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Softcheck KA. Marine Algal Sensitivity to Source and Weathered Oils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2742-2754. [PMID: 34423860 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, toxicity tests were conducted using 4 microalgae (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum, Isochrysis galbana, and Thalassiosira pseudonana) and one macroalga (Ectocarpus siliculosus) to study potential impacts on phytoplankton and other primary producers in the Gulf of Mexico and characterize species sensitivity. Tests were performed with Corexit 9500 and fresh source oil and weathered oil samples collected from the field during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Because crude oils are mixtures of poorly water-soluble hydrocarbons, dosing was performed using water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) and chemically enhanced (CE) WAFs with the addition of dispersant at a 1:20 dispersant:oil ratio using standard toxicity testing protocols. Exposure media were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and saturated hydrocarbon compounds. Toxicity was reported as no-observable effect concentration and median effect concentration (EC50) values for average specific growth rate based on nominal percent dilution of stock solution WAFs and sum of dissolved oil toxic units for WAF/CEWAF tests. The macroalga and green alga D. tertiolecta were largely unaffected by any WAF or CEWAFs tested. Isochrysis galbana was found to be the most sensitive species overall with significant growth rate inhibitions for dispersant and all the WAFs/CEWAFs tested. Physically dispersed source oils were generally more toxic than weathered oils. The protectiveness of the chronic toxic units was effective at identifying observed algal growth rate inhibitions across algal species and oil types despite the impact of dispersants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2742-2754. © 2021 SETAC.
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Barratt MD, Castell JV, Chamberlain M, Combes RD, Dearden JC, Fentem JH, Gerner I, Giuliani A, Gray TJ, Livingstone DJ, Provan WM, Rutten FA, Verhaar HJ, Zbinden P. The Integrated Use of Alternative Approaches for Predicting Toxic Hazard. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299502300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Barratt
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jose V. Castell
- Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark Chamberlain
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Robert D. Combes
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
| | - John C. Dearden
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Ingrid Gerner
- Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Thielallee 88–92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Istituto di Ricerca sulla Senescenza, Sigma-Tau, Via Pontina, km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Tim J.B. Gray
- Sanofi Research Division, Alnwick Research Centre, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2 JH, UK
| | - David J. Livingstone
- ChemQuest, Cheyney House, 19–21 Cheyney Street, Steeple Morden, Herts. SG8 OLP, UK
| | - W. McLean Provan
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, A Iderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Fons A.J.J.L. Rutten
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Division of Toxicology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J.M. Verhaar
- Research Institute of Toxicology (RITOX), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, Yalelaan 2, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Marzooghi S, Finch BE, Stubblefield WA, Dmitrenko O, Neal SL, Di Toro DM. Phototoxic target lipid model of single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:926-937. [PMID: 27552664 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A phototoxic target lipid model (PTLM) is developed to predict phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured either as median lethal concentration (LC50) or median lethal time (LT50) for a 50% toxic response. The model is able to account for the differences in the physical/chemical properties of PAHs, test species sensitivities, and variations in light source characteristics, intensity, and length of exposure. The PTLM is based on the narcotic target lipid model (NTLM) of PAHs. Both models rely on the assumption that mortality occurs when the toxicant concentration in the target lipid of the organism reaches a threshold concentration. The PTLM is applied to observed LC50s and LT50s for 20 individual PAHs, 15 test species-including arthropods, fishes, amphibians, annelids, mollusks, and algae-exposed to simulated solar and various UV light sources, for exposure times varying from less than 1 h to 100 h, a total of 333 observations. The LC50 concentrations range from less than 0.1 µg/L to greater that 104 µg/L. The model has 2 fitting parameters that are constant and apply to all PAHs and organisms. The root mean square errors of prediction for log(LC50) and log(LT50) are 0.473 and 0.382, respectively. The results indicate that the PTLM can predict the phototoxicity of single PAHs over a wide range of exposure conditions and to organisms with a wide range of sensitivities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:926-937. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sharon L Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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4
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Blaauboer BJ, Barratt MD, Houston JB. The Integrated Use of Alternative Methods in Toxicological Risk Evaluation - ECVAM Integrated Testing Strategies Task Force Report 1. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 27:229-37. [PMID: 25426587 DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ECVAM Task Force on Integrated Testing Strategies was established in December 1996, with the remit of assessing the current status of integrated toxicity testing, and of making proposals regarding the design and implementation of integrated testing strategies. The first step in an integrated testing strategy is usually to determine the chemical functionality of a substance, on the basis of its structure and physicochemical properties. The biokinetic and dynamic behaviours of the chemical in various in vitro systems are then assessed. The various elements are then integrated, in either a parallel or a stepwise fashion, to make predictions of the local or systemic toxicity of the chemical of interest. In this report, a generic scheme for local/systemic toxicity, and a specific scheme for target organ toxicity, are proposed. The scope and limitations of the approaches are discussed. The task force hopes that its proposals will stimulate a discussion on the feasibility of this type of approach and it welcomes any feedback. It is planned that the discussion points will be elaborated in a second task force report.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Blaauboer
- Research Institute of Toxicology, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M D Barratt
- Marlin Consultancy, 10 Beeby Way, Carlton, Bedford MK43 7LW, UK
| | - J B Houston
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Neuwoehner J, Fenner K, Escher BI. Physiological modes of action of fluoxetine and its human metabolites in algae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6830-6837. [PMID: 19764256 DOI: 10.1021/es9005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine, the active ingredient of many antidepressants, was identified as specifically toxic toward algae in a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis with literature data for algae, daphnia, and fish. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mode of action in algae and to evaluate the toxicity of the major human metabolites of fluoxetine using two different algae tests. The time dependence and sensitivity of thedifferenteffectendpointsyield information on the physiological mode of action. Baseline toxicity was predicted with QSARs based on measured liposome-water partition coefficients. The ratio of predicted baseline toxicity to experimental toxicity (toxic ratio TR) gives information on the intrinsic potency (extent of specificity of effect). The metabolite p-trifluoromethylphenol was classified to act as baseline toxicant Fluoxetine (TR 60-150) and its pharmacologically active metabolite norfluoxetine (TR 10-80) exhibited specific toxicity. By comparison with reference compounds we conclude that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine have an effect on the energy budget of algal cells since the time pattern of these two compounds is most similar to that observed for norflurazon, but they act less specifically as indicated by lower TR values and the similarity of the effect pattern to baseline toxicants. The mixture toxicity of fluoxetine and its human metabolites norfluoxetine and p-TFMP can be predicted using the model of concentration addition for practical purposes of risk assessment despite small deviations from this model for the specific endpoints like PSII inhibition because the integrative endpoints like growth rate and reproduction in all cases gave agreement with the predictions for concentration addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Neuwoehner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Chen CY, Ko CW, Lee PI. Toxicity of substituted anilines to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis for polar narcotics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2007; 26:1158-64. [PMID: 17571680 DOI: 10.1897/06-293r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the toxic effects of substituted anilines on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata with the use of a closed algal toxicity testing technique with no headspace. Two response endpoints (i.e., dissolved oxygen production [DO] and algal growth rate) were used to evaluate the toxicity of anilines. Both DO and growth rate endpoints revealed similar sensitivity to the effects of anilines. However, trichloroanilines showed stronger inhibitory effects on microalgal photosynthetic reactions than that on algal growth. For various aquatic organisms, the relative sensitivity relationship for anilines is Daphnia magna > luminescent bacteria (Microtox) > or = Pocelia reticulata > or = Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata > or = fathead minnow > Tetrahymena pyriformis. The susceptibility of P. subcapitata to anilines is similar to fish, but P. subcapitata is apparently less sensitive than the water flea. The lack of correlation between the toxicity revealed by different aquatic organisms (microalgae, D. magna, luminescent bacteria, and P. reticulata) suggests that anilines might have different metabolic routes in these organisms. Both hydrogen bonding donor capacity (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, Elumo) and hydrophobicity (1-octanol:water partition coefficient, Kow) were found to provide satisfactory descriptions for the toxicity of polar narcotics (substituted anilines and chlorophenols). Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) based on Elumo, log Kow, or both values were established with r2 values varying from 0.75 to 0.92. The predictive power for the QSAR models were found to be satisfactory through leave-one-out cross-validation. Such relationships could provide useful information for the estimation of toxicity for other polar narcotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University 75, Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China.
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7
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Eriksson L, Andersson PL, Johansson E, Tysklind M. Megavariate Analysis of Environmental QSAR Data. Part II – Investigating Very Complex Problem Formulations Using Hierarchical, Non-Linear and Batch-Wise Extensions of PCA and PLS. Mol Divers 2006; 10:187-205. [PMID: 16802062 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-9026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three extensions of the basic PCA and PLS methodologies are described. These extensions are hierarchical, non-linear and batch-based in nature. The objectives of these methods are to assist in problem understanding and problem solving in very complex (QSAR) problem formulations. The method extensions are illustrated using two example QSAR data sets containing many X- and Y-variables.
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8
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Pino A, Giuliani A, Benigni R. Toxicity Mode-of-action: Discrimination via Infrared Spectra And Eigenvalues of the Modified Adjacency Matrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200390011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Benigni R, Passerini L. Carcinogenicity of the aromatic amines: from structure-activity relationships to mechanisms of action and risk assessment. Mutat Res 2002; 511:191-206. [PMID: 12088717 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(02)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines represent one of the most important classes of industrial and environmental chemicals: many of them have been reported to be powerful carcinogens and mutagens, and/or hemotoxicants. Their toxicity has been studied also with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods: these studies are potentially suitable for investigating mechanisms of action and for estimating the toxicity of compounds lacking experimental determinations. In this paper, we first summarized the QSAR models for the rodent carcinogenicity of the aromatic amines. The gradation of potency of the carcinogenic amines depended firstly on their hydrophobicity, and secondly on electronic (reactivity, propensity to be metabolically transformed) and steric properties. On the contrary, the difference between carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic aromatic amines depended mainly on electronic and steric properties. These QSARs can be used directly for estimating the carcinogenicity of aromatic amines. A two-step prediction is possible: (1) estimation of yes/no activity; (2) if the answer from step 1 is yes, then prediction of the degree of potency. The QSARs for rodent carcinogenicity were put in a wider context by comparing them with those for: (a) Salmonella mutagenicity; (b) general toxicity; (c) enzymatic reactions; (d) physical-chemical reactions. This comparative QSAR exercise generated a coherent global picture of the action mechanisms of the aromatic amines. The QSARs for carcinogenicity were similar to those for Salmonella mutagenicity, thus pointing to a similar mechanism of action. On the contrary, the general toxicity QSARs (both in vitro and in vivo systems) were mostly based on hydrophobicity, pointing to an aspecific mechanism of action much simpler than that for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. The oxidation of the amines (first step in the main metabolic pathway leading to carcinogenic and mutagenic species) had identical QSARs in both enzymatic and physical-chemical systems, thus providing evidence for the link between simple chemical reactions and those in biological systems. The results show that it is possible to generate mechanistically and statistically sound QSAR models for rodent carcinogenicity, and indirectly that the rodent bioassay is a reliable source of good quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Benigni
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Escuder-Gilabert L, Martı́n-Biosca Y, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas R, Medina-Hernández M. Biopartitioning micellar chromatography to predict ecotoxicity. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Martı́n-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Marina M, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas R, Medina-Hernández M. Quantitative retention- and migration-toxicity relationships of phenoxy acid herbicides in micellar liquid chromatography and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Faucon JC, Bureau R, Faisant J, Briens F, Rault S. Prediction of the Daphnia acute toxicity from heterogeneous data. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:407-422. [PMID: 11459146 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two descriptors (log(P(ow)), 'hardness') were selected to predict the Daphnia acute toxicity of a training set of heterogeneous chemical compounds. The data were extracted from 523 notification files about new chemicals stored at the French Department of Environment. The selection of the descriptors was carried out using a statistical method coupling ordinary least square (OLS) regression and genetic algorithm (GA). The validity limits for the final equation are discussed by comparing the actual and predicted activities of several compounds. The study points out the interest of the 'hardness' parameter for quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) with a heterogeneous data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Faucon
- UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Université de Caen, France
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Anhalt JC, Arthur EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR. Degradation of atrazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin in pesticide-contaminated soils: effects of aged residues on soil respiration and plant survival. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2000; 35:417-438. [PMID: 10874620 DOI: 10.1080/03601230009373280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of pesticide mixtures on degradation patterns of parent compounds as well as effects on soil microbial respiration. Bioavailability of residues to sensitive plant species was also determined. Soil for this study was obtained from a pesticide-contaminated area within an agrochemical dealer site. Degradation patterns were not affected by the presence or absence of other herbicides in this study. Atrazine concentrations were significantly lower at 21 through 160 days aging time compared to day 0 concentrations. Metolachlor and pendimethalin concentrations were not significantly different over time and remained high throughout the study. Microbial respiration was suppressed in treated soils from day 21 to day 160. Soybean and canola were the most successful plant species in the germination and survival tests. Generally, with increased aging of pesticides in soil, germination time decreased. Survival time of plants increased over time for some treatments indicating possible decreased bioavailability of pesticide residues. In some cases, survival time decreased at the longer 160-day aging period, possibly indicating a change in bioavailability, perhaps as the result of formation of more bioavailable and phytotoxic metabolites. No interactive effects were noted for mixtures of pesticides compared to individually applied pesticides in terms of degradation of the parent compound or on seed germination, plant survival, or microbial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anhalt
- Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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Verhaar HJ, Solbé J, Speksnijder J, van Leeuwen CJ, Hermens JL. Classifying environmental pollutants: Part 3. External validation of the classification system. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:875-83. [PMID: 10718581 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to validate a classification system for the prediction of the toxic effect concentrations of organic environmental pollutants to fish, all available fish acute toxicity data were retrieved from the ECETOC database, a database of quality-evaluated aquatic toxicity measurements created and maintained by the European Centre for the Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals. The individual chemicals for which these data were available were classified according to the rulebase under consideration and predictions of effect concentrations or ranges of possible effect concentrations were generated. These predictions were compared to the actual toxicity data retrieved from the database. The results of this comparison show that generally, the classification system provides adequate predictions of either the aquatic toxicity (class 1) or the possible range of toxicity (other classes) of organic compounds. A slight underestimation of effect concentrations occurs for some highly water soluble, reactive chemicals with low log K(ow) values. On the other end of the scale, some compounds that are classified as belonging to a relatively toxic class appear to belong to the so-called baseline toxicity compounds. For some of these, additional classification rules are proposed. Furthermore, some groups of compounds cannot be classified, although they should be amenable to predictions. For these compounds additional research as to class membership and associated prediction rules is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Verhaar
- OpdenKamp, Registration and Notification, The Hague, The Netherlands. r&
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15
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Yang RS, Thomas RS, Gustafson DL, Campain J, Benjamin SA, Verhaar HJ, Mumtaz MM. Approaches to developing alternative and predictive toxicology based on PBPK/PD and QSAR modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1998; 106 Suppl 6:1385-93. [PMID: 9860897 PMCID: PMC1533423 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106s61385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Systematic toxicity testing, using conventional toxicology methodologies, of single chemicals and chemical mixtures is highly impractical because of the immense numbers of chemicals and chemical mixtures involved and the limited scientific resources. Therefore, the development of unconventional, efficient, and predictive toxicology methods is imperative. Using carcinogenicity as an end point, we present approaches for developing predictive tools for toxicologic evaluation of chemicals and chemical mixtures relevant to environmental contamination. Central to the approaches presented is the integration of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) and quantitative structure--activity relationship (QSAR) modeling with focused mechanistically based experimental toxicology. In this development, molecular and cellular biomarkers critical to the carcinogenesis process are evaluated quantitatively between different chemicals and/or chemical mixtures. Examples presented include the integration of PBPK/PD and QSAR modeling with a time-course medium-term liver foci assay, molecular biology and cell proliferation studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses of DNA changes, and cancer modeling to assess and attempt to predict the carcinogenicity of the series of 12 chlorobenzene isomers. Also presented is an ongoing effort to develop and apply a similar approach to chemical mixtures using in vitro cell culture (Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay and human keratinocytes) methodologies and in vivo studies. The promise and pitfalls of these developments are elaborated. When successfully applied, these approaches may greatly reduce animal usage, personnel, resources, and time required to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chemicals and chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Yang
- Center for Environmental Toxicology and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1680, USA.
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16
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Vaal M, van der Wal JT, Hermens J, Hoekstra J. Pattern analysis of the variation in the sensitivity of aquatic species to toxicants. CHEMOSPHERE 1997; 35:1291-1309. [PMID: 9308161 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to identify groups of species showing a similar pattern in their sensitivity to toxicants and to relate the patterns to the mode of toxic action and biological species characteristics. A data matrix was composed of acute toxicity data for 26 aquatic species and 21 compounds. Most of the variation in the toxicological data was due to differences in toxicity of compounds and not intrinsic differences between species, so that practically every species can be used to order compounds with respect to average toxicity. Compounds with high overall toxicity also had large interspecies variation in sensitivity. The toxicity of non-polar narcotics correlated well with the log Kow. Compounds with a specific or reactive mode of action were more than a factor 10 toxic than predicted by their log Kow. Patterns in species sensitivity were more diffuse because only part of the variance in species sensitivity could be explained. Fishes and amphibians were more sensitive to dieldrin, lindane and pentachlorophenol than were invertebrates. Among the arthropods, the Phyllopoda (daphnids) were the most sensitive species. They were very sensitive to aniline, the heavy metals, malathion and parathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaal
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Cave S, Edwards D. Chemical process route selection based on assessment of inherent environmental hazard. Comput Chem Eng 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hellberg S, Eriksson L, Jonsson J, Lindgren F, Sjöström M, Wold S, Ekwall B, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Clothier R, Accomando NJ, Grimes A, Barile FA, Nordin M, Tyson CA, Dierickx P, Shrivastava R, Tingsleff-Skaanild M, Garza-Ocañas L, Fiskesjö G. Analogy Models for Prediction of Human Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 1990. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299001800114.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the toxicity to humans of chemicals by testing on human subjects is not considered to be ethically acceptable, and toxicity testing on laboratory animals is also questionable. Therefore, there is a need for alternative methods that will give estimates of various aspects of human toxicity. Batteries of in vitro tests, together with physicochemical and toxicokinetic data, analysed by efficient data analytical methods, may enable analogy models to be constructed that can predict human toxicity. It may be possible to model non-specific toxicity relating to lipophilicity, or basal cytotoxicity, for a series of diverse compounds with large variation in chemical structure and physicochemical properties. However, local models for a series of similar compounds are generally expected to be more accurate, as well as being capable of modelling more-specific interactions. Analogy models for the prediction of human toxicity are discussed and exemplified with physicochemical and cytotoxicity data from the first ten chemicals in the multicenter evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hellberg
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Lennart Eriksson
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Svante Wold
- Research Group for Chemometrics, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Umeă, S-90187 Umeă, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekwall
- Department of Toxicology, University of Uppsala, Biomedical Center, Box 594, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatologiá Experimental, Investigation Centre, La Fe Hospital, Avenida de Campanar 21, 46009-Valencia, Spain
| | - Richard Clothier
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Angie Grimes
- Clonetics Corporation, 9620 Chesapeake Drive, San Diego, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frank A. Barile
- Department of Natural Sciences, York College of the City University of New York, 94–20 Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA
| | - Marika Nordin
- Research Laboratory, Gambro AB, Box 10101, S-220 10 Lund, Sweden
| | - Charles A. Tyson
- Target Organ Toxicity 205 63, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Paul Dierickx
- Instituut voor Hygiene en Epidemiologic, Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R.S. Shrivastava
- Department of Toxicology, RL-CERM, Route de Marsat, Riom 63203, France
| | - Mette Tingsleff-Skaanild
- Institute of Life Science and Chemistry, Roskilde University Center, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lourdes Garza-Ocañas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Neuvo León, Apdo Postal 146 Col del Valle, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Geirid Fiskesjö
- Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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