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Mohamed E, García Martínez DJ, Hosseini MS, Yoong SQ, Fletcher D, Hart S, Guinn BA. Identification of biomarkers for the early detection of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:1-22. [PMID: 38066655 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) causes few symptoms in the earliest stages, leading to one of the highest mortality rates among cancers. Low-dose computerised tomography (LDCT) is used to screen high-risk individuals, reducing the mortality rate by 20%. However, LDCT results in a high number of false positives and is associated with unnecessary follow-up and cost. Biomarkers with high sensitivities and specificities could assist in the early detection of LC, especially in patients with high-risk features. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragments and cancer antigen 125 have been found to be highly expressed during the later stages of LC but have low sensitivity in the earliest stages. We determined the best biomarkers for the early diagnosis of LC, using a systematic review of eight databases. We identified 98 articles that focussed on the identification and assessment of diagnostic biomarkers and achieved a pooled area under curve of 0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.088), indicating that the diagnostic performance of these biomarkers when combined was excellent. Of the studies, 30 focussed on single/antigen panels, 22 on autoantibodies, 31 on miRNA and RNA panels, and 15 suggested the use of circulating DNA combined with CEA or neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for early LC detection. Verification of blood biomarkers with high sensitivities (Ciz1, exoGCC2, ITGA2B), high specificities (CYFR21-1, antiHE4, OPNV) or both (HSP90α, CEA) along with miR-15b and miR-27b/miR-21 from sputum may improve early LC detection. Further assessment is needed using appropriate sample sizes, control groups that include patients with non-malignant conditions, and standardised cut-off levels for each biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithar Mohamed
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Daniel J García Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology, Pozuelo de Alarcón, University Francisco De Vitoria, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Mohammad-Salar Hosseini
- Research Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Si Qi Yoong
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Daniel Fletcher
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Simon Hart
- Respiratory Medicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Song X, Zheng Q, Zhang R, Wang M, Deng W, Wang Q, Guo W, Li T, Ma X. Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Depression in Diabetes Mellitus. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:731220. [PMID: 34912246 PMCID: PMC8667273 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the potential biomarkers for predicting depression in diabetes mellitus using support vector machine to analyze routine biochemical tests and vital signs between two groups: subjects with both diabetes mellitus and depression, and subjects with diabetes mellitus alone. Methods: Electronic medical records upon admission and biochemical tests and vital signs of 135 patients with both diabetes mellitus and depression and 187 patients with diabetes mellitus alone were identified for this retrospective study. After matching on factors of age and sex, the two groups (n = 72 for each group) were classified by the recursive feature elimination-based support vector machine, of which, the training data, validation data, and testing data were split for ranking the parameters, determine the optimal parameters, and assess classification performance. The biomarkers were identified by 10-fold cross validation. Results: The experimental results identified 8 predictive biomarkers with classification accuracy of 78%. The 8 biomarkers are magnesium, cholesterol, AST/ALT, percentage of monocytes, bilirubin indirect, triglyceride, lactic dehydrogenase, and diastolic blood pressure. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was also adopted with area under the curve being 0.72. Conclusions: Some biochemical parameters may be potential biomarkers to predict depression among the subjects with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Song
- Clinical Psychology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Information Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miye Wang
- Information Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Phang CW, Abd Malek SN, Karsani SA. Flavokawain C exhibits anti-tumor effects on in vivo HCT 116 xenograft and identification of its apoptosis-linked serum biomarkers via proteomic analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:110846. [PMID: 33761587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones and their derivatives belong to the flavonoid family. They have been extensively studied for their anticancer properties and some have been approved for clinical use. In this study, the in vivo anti-tumor activity of flavokawain C (FKC), a naturally occurring chalcone found in Kava (Piper methysticum Forst) was evaluated in HCT 116 cells (colon carcinoma). We also attempted to identify potential biomarkers and/or molecular targets in serum with applicability in predicting treatment outcome. The anti-tumor effects and toxicity of FKC were assessed using the xenograft nude mice model. Cisplatin was used as positive control. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities were then evaluated in tumor tissues treated with FKC. Furthermore, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by protein identification using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS was performed to compare the serum proteome profiles between healthy nude mice and nude mice bearing HCT 116 tumor treated with vehicle solution and FKC, respectively. Our results showed that FKC treatment significantly inhibited HCT 116 tumor growth. In vivo toxicity studies showed that administration of FKC did not cause damage to major organs and had no significant effect on body weight. FKC was found to induce apoptosis in tumor, and this was associated with increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and decreased expression of Ki67 in tumor tissues. Our proteomic analysis identified five proteins that changed in abundance - Ig mu chain C region (secreted form), GRP78, hemopexin, kininogen-1 and apolipoprotein E. Overall, our findings demonstrated the potential of FKC as an anti-cancer agent for the treatment of colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Weng Phang
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Esplin ED, Oei L, Snyder MP. Personalized sequencing and the future of medicine: discovery, diagnosis and defeat of disease. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1771-1790. [PMID: 25493570 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for personalized sequencing to individually optimize medical treatment in diseases such as cancer and for pharmacogenomic application is just beginning to be realized, and the utility of sequencing healthy individuals for managing health is also being explored. The data produced requires additional advancements in interpretation of variants of unknown significance to maximize clinical benefit. Nevertheless, personalized sequencing, only recently applied to clinical medicine, has already been broadly applied to the discovery and study of disease. It is poised to enable the earlier and more accurate diagnosis of disease risk and occurrence, guide prevention and individualized intervention as well as facilitate monitoring of healthy and treated patients, and play a role in the prevention and recurrence of future disease. This article documents the advancing capacity of personalized sequencing, reviews its impact on disease-oriented scientific discovery and anticipates its role in the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Esplin
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Applications of blood-based protein biomarker strategies in the study of psychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:45-72. [PMID: 25173695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders are severe, chronic and debilitating, and are associated with high disease burden and healthcare costs. Currently, diagnoses of these disorders rely on interview-based assessments of subjective self-reported symptoms. Early diagnosis is difficult, misdiagnosis is a frequent occurrence and there are no objective tests that aid in the prediction of individual responses to treatment. Consequently, validated biomarkers are urgently needed to help address these unmet clinical needs. Historically, psychiatric disorders are viewed as brain disorders and consequently only a few researchers have as yet evaluated systemic changes in psychiatric patients. However, promising research has begun to challenge this concept and there is an increasing awareness that disease-related changes can be traced in the peripheral system which may even be involved in the precipitation of disease onset and course. Converging evidence from molecular profiling analysis of blood serum/plasma have revealed robust molecular changes in psychiatric patients, suggesting that these disorders may be detectable in other systems of the body such as the circulating blood. In this review, we discuss the current clinical needs in psychiatry, highlight the importance of biomarkers in the field, and review a representative selection of biomarker studies to highlight opportunities for the implementation of personalized medicine approaches in the field of psychiatry. It is anticipated that the implementation of validated biomarker tests will not only improve the diagnosis and more effective treatment of psychiatric patients, but also improve prognosis and disease outcome.
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Gu J, Taylor CR, Phil D. Practicing pathology in the era of big data and personalized medicine. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2014; 22:1-9. [PMID: 24326463 PMCID: PMC4206549 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The traditional task of the pathologist is to assist physicians in making the correct diagnosis of diseases at the earliest possible stage to effectuate the optimal treatment strategy for each individual patient. In this respect surgical pathology (the traditional tissue diagnosis) is but a tool. It is not, of itself, the purpose of pathology practice; and change is in the air. This January 2014 issue of Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology (AIMM) embraces that change by the incorporation of the agenda and content of the journal Diagnostic Molecular Morphology (DMP). Over a decade ago AIMM introduced and promoted the concept of "molecular morphology," and has sought to publish molecular studies that correlate with the morphologic features that continue to define cancer and many diseases. That intent is now reinforced and extended by the merger with DMP, as a logical and timely response to the growing impact of a wide range of genetic and molecular technologies that are beginning to reshape the way in which pathology is practiced. The use of molecular and genomic techniques already demonstrates clear value in the diagnosis of disease, with treatment tailored specifically to individual patients. Personalized medicine is the future, and personalized medicine demands personalized pathology. The need for integration of the flood of new molecular data, with surgical pathology, digital pathology, and the full range of pathology data in the electronic medical record has never been greater. This review describes the possible impact of these pressures upon the discipline of pathology, and examines possible outcomes. There is a sense of excitement and adventure. Active adaption and innovation are required. The new AIMM, incorporating DMP, seeks to position itself for a central role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - D Phil
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
Effective chemoprevention of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer has been shown convincingly using several selective ER modulators and the aromatase inhibitor exemestane. Although these agents are well tolerated and the numbers needed-to-treat in the prevention setting are similar to other established preventive interventions, uptake has been poor in clinical practice because of difficulties in visualizing risk, predicting individual outcomes and measuring treatment benefit. In addition, new agents targeting ER-negative breast cancer are urgently needed. The development of new agents is hampered by the lack of suitable biomarkers and targets, as well as regulatory and financial considerations. Establishing breast cancer chemoprevention in standard clinical practice will require advances in many different fields, including biomarker research, the development of more powerful tools to predict and communicate the risks and benefits of treatments and establishing innovative trial designs. Furthermore, changes in regulatory procedures could reduce the size and cost of trials needed in the prevention setting. Identification of biomarkers for risk and efficacy that are easily accessible, such as blood-based biomarkers, will be key to future chemoprevention strategies.
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jo Armes
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicola J Brown
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Coles
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gary JR Cook
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Deborah F Fenlon
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Claire Foster
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M W Gee
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 4RH, UK
| | - Vicky Goh
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Michelle Harvie
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ingunn Holen
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bharat Jasani
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lesley Ann Martin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sue M Moss
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | | | | | - Carlo Palmieri
- The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher KT10 8NA, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Schmid
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Stein
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine J Watson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Creaney J, Dick IM, Dare H, Demelker Y, Nowak AK, Musk AW, Robinson BW. Does CA125 binding to mesothelin impact the detection of malignant mesothelioma? Lung Cancer 2013; 80:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Over the past decade, comprehensive sequencing efforts have revealed the genomic landscapes of common forms of human cancer. For most cancer types, this landscape consists of a small number of "mountains" (genes altered in a high percentage of tumors) and a much larger number of "hills" (genes altered infrequently). To date, these studies have revealed ~140 genes that, when altered by intragenic mutations, can promote or "drive" tumorigenesis. A typical tumor contains two to eight of these "driver gene" mutations; the remaining mutations are passengers that confer no selective growth advantage. Driver genes can be classified into 12 signaling pathways that regulate three core cellular processes: cell fate, cell survival, and genome maintenance. A better understanding of these pathways is one of the most pressing needs in basic cancer research. Even now, however, our knowledge of cancer genomes is sufficient to guide the development of more effective approaches for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vogelstein
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Victor E. Velculescu
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shibin Zhou
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Luis A. Diaz
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Kinzler
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
Prevention of cancer remains the most promising strategy for reducing both its incidence and the mortality due to this disease. For more than four decades, findings from epidemiology, basic research and clinical trials have informed the development of lifestyle and medical approaches to cancer prevention. These include selective oestrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, the 5-α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride for prostate cancer, and the development of vaccines for viruses that are associated with specific cancers. Future directions include genetic, proteomic and other molecular approaches for identifying pathways that are associated with cancer initiation and development, as well as refining the search for immunologically modifiable causes of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North 2142, 6130 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7317, Rockville, Maryland 20852-7371, USA.
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12
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Pottiez G, Jagadish T, Yu F, Letendre S, Ellis R, Duarte NA, Grant I, Gendelman HE, Fox HS, Ciborowski P. Plasma proteomic profiling in HIV-1 infected methamphetamine abusers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31031. [PMID: 22359561 PMCID: PMC3281056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We wanted to determine whether methamphetamine use affects a subset of plasma proteins in HIV-infected persons. Plasma samples from two visits were identified for subjects from four groups: HIV+, ongoing, persistent METH use; HIV+, short-term METH abstinent; HIV+, long term METH abstinence; HIV negative, no history of METH use. Among 390 proteins identified, 28 showed significant changes in expression in the HIV+/persistent METH+ group over the two visits, which were not attributable to HIV itself. These proteins were involved in complement, coagulation pathways and oxidative stress. Continuous METH use is an unstable condition, altering levels of a number of plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenael Pottiez
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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Limburg PJ, Limsui D, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Lynch CF, Anderson KE, French AJ, Haile RW, Harnack LJ, Potter JD, Slager SL, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Cerhan JR. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer risk in relation to somatic KRAS mutation status among older women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:681-4. [PMID: 22337533 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal hormone (PMH) therapy represents a controversial colorectal cancer (CRC) preventive intervention. Because colorectal carcinogenesis is a heterogeneous process, we evaluated associations between PMH therapy and incident CRC in relation to KRAS mutation status in a population-based cohort of older women [Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS)]. METHODS The IWHS enrolled 41,836 randomly selected women, ages 55 to 69 years, in 1986. PMH therapy and other exposure data were recorded at baseline. Tissue samples from prospectively identified CRC cases (n = 507) were analyzed for somatic KRAS mutations (exon 2, codons 12 and 13). Multivariable Cox regression models were fit to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS PMH therapy (ever vs. never) was inversely associated with KRAS mutation-negative (RR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.66-1.06; P = 0.14) and KRAS mutation-positive (RR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.58-1.16; P = 0.27) tumors, although the observed risk estimates were not statistically significant. When anatomic subsite was additionally considered, the strongest association was found for KRAS mutation-negative, distal colorectal tumors (RR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.96; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we provide the first report of KRAS-defined CRC risks associated with PMH therapy. These data suggest that PMH therapy may reduce CRC risk through mechanisms beyond KRAS mutation status but might provide greater benefits for KRAS mutation-negative than mutation-positive tumors (at least in the distal colorectum). IMPACT Findings from this prospective cohort study provide novel insights about the molecular biology of PMH therapy-related CRC risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Limburg
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Oncology therapeutics are less likely to reach the market than other therapeutics, at a higher cost, and only approximately one in ten cancer drugs in clinical development actually reach the market. To improve, there need to be new approaches to oncology research and development, based on understanding cancer biology and improving preclinical models and clinical trials, such as more use of biomarkers and evaluation of other targets including cancer stem cells and use of combination therapies. Biomarkers can be used to make early go/no-go decisions in drug development and can speed up drug development by selecting patients who will benefit and excluding patients likely to experience severe side effects, but they need validation before use. New approaches to preclinical and clinical trials can also speed up and improve the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalân Utku
- Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Institut fuer Medizinische Immunologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Schmidt HD, Shelton RC, Duman RS. Functional biomarkers of depression: diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2375-94. [PMID: 21814182 PMCID: PMC3194084 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous illness for which there are currently no effective methods to objectively assess severity, endophenotypes, or response to treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that circulating levels of peripheral/serum growth factors and cytokines are altered in patients with MDD, and that antidepressant treatments reverse or normalize these effects. Furthermore, there is a large body of literature demonstrating that MDD is associated with changes in endocrine and metabolic factors. Here we provide a brief overview of the evidence that peripheral growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, endocrine factors, and metabolic markers contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD and antidepressant response. Recent preclinical studies demonstrating that peripheral growth factors and cytokines influence brain function and behavior are also discussed along with their implications for diagnosing and treating patients with MDD. Together, these studies highlight the need to develop a biomarker panel for depression that aims to profile diverse peripheral factors that together provide a biological signature of MDD subtypes as well as treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Heckman-Stoddard BM, Foster KA, Dunn BK. Update on Phase I/II Breast Cancer Prevention Trials. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-011-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular markers that can be utilized in diet and dietary supplement research. Urol Clin North Am 2011; 38:321-4. [PMID: 21798394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and other cancers have a multitude of potential markers that can be used in laboratory and clinical studies of diet and dietary supplement interventions. More overt clinical markers include imaging tests, biopsy samples, prostate-specific antigen kinetics, and urinary testing. Many molecular markers are currently available, including antiapoptotic and apoptotic proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell cycle compounds, growth factors, angiogenic markers, and proliferative and inflammatory signals. Protein kinases and transcription factors should also be considered for diversity. Testing of numerous molecular markers has become critical in gaining preliminary insight into the potential impact of a novel diet and supplemental agents.
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States, with 192,870 new cases and 40,170 deaths due to this disease estimated to have occurred 2009. An emphasis on prevention has been increasing in view of a persisting high incidence of disease. Seventy percent of breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, and are therefore presumed to be hormone-responsive and potentially treatable or preventable by anti-estrogenic agents. To date, the large, phase III randomized controlled breast cancer prevention trials have tested and are testing only hormonal drugs designed to antagonize the carcinogenic effect of endogenous estrogen; these agents are either selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, have been shown in these large trials to reduce the risk of ER-positive breast cancers; prevention trials of AIs are ongoing. Interest is now focusing on developing agents with a broader spectrum of preventive activity, particularly with regard to ER-negative subtypes of breast cancer. A number of phase I and II trials using tissue-derived surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) as outcomes have been implemented. These smaller trials address prevention not only of ER-negative but also ER-positive breast cancers, since approximately 50% of the latter have been shown to be resistant to the estrogen-targeting drugs used in the large trials. Issues of importance in these smaller trials include choice of agent, selection of appropriate trial participants, trial design, method of access to breast tissue in women without cancer, selection and monitoring of SEBs, and monitoring of drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Arun
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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