1
|
Pomin VH, Mulloy B. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010027. [PMID: 29495527 PMCID: PMC5874723 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this editorial to MDPI Pharmaceuticals special issue “Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans” we describe in outline the common structural features of glycosaminoglycans and the characteristics of proteoglycans, including the intracellular proteoglycan, serglycin, cell-surface proteoglycans, like syndecans and glypicans, and the extracellular matrix proteoglycans, like aggrecan, perlecan, and small leucine-rich proteoglycans. The context in which the pharmaceutical uses of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are presented in this special issue is given at the very end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Precipitation and Neutralization of Heparin from Different Sources by Protamine Sulfate. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030059. [PMID: 28671597 PMCID: PMC5620603 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic unfractionated heparin available in Europe and US is of porcine mucosal origin. There is now interest, specifically in the US, to use bovine mucosa as an additional source for the production of heparin. The anticoagulant action of heparin can be neutralized by protamine sulfate, and in this study the ability of protamine to bind and neutralize the anticoagulant activities of heparin from porcine mucosa, bovine mucosa and bovine lung were assessed. Protamine sulfate was able to bind and precipitate similar amounts of heparins from different sources on a mass basis. However, differential amounts of anticoagulant activities were neutralized by protamine sulfate, with neutralization of porcine mucosa more effective than for bovine lung and bovine mucosa. For all heparins, potentiation of thrombin inhibition by antithrombin and heparin cofactor II was preferentially neutralized over antithrombin-mediated inhibition of factor Xa or plasma clotting time. Whole blood thromboelastography showed that neutralization by protamine sulfate was more effective than the antithrombin dependent thrombin inhibition assays indicated. While there was no absolute correlation between average or peak molecular weight of heparin samples and neutralization of anticoagulant activity, correlation was observed between proportions of material with high affinity to antithrombin, specific activities and neutralization of activity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lever R, Smailbegovic A, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Gray E, Hogwood J, Francis SM, Richardson NV, Page CP, Mulloy B. Biochemical and functional characterization of glycosaminoglycans released from degranulating rat peritoneal mast cells: Insights into the physiological role of endogenous heparin. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 41:96-102. [PMID: 27816772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of commercially prepared heparin as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent in medicine are better understood than is the physiological role of heparin in its native form, where it is uniquely found in the secretory granules of mast cells. In the present study we have isolated and characterised the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) released from degranulating rat peritoneal mast cells. Analysis of the GAGs by NMR spectroscopy showed the presence of both heparin and the galactosaminoglycan dermatan sulphate; heparinase digestion profiles and measurements of anticoagulant activity were consistent with this finding. The rat peritoneal mast cell GAGs significantly inhibited accumulation of leukocytes in the rat peritoneal cavity in response to IL-1β (p < 0.05, n = 6/group), and inhibited adhesion and diapedesis of leukocytes in the inflamed rat cremasteric microcirculation in response to LPS (p < 0.001, n = 4/group). FTIR spectra of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were altered by treatment of the cells with heparin degrading enzymes, and restored by the addition of exogenous heparin. In conclusion, we have shown that rat peritoneal mast cells contain a mixture of GAGs that possess anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lever
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Amir Smailbegovic
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Stephen M Francis
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | | | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Longstaff C, Hogwood J, Gray E, Komorowicz E, Varjú I, Varga Z, Kolev K. Neutralisation of the anti-coagulant effects of heparin by histones in blood plasma and purified systems. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:591-9. [PMID: 26632486 DOI: 10.1160/th15-03-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed primarily of DNA and histones are a link between infection, inflammation and coagulation. NETs promote coagulation and approaches to destabilise NETs have been explored to reduce thrombosis and treat sepsis. Heparinoids bind histones and we report quantitative studies in plasma and purified systems to better understand physiological consequences. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) was investigated by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and alongside low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) in purified systems with thrombin or factor Xa (FXa) and antithrombin (AT) to measure the sensitivity of UFH or LMWH to histones. A method was developed to assess the effectiveness of DNA and non-anticoagulant heparinoids as anti-histones. Histones effectively neutralised UFH, the IC50 value for neutralisation of 0.2 IU/ml UFH was 1.8 µg/ml histones in APTT and 4.6 µg/ml against 0.6 IU/ml UFH in a purified system. Histones also inhibited the activities of LMWHs with thrombin (IC50 6.1 and 11.0 µg/ml histones, for different LMWHs) or FXa (IC50 7.8 and 7.0 µg/ml histones). Direct interactions of UFH and LMWH with DNA and histones were explored by surface plasmon resonance, while rheology studies showed complex effects of histones, UFH and LMWH on clot resilience. A conclusion from these studies is that anticoagulation by UFH and LMWH will be compromised by high affinity binding to circulating histones even in the presence of DNA. A complete understanding of the effects of histones, DNA and heparins on the haemostatic system must include an appreciation of direct effects on fibrin and clot structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Longstaff
- Colin Longstaff, Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, S Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK, Tel.: +44 1707 641253, Fax: +44 1707 641050, E-Mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sidhu PS, Abdel Aziz MH, Sarkar A, Mehta AY, Zhou Q, Desai UR. Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Exosite 2 features multiple subsites that can be targeted by sulfated small molecules for inducing inhibition. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5059-70. [PMID: 23718540 DOI: 10.1021/jm400369q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently designed a group of novel exosite-2-directed sulfated, small, allosteric inhibitors of thrombin. To develop more potent inhibitors, monosulfated benzofuran tri- and tetrameric homologues of the parent designed dimers were synthesized in seven to eight steps and found to exhibit a wide range of potencies. Among these, trimer 9a was found to be nearly 10-fold more potent than the first generation molecules. Michaelis-Menten studies indicated an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. Competitive studies using a hirudin peptide (exosite 1 ligand) and unfractionated heparin, heparin octasaccharide, and γ'-fibrinogen peptide (exosite 2 ligands) demonstrated exosite 2 recognition in a manner different from that of the parent dimers. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of 12 Arg/Lys residues of exosite 2 revealed a defect in 9a potency for Arg233Ala thrombin only confirming the major difference in site of recognition between the two structurally related sulfated benzofurans. The results suggest that multiple avenues are available within exosite 2 for inducing thrombin inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetpal Singh Sidhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell-specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective-tissue-type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS-based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zulueta MML, Lin SY, Hung SC. Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Based on Heparin and Heparan Sulfate. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2013. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.25.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|