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Liao L, Xu H, Zhao Y, Zheng X. Metabolic interventions combined with CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for the treatment of tumors: mechanisms and strategies. Front Med 2023; 17:805-822. [PMID: 37897562 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) have significantly improved patient outcomes and offered new approaches to cancer therapy over the past decade. To date, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 represent the main class of immunotherapy. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 has shown remarkable efficacy in several specific types of cancers, however, a large subset of refractory patients presents poor responsiveness to ICB therapy; and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Recently, numerous studies have revealed that metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells restrains immune responses by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) with various products of metabolism, and combination therapies involving metabolic inhibitors and ICIs provide new approaches to cancer therapy. Nevertheless, a systematic summary is lacking regarding the manner by which different targetable metabolic pathways regulate immune checkpoints to overcome ICI resistance. Here, we demonstrate the generalized mechanism of targeting cancer metabolism at three crucial immune checkpoints (CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1) to influence ICB therapy and propose potential combined immunotherapeutic strategies co-targeting tumor metabolic pathways and immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Du B, Luo M, Ren C, Zhang J. PDE4 inhibitors for disease therapy: advances and future perspective. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1185-1207. [PMID: 37470147 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The PDE4 enzyme family is specifically responsible for hydrolyzing cAMP and plays a vital role in regulating the balance of second messengers. As a crucial regulator in signal transduction, PDE4 has displayed promising pharmacological targets in a variety of diseases, for which its inhibitors have been used as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development of PDE4 inhibitors in the past few years, along with the structure, clinical and research progress of multiple inhibitors of PDE4, focusing on the research and development strategies of PDE4 inhibitors. We hope our analysis will provide a significant reference for the future development of new PDE4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochan Du
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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3
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Kawano M, Takagi R, Tokano M, Matsushita S. Adenosine induces IL-31 secretion by T-helper 2 cells: Implication for the effect of adenosine on atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic strategy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:47-54. [PMID: 36680936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-31 is a recently-identified cytokine with a well-defined role in the pathogenesis of pruritus. Previously, we reported that adenosine upregulates IL-17A secretion by T-helper (Th)17 cells; however, the effect of adenosine on T cell subsets other than Th17 remains unclear. In this report, we show that adenosine upregulated production of IL-31 by cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells. IL-31 was also upregulated by administration of an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) agonist (PSB0777), and adenosine-mediated IL-31 production was inhibited by an A2aR antagonist (istradefylline). Production of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) by CD4+ T cells showed the same tendency. Immune subset analyses revealed that adenosine upregulated IL-31 secretion by CD4+ chemokine receptor 3high T cells, and that Th2 cells differentiated from naïve CD4+ T cells. Administration of istradefylline to mice with atopic dermatitis suppressed the symptoms, suggesting that A2aR antagonists are an effective treatment for inflammatory dermatitis. Taken together, the results indicate that adenosine upregulates secretion of Th2-related cytokines by effector T cells in the skin, thereby triggering atopic dermatitis and associated pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Rie Takagi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mieko Tokano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan; Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Sho Matsushita
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
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Tokano M, Matsushita S, Takagi R, Yamamoto T, Kawano M. Extracellular adenosine induces hypersecretion of IL-17A by T-helper 17 cells through the adenosine A2a receptor. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis with an Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase-8 (PDE8). Cells 2022; 11:cells11040660. [PMID: 35203312 PMCID: PMC8870644 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of development, inhibitors targeting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) expressed in leukocytes have entered clinical practice for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, with three PDE4 inhibitors being in clinical use as therapeutics for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atopic dermatitis. In contrast, the PDE8 family that is upregulated in pro-inflammatory T cells is a largely unexplored therapeutic target. We have previously demonstrated a role for the PDE8A-Raf-1 kinase complex in the regulation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55) activated CD4+ effector T cell adhesion and locomotion by a mechanism that differs from PDE4 activity. In this study, we explored the in vivo treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS) induced in mice immunized with MOG using the PDE8-selective inhibitor PF-04957325. For treatment in vivo, mice with EAE were either subcutaneously (s.c.) injected three times daily (10 mg/kg/dose), or were implanted subcutaneously with Alzet mini-osmotic pumps to deliver the PDE8 inhibitor (15.5 mg/kg/day). The mice were scored daily for clinical signs of paresis and paralysis which were characteristic of EAE. We observed the suppression of the clinical signs of EAE and a reduction of inflammatory lesion formation in the CNS by histopathological analysis through the determination of the numbers of mononuclear cells isolated from the spinal cord of mice with EAE. The PDE8 inhibitor treatment reduces the accumulation of both encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 T cells in the CNS. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of targeting PDE8 as a treatment of autoimmune inflammation in vivo by reducing the inflammatory lesion load.
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Epstein PM, Basole C, Brocke S. The Role of PDE8 in T Cell Recruitment and Function in Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636778. [PMID: 33937235 PMCID: PMC8085600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) expressed in leukocytes have entered clinical practice to treat inflammatory disorders, with three PDE4 inhibitors currently in clinical use as therapeutics for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In contrast, the PDE8 family that is upregulated in pro-inflammatory T cells is a largely unexplored therapeutic target. It was shown that PDE8A plays a major role in controlling T cell and breast cancer cell motility, including adhesion to endothelial cells under physiological shear stress and chemotaxis. This is a unique function of PDE8 not shared by PDE4, another cAMP specific PDE, employed, as noted, as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic. Additionally, a regulatory role was shown for the PDE8A-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)-1 kinase signaling complex in myelin antigen reactive CD4+ effector T cell adhesion and locomotion by a mechanism differing from that of PDE4. The PDE8A-Raf-1 kinase signaling complex affects T cell motility, at least in part, via regulating the LFA-1 integrin mediated adhesion to ICAM-1. The findings that PDE8A and its isoforms are expressed at higher levels in naive and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 activated effector T (Teff) cells compared to regulatory T (Treg) cells and that PDE8 inhibition specifically affects MOG35–55 activated Teff cell adhesion, indicates that PDE8A could represent a new beneficial target expressed in pathogenic Teff cells in CNS inflammation. The implications of this work for targeting PDE8 in inflammation will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Epstein
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Chaitali Basole
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefan Brocke
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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Hatfield SM, Sitkovsky MV. Antihypoxic oxygenation agents with respiratory hyperoxia to improve cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5629-5637. [PMID: 32870821 PMCID: PMC7598059 DOI: 10.1172/jci137554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/HIF-1α- and extracellular adenosine/A2 adenosine receptor-mediated immunosuppression protects tissues from collateral damage by antipathogen immune cells. However, this mechanism also protects cancerous tissues by inhibiting antitumor immune cells in hypoxic and extracellular adenosine-rich tumors that are the most resistant to current therapies. Here, we explain a potentially novel, antiimmunosuppressive reasoning to justify strategies using respiratory hyperoxia and oxygenation agents in cancer treatment. Earlier attempts to use oxygenation of tumors as a monotherapy or to improve radiotherapy have failed because oxygenation protocols were not combined with immunotherapies of cancer. In contrast, the proposal for therapeutic use of antihypoxic oxygenation described here was motivated by the need to prevent the hypoxia/HIF-1α-driven accumulation of extracellular adenosine to (a) unleash antitumor immune cells from inhibition by intracellular cAMP and (b) prevent immunosuppressive transcription of cAMP response element- and hypoxia response element-containing immunosuppressive gene products (e.g., TGF-β). Use of oxygenation agents together with inhibitors of the A2A adenosine receptor may be required to enable the most effective cancer immunotherapy. The emerging outcomes of clinical trials of cancer patients refractory to all other treatments provide support for the molecular and immunological mechanism-based approach to cancer immunotherapy described here.
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Steingold JM, Hatfield SM. Targeting Hypoxia-A2A Adenosinergic Immunosuppression of Antitumor T Cells During Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570041. [PMID: 33117358 PMCID: PMC7553081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of immunological negative regulators offered a novel therapeutic approach that revolutionized the immunotherapy of cancer. Still, a significant portion of patients fail to respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 therapy or experience significant adverse effects. We propose that one of the major reasons that many patients do not respond to this form of therapy is due to the powerful physiological suppression mediated by hypoxia-adenosinergic signaling. Indeed, both inflamed and cancerous tissues are hypoxic and rich in extracellular adenosine, in part due to stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Adenosine signals through adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) to suppress anti-tumor and anti-pathogen immune responses. Several classes of anti-hypoxia-A2AR therapeutics have been offered to refractory cancer patients, with A2AR blockers, inhibitors of adenosine-generating enzymes such as CD39 and CD73, and hypoxia-targeting drugs now reaching the clinical stage. Clinical results have confirmed preclinical observations that blockade of the hypoxia-adenosine-A2AR axis synergizes with inhibitors of immune checkpoints to induce tumor rejection. Thus, A2AR blockers provide a new hope for the majority of patients who are nonresponsive to current immunotherapeutic approaches including checkpoint blockade. Here, we discuss the discoveries that firmly implicate the A2AR as a critical and non-redundant biochemical negative regulator of the immune response and highlight the importance of targeting the hypoxia-adenosine-A2AR axis to manipulate anti-pathogen and anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Steingold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen M Hatfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Xie Y, Perry BD, Espinoza D, Zhang P, Price SR. Glucocorticoid-induced CREB activation and myostatin expression in C2C12 myotubes involves phosphodiesterase-3/4 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1409-1414. [PMID: 30025893 PMCID: PMC6173943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy in metabolic conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes are associated with glucocorticoid production, dysfunctional insulin/Akt/FoxO3 signaling and increased myostatin expression. We recently found that CREB, a transcription factor proposed to regulate myostatin expression, is highly phosphorylated in some wasting conditions. Based on a novel Akt-PDE3/4 signaling paradigm, we hypothesized that reduced Akt signaling contributes to CREB activation and myostatin expression. C2C12 myotubes were incubated with dexamethasone (Dex), an atrophy-inducing synthetic glucocorticoid. Akt/CREB signaling and myostatin expression were evaluated by immunoblot and qPCR analyses. Inhibitors of Akt, phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3/4, and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling were used to test our hypothesis. Incubating myotubes with Dex for 3-24 h inhibited Akt phosphorylation and enhanced CREB phosphorylation as well as myostatin mRNA and protein. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling with LY294002 similarly increased CREB phosphorylation. Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX, a pan PDE inhibitor), milrinone (PDE3 inhibitor) and rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor) augmented CREB phosphorylation and myostatin expression. Inhibition of protein kinase A by PKI reverted Dex- or IBMX-induced CREB phosphorylation and myostatin expression. Our study provides evidence supporting a newly identified mechanism by which a glucocorticoid-related reduction in Akt signaling contributes to myostatin expression via CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Ben D Perry
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Research Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Daniel Espinoza
- Research Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Research Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - S Russ Price
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Research Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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10
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Wang L, Feng Y, Yan D, Qin L, Grati M, Mittal R, Li T, Sundhari AK, Liu Y, Chapagain P, Blanton SH, Liao S, Liu X. A dominant variant in the PDE1C gene is associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Hum Genet 2018; 137:437-446. [PMID: 29860631 PMCID: PMC6560636 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Identification of genes with variants causing non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is challenging due to genetic heterogeneity. The difficulty is compounded by technical limitations that in the past prevented comprehensive gene identification. Recent advances in technology, using targeted capture and next-generation sequencing (NGS), is changing the face of gene identification and making it possible to rapidly and cost-effectively sequence the whole human exome. Here, we characterize a five-generation Chinese family with progressive, postlingual autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL). By combining population-specific mutation arrays, targeted deafness genes panel, whole exome sequencing (WES), we identified PDE1C (Phosphodiesterase 1C) c.958G>T (p.A320S) as the disease-associated variant. Structural modeling insights into p.A320S strongly suggest that the sequence alteration will likely affect the substrate-binding pocket of PDE1C. By whole-mount immunofluorescence on postnatal day 3 mouse cochlea, we show its expression in outer (OHC) and inner (IHC) hair cells cytosol co-localizing with Lamp-1 in lysosomes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the variant alters the PDE1C hydrolytic activity for both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Collectively, our findings indicate that the c.958G>T variant in PDE1C may disrupt the cross talk between cGMP-signaling and cAMP pathways in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Litao Qin
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Abhiraami Kannan Sundhari
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology (D-48), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1666 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Arumugham VB, Ulivieri C, Onnis A, Finetti F, Tonello F, Ladant D, Baldari CT. Compartmentalized Cyclic AMP Production by the Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis Adenylate Cyclase Toxins Differentially Affects the Immune Synapse in T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:919. [PMID: 29765373 PMCID: PMC5938339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A central feature of the immune synapse (IS) is the tight compartmentalization of membrane receptors and signaling mediators that is functional for its ability to coordinate T cell activation. Second messengers centrally implicated in this process, such as Ca2+ and diacyl glycerol, also undergo compartmentalization at the IS. Current evidence suggests a more complex scenario for cyclic AMP (cAMP), which acts both as positive and as negative regulator of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling and which, as such, must be subjected to a tight spatiotemporal control to allow for signaling at the IS. Here, we have used two bacterial adenylate cyclase toxins that produce cAMP at different subcellular localizations as the result of their distinct routes of cell invasion, namely Bordetella pertussis CyaA and Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (ET), to address the ability of the T cell to confine cAMP to the site of production and to address the impact of compartmentalized cAMP production on IS assembly and function. We show that CyaA, which produces cAMP close to the synaptic membrane, affects IS stability by modulating not only the distribution of LFA-1 and its partners talin and L-plastin, as previously partly reported but also by promoting the sustained synaptic accumulation of the A-kinase adaptor protein ezrin and protein kinase A while suppressing the β-arrestin-mediated recruitment of phosphodiesterase 4B. These effects are dependent on the catalytic activity of the toxin and can be reproduced by treatment with a non-hydrolyzable cAMP analog. Remarkably, none of these effects are elicited by ET, which produces cAMP at a perinuclear localization, despite its ability to suppress TCR signaling and T cell activation through its cAMP-elevating activity. These results show that the IS responds solely to local elevations of cAMP and provide evidence that potent compartmentalization mechanisms are operational in T cells to contain cAMP close to the site of production, even when produced at supraphysiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Fiorella Tonello
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Dugger KJ, Chrisman T, Sayner SL, Chastain P, Watson K, Estes R. Beta-2 adrenergic receptors increase TREG cell suppression in an OVA-induced allergic asthma mouse model when mice are moderate aerobically exercised. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:9. [PMID: 29452585 PMCID: PMC5816563 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potency of T regulatory (TREG) cells to inhibit T helper (Th)-driven immune cell responses has been linked to increased intracellular cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels of TREG cells. In an ovalbumin (OVA)-driven allergic asthma mouse model, moderate aerobic exercise increases TREG cell function in a contact-dependent manner that leads to a significant reduction in chronic inflammation and restoration of lung function. However, the mechanism, whereby exercise increases TREG function, remains unknown and was the focus of these investigations. Exercise can communicate with TREG cells by their expression of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-AR). Activation of these receptors results in an increase in intracellular levels of cyclic-AMP, potentially creating a potent inhibitor of Th cell responses. Results For the allergic asthma model, female wildtype BALB/c mice were challenged with OVA, and exercised (13.5 m/min for 45 min) 3×/week for 4 weeks. TREG cells were isolated from all mouse asthma/exercise groups, including β2-AR−/− mice, to test suppressive function and intracellular cAMP levels. In these studies, cAMP levels were increased in TREG cells isolated from exercised mice. When β2-AR expression was absent on TREG cells, cAMP levels were significantly decreased. Correlatively, their suppressive function was compromised. Next, TREG cells from all mouse groups were tested for suppressive function after treatment with either a pharmaceutical β2-adrenergic agonist or an effector-specific cAMP analogue. These experiments showed TREG cell function was increased when treated with either a β2-adrenergic agonist or effector-specific cAMP analogue. Finally, female wildtype BALB/c mice were antibody-depleted of CD25+CD4+ TREG cells (anti-CD25). Twenty-four hours after TREG depletion, either β2-AR−/− or wildtype TREG cells were adoptively transferred. Recipient mice underwent the asthma/exercise protocols. β2-AR−/− TREG cells isolated from these mice showed no increase in TREG function in response to moderate aerobic exercise. Conclusion These studies offer a novel role for β2-AR in regulating cAMP intracellular levels that can modify suppressive function in TREG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Dugger
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1716 9th Ave S, SHPB 472, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA.
| | - Taylor Chrisman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health; University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, 36688, AL, USA
| | - Sarah L Sayner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, 36688, AL, USA
| | - Parker Chastain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health; University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, 36688, AL, USA
| | - Kacie Watson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health; University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, 36688, AL, USA
| | - Robert Estes
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1716 9th Ave S, SHPB 472, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
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Peterson YK, Luttrell LM. The Diverse Roles of Arrestin Scaffolds in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28626043 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have emerged as key regulators of multiple signaling pathways. Evolutionarily related to a larger group of regulatory scaffolds that share a common arrestin fold, the visual/β-arrestins acquired the capacity to detect and bind activated GPCRs on the plasma membrane, which enables them to control GPCR desensitization, internalization, and intracellular trafficking. By acting as scaffolds that bind key pathway intermediates, visual/β-arrestins both influence the tonic level of pathway activity in cells and, in some cases, serve as ligand-regulated scaffolds for GPCR-mediated signaling. Growing evidence supports the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of arrestins and underscores their potential as therapeutic targets. Circumventing arrestin-dependent GPCR desensitization may alleviate the problem of tachyphylaxis to drugs that target GPCRs, and find application in the management of chronic pain, asthma, and psychiatric illness. As signaling scaffolds, arrestins are also central regulators of pathways controlling cell growth, migration, and survival, suggesting that manipulating their scaffolding functions may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. In this review we examine the structure-function relationships that enable arrestins to perform their diverse roles, addressing arrestin structure at the molecular level, the relationship between arrestin conformation and function, and sites of interaction between arrestins, GPCRs, and nonreceptor-binding partners. We conclude with a discussion of arrestins as therapeutic targets and the settings in which manipulating arrestin function might be of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
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14
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Wehbi VL, Taskén K. Molecular Mechanisms for cAMP-Mediated Immunoregulation in T cells - Role of Anchored Protein Kinase A Signaling Units. Front Immunol 2016; 7:222. [PMID: 27375620 PMCID: PMC4896925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is one of the most common and versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) target PKA to specific substrates and distinct subcellular compartments providing spatial and temporal specificity for mediation of biological effects channeled through the cAMP/PKA pathway. In the immune system, cAMP is a potent negative regulator of T cell receptor-mediated activation of effector T cells (Teff) acting through a proximal PKA/Csk/Lck pathway anchored via a scaffold consisting of the AKAP Ezrin holding PKA, the linker protein EBP50, and the anchoring protein phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains holding Csk. As PKA activates Csk and Csk inhibits Lck, this pathway in response to cAMP shuts down proximal T cell activation. This immunomodulating pathway in Teff mediates clinically important responses to regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression and inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs), adrenergic stimuli, adenosine, and a number of other ligands. A major inducer of T cell cAMP levels is PG E2 (PGE2) acting through EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors. PGE2 plays a crucial role in the normal physiological control of immune homeostasis as well as in inflammation and cancer immune evasion. Peripherally induced Tregs express cyclooxygenase-2, secrete PGE2, and elicit the immunosuppressive cAMP pathway in Teff as one tumor immune evasion mechanism. Moreover, a cAMP increase can also be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as intercellular transfer between T cells. Indeed, Treg, known to have elevated levels of intracellular cAMP, may mediate their suppressive function by transferring cAMP to Teff through gap junctions, which we speculate could also be regulated by PKA/AKAP complexes. In this review, we present an updated overview on the influence of cAMP-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms acting through localized cAMP signaling and the therapeutical increasing prospects of AKAPs disruptors in T-cell immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Wehbi
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Clark AA, Nurmukhambetova S, Li X, Munger SD, Lees JR. Odorants specifically modulate chemotaxis and tissue retention of CD4+ T cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate induction. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:699-709. [PMID: 27154353 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0914-425rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of T cells within affected tissue is a critical component of adaptive immune inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in T cell retention remain largely undefined. Previous studies revealed the capacity of cAMP signaling to regulate immune cell migration, as well as dynamic regulation of receptors that could induce cAMP production in immune cells. The potential for cAMP to act as a retention signal has been mostly unexplored, partially as a result of this second messenger's well-characterized inhibition of effector function in immune cells. Here, we report that cAMP regulates the tissue retention of mouse T cells at concentrations well below those that inhibited proliferation or decreased acquisition of an effector phenotype. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells with odorants known to be cognate ligands for T cell-expressed olfactory receptors induced cAMP and inhibited chemokine-driven chemotaxis without decreasing T cell proliferation or effector functions. Similar effects were observed following treatment with relatively low concentrations of the cAMP analog Sp-5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate. Furthermore, pretreatment with odorants or cAMP at concentrations that did not inhibit effector function induced T cell tissue retention in mice by inhibiting chemokine-dependent T cell egress from the footpad to the draining lymph node. Together, these results suggest that odorant receptor-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP can modulate T cell tissue trafficking and may offer new therapeutic targets for controlling T cell tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saule Nurmukhambetova
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Sitkovsky MV, Hatfield S, Abbott R, Belikoff B, Lukashev D, Ohta A. Hostile, hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic tumor biology as the next barrier to overcome for tumor immunologists. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 2:598-605. [PMID: 24990240 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-driven, A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated (hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic), T-cell-autonomous immunosuppression was first recognized as critical and nonredundant in protecting normal tissues from inflammatory damage and autoimmunity. However, this immunosuppressive mechanism can be highjacked by bacteria and tumors to provide misguided protection for pathogens and cancerous tissues. Inhibitors of the hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic pathway represent a conceptually novel type of immunologic coadjuvants that could be combined with cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, and/or blockade of negative immunologic regulators to further prolong patient survival and to minimize treatment-related side effects. In support of this approach are preclinical studies and findings that some human cancers are resistant to chemotherapies and immunotherapies due to the tumor-generated extracellular adenosine and A2AR on antitumor T and natural killer (NK) cells. Among the coadjuvants are (i) antagonists of A2AR, (ii) extracellular adenosine-degrading drugs, (iii) inhibitors of adenosine generation by CD39/CD73 ectoenzymes, and (iv) inhibitors of hypoxia-HIF-1α signaling. Combining these coadjuvants with CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 blockade is expected to have additive or even synergistic effects of targeting two different antitumor protective mechanisms. It is expected that even after multicombinatorial blockade of negative immunologic regulators, the antitumor T and NK cells would still be vulnerable to inhibition by hypoxia and A2AR. Yet to be tested is the potential capacity of coadjuvants to minimize the side effects of CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 blockade by decreasing the dose of blocking antibodies or by eliminating the need for dual blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail V Sitkovsky
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Hatfield
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Abbott
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan Belikoff
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dmitriy Lukashev
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akio Ohta
- Authors' Affiliation: New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Rowther FB, Wei W, Dawson TP, Ashton K, Singh A, Madiesse-Timchou MP, Thomas DGT, Darling JL, Warr T. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-1C (PDE1C) drives cell proliferation, migration and invasion in glioblastoma multiforme cells in vitro. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:268-79. [PMID: 25620587 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP & cGMP) are critical intracellular second messengers involved in the transduction of a diverse array of stimuli and their catabolism is mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). We previously detected focal genomic amplification of PDE1C in >90 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells suggesting a potential as a novel therapeutic target in these cells. In this report, we show that genomic gain of PDE1C was associated with increased expression in low passage GBM-derived cell cultures. We demonstrate that PDE1C is essential in driving cell proliferation, migration and invasion in GBM cultures since silencing of this gene significantly mitigates these functions. We also define the mechanistic basis of this functional effect through whole genome expression analysis by identifying down-stream gene effectors of PDE1C which are involved in cell cycle and cell adhesion regulation. In addition, we also demonstrate that Vinpocetine, a general PDE1 inhibitor, can also attenuate proliferation with no effect on invasion/migration. Up-regulation of at least one of this gene set (IL8, CXCL2, FOSB, NFE2L3, SUB1, SORBS2, WNT5A, and MMP1) in TCGA GBM cohorts is associated with worse outcome and PDE1C silencing down-regulated their expression, thus also indicating potential to influence patient survival. Therefore we conclude that proliferation, migration, and invasion of GBM cells could also be regulated downstream of PDE1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana B Rowther
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Weinbin Wei
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy P Dawson
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - Katherine Ashton
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - Anushree Singh
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - D G T Thomas
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London
| | - John L Darling
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Tracy Warr
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Abstract
Pharmacological concentrations of H2S donors inhibit some T cell functions by inhibiting mitochondrial function, but evidence is also emerging that H2S at physiological concentrations produced via chemical sources and endogenously is a positive physiological mediator of T cell function. Expression of the H2S biosynthetic enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is induced in response to T cell receptor signaling. Inhibiting the induction of these enzymes limits T cell activation and proliferation, which can be overcome by exposure to exogenous H2S at submicromolar concentrations. Exogenous H2S at physiological concentrations increases the ability of T cells to form an immunological synapse by altering cytoskeletal actin dynamics and increasing the reorientation of the microtubule-organizing center. Downstream, H2S enhances T cell receptor-dependent induction of CD69, CD25, and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression. The T cell stimulatory activity of H2S is enhanced under hypoxic conditions that limit its oxidative metabolism by mitochondrial and nonenzymatic processes. Studies of the receptor CD47 have revealed the first endogenous inhibitory signaling pathway that regulates H2S signaling in T cells. Binding of the secreted protein thrombospondin-1 to CD47 elicits signals that block the stimulatory activity of exogenous H2S on T cell activation and limit the induction of CSE and CBS gene expression. CD47 signaling thereby inhibits T cell receptor-mediated T cell activation.
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Ahmad F, Murata T, Shimizu K, Degerman E, Maurice D, Manganiello V. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: important signaling modulators and therapeutic targets. Oral Dis 2014; 21:e25-50. [PMID: 25056711 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
By catalyzing hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are critical regulators of their intracellular concentrations and their biological effects. As these intracellular second messengers control many cellular homeostatic processes, dysregulation of their signals and signaling pathways initiate or modulate pathophysiological pathways related to various disease states, including erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, acute refractory cardiac failure, intermittent claudication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and psoriasis. Alterations in expression of PDEs and PDE-gene mutations (especially mutations in PDE6, PDE8B, PDE11A, and PDE4) have been implicated in various diseases and cancer pathologies. PDEs also play important role in formation and function of multimolecular signaling/regulatory complexes, called signalosomes. At specific intracellular locations, individual PDEs, together with pathway-specific signaling molecules, regulators, and effectors, are incorporated into specific signalosomes, where they facilitate and regulate compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways and specific cellular functions. Currently, only a limited number of PDE inhibitors (PDE3, PDE4, PDE5 inhibitors) are used in clinical practice. Future paths to novel drug discovery include the crystal structure-based design approach, which has resulted in generation of more effective family-selective inhibitors, as well as burgeoning development of strategies to alter compartmentalized cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways by selectively targeting individual PDEs and their signalosome partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Abstract
Many G-protein-coupled receptors trigger the synthesis of cAMP in order to transduce signals from the membrane into the cell cytoplasm. As stimulation of each receptor type results in a specific physiological outcome, compartmentalization of proteins that make, break, and are activated by cAMP underpin receptor-specific responses. Until 2002, it was thought that static compartmentalization of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), conferred by N-terminal targeting sequences, was one way to shape intricate cAMP gradients that formed after receptor activation. Discovery of the PDE4-β-arrestin complex represented a major breakthrough in cAMP signaling, as it spurred the initial realization that PDE4s could be transported to sites of high cAMP to orchestrate destruction of the second messenger at the same time as the receptor's signal to the G-protein is silenced. This chapter charts the scientific process that led to the discovery and characterization of the PDE4-β-arrestin interaction and discusses the known functions of this signaling complex.
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21
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Bruzzese L, Fromonot J, By Y, Durand-Gorde JM, Condo J, Kipson N, Guieu R, Fenouillet E, Ruf J. NF-κB enhances hypoxia-driven T-cell immunosuppression via upregulation of adenosine A(2A) receptors. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1060-7. [PMID: 24486403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia affects inflammation by modulating T-cell activation via the adenosinergic system. We supposed that, in turn, inflammation influences cell hypoxic behavior and that stimulation of T-cells in inflammatory conditions involves the concerted action of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the related hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) on the adenosinergic system. We addressed this hypothesis by monitoring both transcription factors and four adenosinergic signaling parameters - namely adenosine, adenosine deaminase (ADA), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and cAMP - in T-cells stimulated using phorbol myristate acetate and phytohemagglutinin and submitted to hypoxic conditions which were mimicked using CoCl2 treatment. We found that cell viability was more altered in stimulated than in resting cells under hypoxia. Detailed analysis showed that: i) NF-κB activation remained at basal level in resting hypoxic cells but greatly increased following stimulation, stimulated hypoxic cells exhibiting the higher level; ii) HIF-1α production induced by hypoxia was boosted via NF-κB activation in stimulated cells whereas hypoxia increased HIF-1α production in resting cells without further activating NF-κB; iii) A2AR expression and cAMP production increased in stimulated hypoxic cells whereas adenosine level remained unchanged due to ADA regulation; and iv) the presence of H2S, an endogenous signaling molecule in inflammation, reversed the effect of stimulation on cell viability by down-regulating the activity of transcription factors and adenosinergic immunosuppression. We also found that: i) the specific A2AR agonist CGS-21680 increased the suppressive effect of hypoxia on stimulated T-cells, the antagonist ZM-241385 exhibiting the opposite effect; and ii) Rolipram, a selective inhibitor of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4, and 8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog which preferentially activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), increased T-cell immunosuppression whereas H-89, a potent and selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent PKA, restored cell viability. Together, these data indicate that inflammation enhances T-cell sensitivity to hypoxia via NF-κB activation. This process upregulates A2AR expression and enhances cAMP production and PKA activation, resulting in adenosinergic T-cell immunosuppression that can be modulated via H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Bruzzese
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Fromonot
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Youlet By
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Josée-Martine Durand-Gorde
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Jocelyne Condo
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Kipson
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Fenouillet
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Biologiques, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), France.
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Van Scott MR, Chandler J, Olmstead S, Brown JM, Mannie M. Airway Anatomy, Physiology, and Inflammation. THE TOXICANT INDUCTION OF IRRITANT ASTHMA, RHINITIS, AND RELATED CONDITIONS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
β-Arrestins regulate G protein-coupled receptors through receptor desensitization while also acting as signaling scaffolds to facilitate numerous effector pathways. Recent studies have provided evidence that β-arrestins play a key role in inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize these advances on the roles of β-arrestins in immune regulation and inflammatory responses under physiological and pathological conditions, with an emphasis on translational implications of β-arrestins on human diseases.
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