eIF2B activators using both structure- and ligand-based drug design. These discovery efforts culminated in the identification of DNL343, which demonstrated a desirable preclinical drug profile, including a long half-life and high oral bioavailability across preclinical species. DNL343 was progressed into clinical studies and is currently undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical trials for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Craig
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Javier De Vicente
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony A Estrada
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen A Feng
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katrina W Lexa
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark J Canet
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William E Dowdle
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca I Erickson
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brittany N Flores
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Patrick C G Haddick
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lesley A Kane
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nathan J Moerke
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Suresh B Poda
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zachary Sweeney
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Pascal E Sanchez
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liwei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Musheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Maksim Osipov
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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5
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Garcia-Vaquero ML, Heim M, Flix B, Pereira M, Palin L, Marques TM, Pinto FR, de Las Rivas J, Voigt A, Besse F, Gama-Carvalho M. Analysis of asymptomatic Drosophila models for ALS and SMA reveals convergent impact on functional protein complexes linked to neuro-muscular degeneration. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:576. [PMID: 37759179 PMCID: PMC10523761 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) share phenotypic and molecular commonalities, including the fact that they can be caused by mutations in ubiquitous proteins involved in RNA metabolism, namely SMN, TDP-43 and FUS. Although this suggests the existence of common disease mechanisms, there is currently no model to explain the resulting motor neuron dysfunction. In this work we generated a parallel set of Drosophila models for adult-onset RNAi and tagged neuronal expression of the fly orthologues of the three human proteins, named Smn, TBPH and Caz, respectively. We profiled nuclear and cytoplasmic bound mRNAs using a RIP-seq approach and characterized the transcriptome of the RNAi models by RNA-seq. To unravel the mechanisms underlying the common functional impact of these proteins on neuronal cells, we devised a computational approach based on the construction of a tissue-specific library of protein functional modules, selected by an overall impact score measuring the estimated extent of perturbation caused by each gene knockdown. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed that the three proteins do not bind to the same RNA molecules and that only a limited set of functionally unrelated transcripts is commonly affected by their knock-down. However, through our integrative approach we were able to identify a concerted effect on protein functional modules, albeit acting through distinct targets. Most strikingly, functional annotation revealed that these modules are involved in critical cellular pathways for motor neurons, including neuromuscular junction function. Furthermore, selected modules were found to be significantly enriched in orthologues of human neuronal disease genes. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here show that SMA and ALS disease-associated genes linked to RNA metabolism functionally converge on neuronal protein complexes, providing a new hypothesis to explain the common motor neuron phenotype. The functional modules identified represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets, namely given their alteration in asymptomatic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Garcia-Vaquero
- BioISI - Institute for Biosystems and Integrative Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-15 Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), CIBERONC, 16 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marjorie Heim
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, Inserm, France
| | - Barbara Flix
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcelo Pereira
- BioISI - Institute for Biosystems and Integrative Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucile Palin
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, Inserm, France
| | - Tânia M Marques
- BioISI - Institute for Biosystems and Integrative Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco R Pinto
- BioISI - Institute for Biosystems and Integrative Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Javier de Las Rivas
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florence Besse
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, Inserm, France
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Institute for Biosystems and Integrative Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Gastelum S, Michael AF, Bolger TA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a research tool for RNA-mediated human disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 15:e1814. [PMID: 37671427 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used for decades as a powerful genetic tool to study a broad spectrum of biological topics. With its ease of use, economic utility, well-studied genome, and a highly conserved proteome across eukaryotes, it has become one of the most used model organisms. Due to these advantages, it has been used to study an array of complex human diseases. From broad, complex pathological conditions such as aging and neurodegenerative disease to newer uses such as SARS-CoV-2, yeast continues to offer new insights into how cellular processes are affected by disease and how affected pathways might be targeted in therapeutic settings. At the same time, the roles of RNA and RNA-based processes have become increasingly prominent in the pathology of many of these same human diseases, and yeast has been utilized to investigate these mechanisms, from aberrant RNA-binding proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to translation regulation in cancer. Here we review some of the important insights that yeast models have yielded into the molecular pathology of complex, RNA-based human diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gastelum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Allison F Michael
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Timothy A Bolger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Suliman M, Al-Hawary SIS, Al-Dolaimy F, Hjazi A, Almalki SG, Alkhafaji AT, Alawadi AH, Alsaalamy A, Bijlwan S, Mustafa YF. Inflammatory diseases: Function of LncRNAs in their emergence and the role of mesenchymal stem cell secretome in their treatment. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154758. [PMID: 37660657 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the best treatments for inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, respiratory diseases and brain diseases is treatment with stem cells. Here we investigate the effect of stem cell therapy in the treatment of brain diseases.Preclinical studies have shown promising results, including improved functional recovery and tissue repair in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, strokes,and traumatic brain injuries. However,ethical implications, safety concerns, and regulatory frameworks necessitate thorough evaluation before transitioning to clinical applications. Additionally, the complex nature of the brain and its intricate cellular environment present unique obstacles that must be overcome to ensure the successful integration and functionality of genetically engineered MSCs. The careful navigation of this path will determine whether the application of genetically engineered MSCs in brain tissue regeneration ultimately lives up to the hype surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath Suliman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of technical engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of technical engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of technical engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of technical engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Sheela Bijlwan
- Uttaranchal School of Computing Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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8
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Ma Y, Farny NG. Connecting the dots: Neuronal senescence, stress granules, and neurodegeneration. Gene 2023; 871:147437. [PMID: 37084987 PMCID: PMC10205695 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence increases with aging. While senescence is associated with an exit of the cell cycle, there is ample evidence that post-mitotic cells including neurons can undergo senescence as the brain ages, and that senescence likely contributes significantly to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Stress granules (SGs) are stress-induced cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates of RNA and proteins, which have been linked to the development of AD and ALS. The SG seeding hypothesis of NDs proposes that chronic stress in aging neurons results in static SGs that progress into pathological aggregates Alterations in SG dynamics have also been linked to senescence, though studies that link SGs and senescence in the context of NDs and the aging brain have not yet been performed. In this Review, we summarize the literature on senescence, and explore the contribution of senescence to the aging brain. We describe senescence phenotypes in aging neurons and glia, and their links to neuroinflammation and the development of AD and ALS. We further examine the relationships of SGs to senescence and to ND. We propose a new hypothesis that neuronal senescence may contribute to the mechanism of SG seeding in ND by altering SG dynamics in aged cells, thereby providing additional aggregation opportunities within aged neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Ma
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Natalie G Farny
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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9
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Merjane J, Chung R, Patani R, Lisowski L. Molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as broad therapeutic targets for gene therapy applications utilizing adeno-associated viral vectors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36786126 DOI: 10.1002/med.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the devastating clinical outcome of the neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), its etiology remains mysterious. Approximately 90% of ALS is characterized as sporadic, signifying that the patient has no family history of the disease. The development of an impactful disease modifying therapy across the ALS spectrum has remained out of grasp, largely due to the poorly understood mechanisms of disease onset and progression. Currently, ALS is invariably fatal and rapidly progressive. It is hypothesized that multiple factors can lead to the development of ALS, however, treatments are often focused on targeting specific familial forms of the disease (10% of total cases). There is a strong need to develop disease modifying treatments for ALS that can be effective across the full ALS spectrum of familial and sporadic cases. Although the onset of disease varies significantly between patients, there are general disease mechanisms and progressions that can be seen broadly across ALS patients. Therefore, this review explores the targeting of these widespread disease mechanisms as possible areas for therapeutic intervention to treat ALS broadly. In particular, this review will focus on targeting mechanisms of defective protein homeostasis and RNA processing, which are both increasingly recognized as design principles of ALS pathogenesis. Additionally, this review will explore the benefits of gene therapy as an approach to treating ALS, specifically focusing on the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for gene delivery to the CNS and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Cao MC, Scotter EL. Novel and known transcriptional targets of ALS/FTD protein TDP-43: Meta-analysis and interactive graphical database. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276263. [PMID: 35946434 PMCID: PMC9509890 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 proteinopathy is the major pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and tau-negative frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mounting evidence implicates loss of normal TDP-43 RNA processing function as a key pathomechanism. However, the RNA targets of TDP-43 differ by report, and have never been formally collated or compared between models and disease, hampering understanding of TDP-43 function. Here, we conducted re-analysis and meta-analysis of publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets from six TDP-43-knockdown models, and TDP-43-immunonegative neuronal nuclei from ALS/ FTD brain, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and exon usage (DEU) events. There was little overlap in DEGs between knockdown models, but PFKP, STMN2, CFP, KIAA1324 and TRHDE were common targets and were also differentially expressed in TDP-43-immunonegative neurons. DEG enrichment analysis revealed diverse biological pathways including immune and synaptic functions. Common DEU events in human datasets included well-known targets POLDIP3 and STMN2, and novel targets EXD3, MMAB, DLG5 and GOSR2. Our interactive database https://phpstack-449938-2576646.cloudwaysapps.com/ allows further exploration of TDP-43 DEG and DEU targets. Together, these data identify TDP-43 targets that can be exploited therapeutically or to validate loss-of-function processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maize C Cao
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Scotter
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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11
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Tarutani A, Adachi T, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Hasegawa K, Saito Y, Robinson AC, Mann DMA, Yoshida M, Murayama S, Hasegawa M. Ultrastructural and biochemical classification of pathogenic tau, α-synuclein and TDP-43. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:613-640. [PMID: 35513543 PMCID: PMC9107452 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of abnormal proteins with conformational changes is the defining neuropathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The pathogenic proteins that accumulate in patients' brains adopt an amyloid-like fibrous structure and exhibit various ultrastructural features. The biochemical analysis of pathogenic proteins in sarkosyl-insoluble fractions extracted from patients' brains also shows disease-specific features. Intriguingly, these ultrastructural and biochemical features are common within the same disease group. These differences among the pathogenic proteins extracted from patients' brains have important implications for definitive diagnosis of the disease, and also suggest the existence of pathogenic protein strains that contribute to the heterogeneity of pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent experimental evidence has shown that prion-like propagation of these pathogenic proteins from host cells to recipient cells underlies the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The reproduction of the pathological features that characterize each disease in cellular and animal models of prion-like propagation also implies that the structural differences in the pathogenic proteins are inherited in a prion-like manner. In this review, we summarize the ultrastructural and biochemical features of pathogenic proteins extracted from the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases that accumulate abnormal forms of tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43, and we discuss how these disease-specific properties are maintained in the brain, based on recent experimental insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Tarutani
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Neuropathology, Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
- Department of Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Department of Neuropathology, Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Andrew C Robinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Salford Royal Hospital, The University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Salford Royal Hospital, The University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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12
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Hu L, Mao S, Lin L, Bai G, Liu B, Mao J. Stress granules in the spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The correlation and promising therapy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105749. [PMID: 35568100 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing genetic and biochemical evidence has broadened our view of the pathomechanisms that lead to Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two fatal neurodegenerative diseases with similar symptoms and causes. Stress granules are dynamic cytosolic storage hubs for mRNAs in response to stress exposures, that are evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic RNA granules in somatic cells. A lot of previous studies have shown that the impaired stress granules are crucial events in SMA/ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we described the key stress granules related RNA binding proteins (SMN, TDP-43, and FUS) involved in SMA/ALS, summarized the reported mutations in these RNA binding proteins involved in SMA/ALS pathogenesis, and discussed the mechanisms through which stress granules dynamics participate in the diseases. Meanwhile, we described the applications and limitation of current therapies targeting SMA/ALS. We futher proposed the promising targets on stress granules in the future therapeutic interventions of SMA/ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiDan Hu
- the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Shanshan Mao
- the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Li Lin
- the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Guannan Bai
- the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
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13
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Notaro A, Messina A, La Bella V. A Deletion of the Nuclear Localization Signal Domain in the Fus Protein Induces Stable Post-stress Cytoplasmic Inclusions in SH-SY5Y Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:759659. [PMID: 35002600 PMCID: PMC8733393 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.759659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Fused-in-Sarcoma (FUS) gene involving the nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain lead to juvenile-onset Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The mutant protein mislocalizes to the cytoplasm, incorporating it into Stress Granules (SG). Whether SGs are the first step to the formation of stable FUS-containing aggregates is still unclear. In this work, we used acute and chronic stress paradigms to study the SG dynamics in a human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line carrying a deletion of the NLS domain of the FUS protein (homozygous: ΔNLS–/–; heterozygous: ΔNLS+/–). Wild-type (WT) cells served as controls. We evaluated the subcellular localization of the mutant protein through immunoblot and immunofluorescence, in basal conditions and after acute stress and chronic stress with sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). Cells were monitored for up to 24 h after rescue. FUS was expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm in the ΔNLS+/– cells, whereas it was primarily cytoplasmic in the ΔNLS–/–. Acute NaAsO2 exposure induced SGs: at rescue,>90% of ΔNLS cells showed abundant FUS-containing if compared to less than 5% of the WT cells. The proportion of FUS-positive SGs remained 15–20% at 24 h in mutant cells. Cycloheximide did not abolish the long-lasting SGs in mutant cells. Chronic exposure to NaAsO2 did not induce significant SGs formation. A wealth of research has demonstrated that ALS-associated FUS mutations at the C-terminus facilitate the incorporation of the mutant protein into SGs. We have shown here that mutant FUS-containing SGs tend to fail to dissolve after stress, facilitating a liquid-to-solid phase transition. The FUS-containing inclusions seen in the dying motor neurons might therefore directly derive from SGs. This might represent an attractive target for future innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Notaro
- ALS Clinical Research Center and Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advances Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Messina
- ALS Clinical Research Center and Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advances Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Center and Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advances Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Charif SE, Vassallu MF, Salvañal L, Igaz LM. Protein synthesis modulation as a therapeutic approach for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1423-1430. [PMID: 34916412 PMCID: PMC8771112 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is essential for cells to perform life metabolic processes. Pathological alterations of protein content can lead to particular diseases. Cells have an intrinsic array of mechanisms and pathways that are activated when protein misfolding, accumulation, aggregation or mislocalization occur. Some of them (like the unfolded protein response) represent complex interactions between endoplasmic reticulum sensors and elongation factors that tend to increase expression of chaperone proteins and/or repress translation in order to restore protein homeostasis (also known as proteostasis). This is even more important in neurons, as they are very susceptible to harmful effects associated with protein overload and proteostatic mechanisms are less effective with age. Several neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia exhibit a particular molecular signature of distinct, unbalanced protein overload. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, the majority of cases present intracellular inclusions of ubiquitinated transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43). TDP-43 is an RNA binding protein that participates in RNA metabolism, among other functions. Dysregulation of TDP-43 (e.g. aggregation and mislocalization) can dramatically affect neurons, and this has been linked to disease development. Expression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia TDP-43-related mutations in cellular and animal models has been shown to recapitulate key features of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia disease spectrum. These variants can be causative of degeneration onset and progression. Most neurodegenerative diseases (including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia) have no cure at the moment; however, modulating translation has recently emerged as an attractive approach that can be performed at several steps (i.e. regulating activation of initiation and elongation factors, inhibiting unfolded protein response activation or inducing chaperone expression and activity). This review focuses on the features of protein imbalance in neurodegenerative disorders and the relevance of developing therapeutical compounds aiming at restoring proteostasis. We strive to highlight the importance of research on drugs that, not only restore protein imbalance without compromising translational activity of cells, but are also as safe as possible for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Charif
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires -CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Florencia Vassallu
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires -CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara Salvañal
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires -CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lionel M Igaz
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires -CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Aliperti V, Skonieczna J, Cerase A. Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) Roles in Cell Biology, Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 34204536 PMCID: PMC8293397 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process regulated both by genetic and epigenetic and environmental clues. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression in several tissues including the brain. Altered expression of lncRNAs has been linked to several neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and mental disorders. The identification and characterization of lncRNAs that are deregulated or mutated in neurodevelopmental and mental health diseases are fundamental to understanding the complex transcriptional processes in brain function. Crucially, lncRNAs can be exploited as a novel target for treating neurological disorders. In our review, we first summarize the recent advances in our understanding of lncRNA functions in the context of cell biology and then discussing their association with selected neuronal development and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Aliperti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Justyna Skonieczna
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Andrea Cerase
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
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16
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Ainslie A, Huiting W, Barazzuol L, Bergink S. Genome instability and loss of protein homeostasis: converging paths to neurodegeneration? Open Biol 2021; 11:200296. [PMID: 33878947 PMCID: PMC8059563 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability and loss of protein homeostasis are hallmark events of age-related diseases that include neurodegeneration. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by protein aggregation, while an impaired DNA damage response (DDR) as in many genetic DNA repair disorders leads to pronounced neuropathological features. It remains unclear to what degree these cellular events interconnect with each other in the development of neurological diseases. This review highlights how the loss of protein homeostasis and genome instability influence one other. We will discuss studies that illustrate this connection. DNA damage contributes to many neurodegenerative diseases, as shown by an increased level of DNA damage in patients, possibly due to the effects of protein aggregates on chromatin, the sequestration of DNA repair proteins and novel putative DNA repair functions. Conversely, genome stability is also important for protein homeostasis. For example, gene copy number variations and the loss of key DDR components can lead to marked proteotoxic stress. An improved understanding of how protein homeostasis and genome stability are mechanistically connected is needed and promises to lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ainslie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Huiting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Lehmkuhl EM, Loganathan S, Alsop E, Blythe AD, Kovalik T, Mortimore NP, Barrameda D, Kueth C, Eck RJ, Siddegowda BB, Joardar A, Ball H, Macias ME, Bowser R, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Zarnescu DC. TDP-43 proteinopathy alters the ribosome association of multiple mRNAs including the glypican Dally-like protein (Dlp)/GPC6. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 33762006 PMCID: PMC7992842 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease in which 97% of patients exhibit cytoplasmic aggregates containing the RNA binding protein TDP-43. Using tagged ribosome affinity purifications in Drosophila models of TDP-43 proteinopathy, we identified TDP-43 dependent translational alterations in motor neurons impacting the spliceosome, pentose phosphate and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. A subset of the mRNAs with altered ribosome association are also enriched in TDP-43 complexes suggesting that they may be direct targets. Among these, dlp mRNA, which encodes the glypican Dally like protein (Dlp)/GPC6, a wingless (Wg/Wnt) signaling regulator is insolubilized both in flies and patient tissues with TDP-43 pathology. While Dlp/GPC6 forms puncta in the Drosophila neuropil and ALS spinal cords, it is reduced at the neuromuscular synapse in flies suggesting compartment specific effects of TDP-43 proteinopathy. These findings together with genetic interaction data show that Dlp/GPC6 is a novel, physiologically relevant target of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M. Lehmkuhl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Suvithanandhini Loganathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Eric Alsop
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Alexander D. Blythe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Tina Kovalik
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Nicholas P. Mortimore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Dianne Barrameda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Chuol Kueth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Randall J. Eck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Bhavani B. Siddegowda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Archi Joardar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Hannah Ball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Maria E. Macias
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | | | - Daniela C. Zarnescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, LSS RM 548A, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, 1040 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
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18
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Kim W, Kim DY, Lee KH. RNA-Binding Proteins and the Complex Pathophysiology of ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052598. [PMID: 33807542 PMCID: PMC7961459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have identified disease-causing mutations and accelerated the unveiling of complex molecular pathogenic mechanisms, which may be important for understanding the disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Many disease-related genes encode RNA-binding proteins, and most of the disease-causing RNA or proteins encoded by these genes form aggregates and disrupt cellular function related to RNA metabolism. Disease-related RNA or proteins interact or sequester other RNA-binding proteins. Eventually, many disease-causing mutations lead to the dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, the dysfunction of stress granules, and the altered dynamic function of the nucleolus as well as other membrane-less organelles. As RNA-binding proteins are usually components of several RNA-binding protein complexes that have other roles, the dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins tends to cause diverse forms of cellular dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the role of RNA-binding proteins will help elucidate the complex pathophysiology of ALS. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the function of disease-associated RNA-binding proteins and their role in the dysfunction of membrane-less organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38610, Korea;
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-53-660-6880 (D.-Y.K.); +82-53-819-7743 (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38610, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-53-660-6880 (D.-Y.K.); +82-53-819-7743 (K.-H.L.)
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19
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Hayashi Y, Ford LK, Fioriti L, McGurk L, Zhang M. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Nervous System. J Neurosci 2021; 41:834-844. [PMID: 33472825 PMCID: PMC7880275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1656-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules within cells are segregated into functional domains to form various organelles. While some of those organelles are delimited by lipid membranes demarcating their constituents, others lack a membrane enclosure. Recently, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) revolutionized our view of how segregation of macromolecules can produce membraneless organelles. While the concept of LLPS has been well studied in the areas of soft matter physics and polymer chemistry, its significance has only recently been recognized in the field of biology. It occurs typically between macromolecules that have multivalent interactions. Interestingly, these features are present in many molecules that exert key functions within neurons. In this review, we cover recent topics of LLPS in different contexts of neuronal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Lenzie K Ford
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Luana Fioriti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Leeanne McGurk
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Guo W, Vandoorne T, Steyaert J, Staats KA, Van Den Bosch L. The multifaceted role of kinases in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: genetic, pathological and therapeutic implications. Brain 2021; 143:1651-1673. [PMID: 32206784 PMCID: PMC7296858 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common degenerative disorder of motor neurons in adults. As there is no cure, thousands of individuals who are alive at present will succumb to the disease. In recent years, numerous causative genes and risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been identified. Several of the recently identified genes encode kinases. In addition, the hypothesis that (de)phosphorylation processes drive the disease process resulting in selective motor neuron degeneration in different disease variants has been postulated. We re-evaluate the evidence for this hypothesis based on recent findings and discuss the multiple roles of kinases in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. We propose that kinases could represent promising therapeutic targets. Mainly due to the comprehensive regulation of kinases, however, a better understanding of the disturbances in the kinome network in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is needed to properly target specific kinases in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Guo
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven-Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tijs Vandoorne
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Steyaert
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim A Staats
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Choi ES, Dokholyan NV. SOD1 oligomers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 66:225-230. [PMID: 33465527 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying nonnative, trimeric forms of SOD1 trimers as the toxic species, rather than large aggregates revolutionizes our understanding of ALS pathophysiology. Large protein aggregates, what was previously thought as the central cause of neurodegeneration, play protective role and are not responsible for neuronal death. SOD1 trimers are implicated at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level. Understanding the formation of the nonnative trimer and its role in the cell, leading to cell death, holds the key to developing a new standard of therapeutics for ALS and for other neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights recent advances of knowledge for the role of SOD1 oligomers in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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22
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Strong MJ, Donison NS, Volkening K. Alterations in Tau Metabolism in ALS and ALS-FTSD. Front Neurol 2020; 11:598907. [PMID: 33329356 PMCID: PMC7719764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.598907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing acceptance that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), classically considered a neurodegenerative disease affecting almost exclusively motor neurons, is syndromic with both clinical and biological heterogeneity. This is most evident in its association with a broad range of neuropsychological, behavioral, speech and language deficits [collectively termed ALS frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD)]. Although the most consistent pathology of ALS and ALS-FTSD is a disturbance in TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) metabolism, alterations in microtubule-associated tau protein (tau) metabolism can also be observed in ALS-FTSD, most prominently as pathological phosphorylation at Thr175 (pThr175tau). pThr175 has been shown to promote exposure of the phosphatase activating domain (PAD) in the tau N-terminus with the consequent activation of GSK3β mediated phosphorylation at Thr231 (pThr231tau) leading to pathological oligomer formation. This pathological cascade of tau phosphorylation has been observed in chronic traumatic encephalopathy with ALS (CTE-ALS) and in both in vivo and in vitro experimental paradigms, suggesting that it is of critical relevance to the pathobiology of ALS-FTSD. It is also evident that the co-existence of alterations in the metabolism of TDP-43 and tau acts synergistically in a rodent model to exacerbate the pathology of either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Neil S Donison
- Molecular Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Volkening
- Molecular Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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23
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Lee DY, Jeon GS, Sung JJ. ALS-Linked Mutant SOD1 Associates with TIA-1 and Alters Stress Granule Dynamics. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2884-2893. [PMID: 33025330 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder caused by motor neuron loss. T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), a cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule-associated RNA binding protein, is a key component of stress granules. However, it remains uncertain whether ALS-causing superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) toxicity alters the dynamics of stress granules. Thus, through mouse and cell line models, and human cells and tissues, we showed the subcellular location of TIA-1 and its recruitment by stress granules following mutant SOD1-related stimuli. An overexpression of MTSOD1 resulted in increased TIA-1-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in the spinal cord tissue of SOD1G93A transgenic mouse and the SOD1G86S familial ALS patient. Moreover, we demonstrated the stages of ALS-like disease-dependent increase in TIA-1 in the spinal cord of transgenic mice. A similar increase of TIA-1 was found in the spinal cord of the SOD1G86S patient and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells from the SOD1G17S patient. By using immunoprecipitation assays in wild type (WT) human SOD1 (hSOD1) or mutant (MT) hSOD1-transfected motor neuronal cell lines and SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model, we observed that MTSOD1 interacts with TIA-1. In WT or MT hSOD1-transfected HEK293 and NSC-34 cells, the formation of TIA-1-positive stress granules was delayed in MTSOD1 by sodium arsenite treatment. These findings suggest that MTSOD1 could affect the dynamics of stress granules through the abnormal MTSOD1-TIA-1 interaction. Consequently, the resulting pathological TIA-1 may be involved in RNA metabolism found in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Sun Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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24
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Fernandes N, Nero L, Lyons SM, Ivanov P, Mittelmeier TM, Bolger TA, Buchan JR. Stress Granule Assembly Can Facilitate but Is Not Required for TDP-43 Cytoplasmic Aggregation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101367. [PMID: 32992901 PMCID: PMC7650667 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are hypothesized to facilitate TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregation, which may underly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology. However, much data for this hypothesis is indirect. Additionally, whether P-bodies (PBs; related mRNA-protein granules) affect TDP-43 phenotypes is unclear. Here, we determine that induction of TDP-43 expression in yeast results in the accumulation of SG-like foci that in >90% of cases become the sites where TDP-43 cytoplasmic foci first appear. Later, TDP-43 foci associate less with SGs and more with PBs, though independent TDP-43 foci also accumulate. However, depleting or over-expressing yeast SG and PB proteins reveals no consistent trend between SG or PB assembly and TDP-43 foci formation, toxicity or protein abundance. In human cells, immunostaining endogenous TDP-43 with different TDP-43 antibodies reveals distinct localization and aggregation behaviors. Following acute arsenite stress, all phospho-TDP-43 foci colocalize with SGs. Interestingly, in SG assembly mutant cells (G3BP1/2ΔΔ), TDP-43 is enriched in nucleoli. Finally, formation of TDP-43 cytoplasmic foci following low-dose chronic arsenite stress is impaired, but not completely blocked, in G3BP1/2ΔΔ cells. Collectively, our data suggest that SG and PB assembly may facilitate TDP-43 cytoplasmic localization and aggregation but are likely not essential for these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Luke Nero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Shawn M. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.M.L.); (P.I.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.M.L.); (P.I.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Telsa M. Mittelmeier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Timothy A. Bolger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
| | - J. Ross Buchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.F.); (L.N.); (T.M.M.); (T.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-1881
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25
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Goodier JL, Soares AO, Pereira GC, DeVine LR, Sanchez L, Cole RN, García-Pérez JL. C9orf72-associated SMCR8 protein binds in the ubiquitin pathway and with proteins linked with neurological disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:110. [PMID: 32678027 PMCID: PMC7364817 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathogenic GGGCCC hexanucleotide expansion in the first intron/promoter region of the C9orf72 gene is the most common mutation associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The C9orf72 gene product forms a complex with SMCR8 (Smith-Magenis Syndrome Chromosome Region, Candidate 8) and WDR41 (WD Repeat domain 41) proteins. Recent studies have indicated roles for the complex in autophagy regulation, vesicle trafficking, and immune response in transgenic mice, however a direct connection with ALS etiology remains unclear. With the aim of increasing understanding of the multi-functional C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex, we determined by mass spectrometry analysis the proteins that directly associate with SMCR8. SMCR8 protein binds many components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and we demonstrate its poly-ubiquitination without obvious degradation. Evidence is also presented for localization of endogenous SMCR8 protein to cytoplasmic stress granules. However, in several cell lines we failed to reproduce previous observations that C9orf72 protein enters these granules. SMCR8 protein associates with many products of genes associated with various Mendelian neurological disorders in addition to ALS, implicating SMCR8-containing complexes in a range of neuropathologies. We reinforce previous observations that SMCR8 and C9orf72 protein levels are positively linked, and now show in vivo that SMCR8 protein levels are greatly reduced in brain tissues of C9orf72 gene expansion carrier individuals. While further study is required, these data suggest that SMCR8 protein level might prove a useful biomarker for the C9orf72 expansion in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Goodier
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alisha O. Soares
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gavin C. Pereira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Laura Sanchez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jose Luis García-Pérez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Mechanistic Insights of Astrocyte-Mediated Hyperactive Autophagy and Loss of Motor Neuron Function in SOD1 L39R Linked Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4117-4133. [PMID: 32676988 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. The reports showed the role of nearby astrocytes around the motor neurons as one among the causes of the disease. However, the exact mechanistic insights are not explored so far. Thus, in the present investigations, we employed the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of Cu/Zn-SOD1L39R linked ALS patient to convert them into the motor neurons (MNs) and astrocytes. We report that the higher expression of stress granule (SG) marker protein G3BP1, and its co-localization with the mutated Cu/Zn-SOD1L39R protein in patient's MNs and astrocytes are linked with AIF1-mediated upregulation of caspase 3/7 and hyper activated autophagy. We also observe the astrocyte-mediated non-cell autonomous neurotoxicity on MNs in ALS. The secretome of the patient's iPSC-derived astrocytes exerts significant oxidative stress in MNs. The findings suggest the hyperactive status of autophagy in MNs, as witnessed by the co-distribution of LAMP1, P62 and LC3 I/II with the autolysosomes. Conversely, the secretome of normal astrocytes has shown neuroprotection in patient's iPSC-derived MNs. The whole-cell patch-clamp assay confirms our findings at a physiological functional level in MNs. Perhaps for the first time, we are reporting that the MN degeneration in ALS triggered by the hyper-activation of autophagy and induced apoptosis in both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous conditions.
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27
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Cdc48/VCP and Endocytosis Regulate TDP-43 and FUS Toxicity and Turnover. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00256-19. [PMID: 31767634 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00256-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron degenerative disease. TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43) and FUS (fused in sarcoma) are aggregation-prone RNA-binding proteins that in ALS can mislocalize to the cytoplasm of affected motor neuron cells, often forming cytoplasmic aggregates in the process. Such mislocalization and aggregation are implicated in ALS pathology, though the mechanism(s) of TDP-43 and FUS cytoplasmic toxicity remains unclear. Recently, we determined that the endocytic function aids the turnover (i.e., protein degradation) of TDP-43 and reduces TDP-43 toxicity. Here, we identified that Cdc48 and Ubx3, a Cdc48 cofactor implicated in endocytic function, regulates the turnover and toxicity of TDP-43 and FUS expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc48 physically interacts and colocalizes with TDP-43, as does VCP, in ALS patient tissue. In yeast, FUS toxicity also depends strongly on endocytic function but not on autophagy under normal conditions. FUS expression also impairs endocytic function, as previously observed with TDP-43. Taken together, our data identify a role for Cdc48/VCP and endocytic function in regulating TDP-43 and FUS toxicity and turnover. Furthermore, endocytic dysfunction may be a common defect affecting the cytoplasmic clearance of ALS aggregation-prone proteins and may represent a novel therapeutic target of promise.
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28
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Kawaguchi T, Rollins MG, Moinpour M, Morera AA, Ebmeier CC, Old WM, Schwartz JC. Changes to the TDP-43 and FUS Interactomes Induced by DNA Damage. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:360-370. [PMID: 31693373 PMCID: PMC6947635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and FUS are tied as the third leading known genetic cause for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and TDP-43 proteopathies are found in nearly all ALS patients. Both the natural function and contribution to pathology for TDP-43 remain unclear. The intersection of functions between TDP-43 and FUS can focus attention for those natural functions mostly likely to be relevant to disease. Here, we compare the role played by TDP-43 and FUS, maintaining chromatin stability for dividing HEK293T cells. We also determine and compare the interactomes of TDP-43 and FUS, quantitating changes in those before and after DNA damage. Finally, selected interactions with known importance to DNA damage repair were validated by co-immunoprecipitation assays. This study uncovered TDP-43 and FUS binding to several factors important to DNA repair mechanisms that can be replication-dependent, -independent, or both. These results provide further evidence that TDP-43 has an important role in DNA stability and provide new ways that TDP-43 can bind to the machinery that guards DNA integrity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawaguchi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Matthew G. Rollins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mahta Moinpour
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Andres A. Morera
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher C. Ebmeier
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William M. Old
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jacob C. Schwartz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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29
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signalling Induces Casein Kinase 1-Dependent Formation of Cytosolic TDP-43 Inclusions in Motor Neuron-Like Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1354-1364. [PMID: 31280399 PMCID: PMC7260270 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment. One of the principal pathological hallmarks is the deposition of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in cytoplasmic inclusions. TDP-43 aggregation occurs in both familial and sporadic MND; however, the mechanism of endogenous TDP-43 aggregation in disease is incompletely understood. This study focused on the induction of cytoplasmic accumulation of endogenous TDP-43 in the motor neuronal cell line NSC-34. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor tunicamycin induced casein kinase 1 (CK1)-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of endogenous TDP-43 in differentiated NSC-34 cells, as seen by immunocytochemistry. Immunoblotting showed that induction of ER stress had no effect on abundance of TDP-43 or phosphorylated TDP-43 in the NP-40/RIPA soluble fraction. However, there were significant increases in abundance of TDP-43 and phosphorylated TDP-43 in the NP-40/RIPA-insoluble, urea-soluble fraction, including high molecular weight species. In all cases, these increases were lowered by CK1 inhibition. Thus ER stress signalling, as induced by tunicamycin, causes CK1-dependent phosphorylation of TDP-43 and its consequent cytosolic accumulation.
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30
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Vidal M. Exosomes: Revisiting their role as "garbage bags". Traffic 2019; 20:815-828. [PMID: 31418976 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the term "extracellular vesicle" (EV) has been used to define different types of vesicles released by various cells. It includes plasma membrane-derived vesicles (ectosomes/microvesicles) and endosome-derived vesicles (exosomes). Although it remains difficult to evaluate the compartment of origin of the two kinds of vesicles once released, it is critical to discriminate these vesicles because their mode of biogenesis is probably directly related to their physiologic function and/or to the physio-pathologic state of the producing cell. The purpose of this review is to specifically consider exosome secretion and its consequences in terms of a material loss for producing cells, rather than on the effects of exosomes once they are taken up by recipient cells. I especially describe one putative basic function of exosomes, that is, to convey material out of cells for off-site degradation by recipient cells. As illustrated by some examples, these components could be evacuated from cells for various reasons, for example, to promote "differentiation" or enhance homeostatic responses. This basic function might explain why so many diseases have made use of the exosomal pathway during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vidal
- LPHI - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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31
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Goodman LD, Bonini NM. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation mechanisms are running into focus for GGGGCC-repeat associated ALS/FTD. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101697. [PMID: 31550516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many human diseases are associated with the expansion of repeat sequences within the genes. It has become clear that expressed disease transcripts bearing such long repeats can undergo translation, even in the absence of a canonical AUG start codon. Termed "RAN translation" for repeat associated non-AUG translation, this process is becoming increasingly prominent as a contributor to these disorders. Here we discuss mechanisms and variables that impact translation of the repeat sequences associated with the C9orf72 gene. Expansions of a G4C2 repeat within intron 1 of this gene are associated with the motor neuron disease ALS and dementia FTD, which comprise a clinical and pathological spectrum. RAN translation of G4C2 repeat expansions has been studied in cells in culture (ex vivo) and in the fly in vivo. Cellular states that lead to RAN translation, like stress, may be critical contributors to disease progression. Greater elucidation of the mechanisms that impact this process and the factors contributing will lead to greater understanding of the repeat expansion diseases, to the potential development of novel approaches to therapeutics, and to a greater understanding of how these players impact biological processes in the absence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D Goodman
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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32
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François-Moutal L, Felemban R, Scott DD, Sayegh MR, Miranda VG, Perez-Miller S, Khanna R, Gokhale V, Zarnescu DC, Khanna M. Small Molecule Targeting TDP-43's RNA Recognition Motifs Reduces Locomotor Defects in a Drosophila Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2006-2013. [PMID: 31241884 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA dysregulation likely contributes to disease pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. A pathological form of the transactive response (TAR) DNA binding protein (TDP-43) binds to RNA in stress granules and forms membraneless, amyloid-like TDP-43 aggregates in the cytoplasm of ALS motor neurons. In this study, we hypothesized that by targeting the RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains of TDP-43 that confer a pathogenic interaction between TDP-43 and RNA, motor neuron toxicity could be reduced. In silico docking of 50000 compounds to the RRM domains of TDP-43 identified a small molecule (rTRD01) that (i) bound to TDP-43's RRM1 and RRM2 domains, (ii) partially disrupted TDP-43's interaction with the hexanucleotide RNA repeat of the disease-linked c9orf72 gene, but not with (UG)6 canonical binding sequence of TDP-43, and (iii) improved larval turning, an assay measuring neuromuscular coordination and strength, in an ALS fly model based on the overexpression of mutant TDP-43. Our findings provide an instructive example of a chemical biology approach pivoted to discover small molecules targeting RNA-protein interactions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Razaz Felemban
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David D. Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Melissa R. Sayegh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor G. Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Daniela C. Zarnescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721, United States
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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33
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Bec N, Bonhoure A, Henry L, Berry L, Larroque C, Coux O, Stoebner P, Vidal M. Proteasome 19S RP and translation preinitiation complexes are secreted within exosomes upon serum starvation. Traffic 2019; 20:516-536. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bec
- PP2IUniversity of Montpellier, IRCM Montpellier France
- IRBMUniversity of Montpellier CNRS, Montpellier France
| | - Anne Bonhoure
- DIMNPUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier France
| | - Laurent Henry
- IBMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | - Christian Larroque
- PP2IUniversity of Montpellier, IRCM Montpellier France
- ICMInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Olivier Coux
- CRBMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | - Michel Vidal
- DIMNPUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier France
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34
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Goodman LD, Prudencio M, Srinivasan AR, Rifai OM, Lee VMY, Petrucelli L, Bonini NM. eIF4B and eIF4H mediate GR production from expanded G4C2 in a Drosophila model for C9orf72-associated ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:62. [PMID: 31023341 PMCID: PMC6485101 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of an expanded (GGGGCC)n repeat (termed G4C2) within the first intron of C9orf72 in familial ALS/FTD has led to a number of studies showing that the aberrant expression of G4C2 RNA can produce toxic dipeptides through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN-) translation. To reveal canonical translation factors that impact this process, an unbiased loss-of-function screen was performed in a G4C2 fly model that maintained the upstream intronic sequence of the human gene and contained a GFP tag in the GR reading frame. 11 of 48 translation factors were identified that impact production of the GR-GFP protein. Further investigations into two of these, eIF4B and eIF4H, revealed that downregulation of these factors reduced toxicity caused by the expression of expanded G4C2 and reduced production of toxic GR dipeptides from G4C2 transcripts. In patient-derived cells and in post-mortem tissue from ALS/FTD patients, eIF4H was found to be downregulated in cases harboring the G4C2 mutation compared to patients lacking the mutation and healthy individuals. Overall, these data define eIF4B and eIF4H as disease modifiers whose activity is important for RAN-translation of the GR peptide from G4C2-transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D. Goodman
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- 0000 0004 0443 9942grid.417467.7Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Ananth R. Srinivasan
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Olivia M. Rifai
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- 0000 0004 0443 9942grid.417467.7Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Nancy M. Bonini
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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35
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Mann JR, Gleixner AM, Mauna JC, Gomes E, DeChellis-Marks MR, Needham PG, Copley KE, Hurtle B, Portz B, Pyles NJ, Guo L, Calder CB, Wills ZP, Pandey UB, Kofler JK, Brodsky JL, Thathiah A, Shorter J, Donnelly CJ. RNA Binding Antagonizes Neurotoxic Phase Transitions of TDP-43. Neuron 2019; 102:321-338.e8. [PMID: 30826182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TDP-43 proteinopathy is a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia where cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions are observed within degenerating regions of patient postmortem tissue. The mechanism by which TDP-43 aggregates has remained elusive due to technological limitations, which prevent the analysis of specific TDP-43 interactions in live cells. We present an optogenetic approach to reliably induce TDP-43 proteinopathy under spatiotemporal control. We show that the formation of pathologically relevant inclusions is driven by aberrant interactions between low-complexity domains of TDP-43 that are antagonized by RNA binding. Although stress granules are hypothesized to be a conduit for seeding TDP-43 proteinopathy, we demonstrate pathological inclusions outside these RNA-rich structures. Furthermore, we show that aberrant phase transitions of cytoplasmic TDP-43 are neurotoxic and that treatment with oligonucleotides composed of TDP-43 target sequences prevent inclusions and rescue neurotoxicity. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie TDP-43 proteinopathy and present a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda M Gleixner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jocelyn C Mauna
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Edward Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R DeChellis-Marks
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick G Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katie E Copley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bryan Hurtle
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bede Portz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noah J Pyles
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher B Calder
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zachary P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Udai B Pandey
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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