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Bonnet S, Guieu C, Taillandier V, Boulart C, Bouruet-Aubertot P, Gazeau F, Scalabrin C, Bressac M, Knapp AN, Cuypers Y, González-Santana D, Forrer HJ, Grisoni JM, Grosso O, Habasque J, Jardin-Camps M, Leblond N, Le Moigne FAC, Lebourges-Dhaussy A, Lory C, Nunige S, Pulido-Villena E, Rizzo AL, Sarthou G, Tilliette C. Natural iron fertilization by shallow hydrothermal sources fuels diazotroph blooms in the ocean. Science 2023; 380:812-817. [PMID: 37228198 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that regulates productivity in ~30% of the ocean. Compared with deep (>2000 meter) hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges that provide iron to the ocean's interior, shallow (<500 meter) hydrothermal fluids are likely to influence the surface's ecosystem. However, their effect is unknown. In this work, we show that fluids emitted along the Tonga volcanic arc (South Pacific) have a substantial impact on iron concentrations in the photic layer through vertical diffusion. This enrichment stimulates biological activity, resulting in an extensive patch of chlorophyll (360,000 square kilometers). Diazotroph activity is two to eight times higher and carbon export fluxes are two to three times higher in iron-enriched waters than in adjacent unfertilized waters. Such findings reveal a previously undescribed mechanism of natural iron fertilization in the ocean that fuels regional hotspot sinks for atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bonnet
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Guieu
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Taillandier
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Boulart
- Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne University, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Gazeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Carla Scalabrin
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, UMR 6538 Geo-Ocean, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Matthieu Bressac
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Angela N Knapp
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yannis Cuypers
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne University, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David González-Santana
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Heather J Forrer
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Grisoni
- Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, IMEV, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier Grosso
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Jérémie Habasque
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leblond
- Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, IMEV, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Frédéric A C Le Moigne
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Caroline Lory
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Nunige
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | | | - Andrea L Rizzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chloé Tilliette
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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2
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Widespread six degrees Celsius cooling on land during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 2021; 593:228-232. [PMID: 33981051 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, the coldest multimillennial interval of the last glacial period) is an important constraint for evaluating estimates of Earth's climate sensitivity1,2. Reliable LGM temperatures come from high-latitude ice cores3,4, but substantial disagreement exists between proxy records in the low latitudes1,5-8, where quantitative low-elevation records on land are scarce. Filling this data gap, noble gases in ancient groundwater record past land surface temperatures through a direct physical relationship that is rooted in their temperature-dependent solubility in water9,10. Dissolved noble gases are suitable tracers of LGM temperature because of their complete insensitivity to biological and chemical processes and the ubiquity of LGM-aged groundwater around the globe11,12. However, although several individual noble gas studies have found substantial tropical LGM cooling13-16, they have used different methodologies and provide limited spatial coverage. Here we use noble gases in groundwater to show that the low-altitude, low-to-mid-latitude land surface (45 degrees south to 35 degrees north) cooled by 5.8 ± 0.6 degrees Celsius (mean ± 95% confidence interval) during the LGM. Our analysis includes four decades of groundwater noble gas data from six continents, along with new records from the tropics, all of which were interpreted using the same physical framework. Our land-based result broadly supports a recent reconstruction based on marine proxy data assimilation1 that suggested greater climate sensitivity than previous estimates5-7.
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3
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Kamdee K, Corcho Alvarado JA, Occarach O, Hunyek V, Wongsit A, Saengkorakot C, Chanruang P, Polee C, Khaweerat S, Matiatos I, Matsumoto T. Application of isotope techniques to study groundwater resources in the unconsolidated aquifers along the Ping River (Thailand) . ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2020; 56:95-110. [PMID: 32174280 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2020.1739672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe droughts during the dry season and floodings during the rainy season are among the major problems encountered in the valleys along the Ping River in Thailand. Improving our understanding of the groundwater resources in this agricultural area is an important issue for the sustainable development of the region. Hence, in order to gain understanding on the groundwater flow dynamics in the unconsolidated shallow aquifers along the Ping River, stable (13C, 18O, 2H, noble gases) and radioactive (3H, 14C) isotope techniques were combined with hydrogeochemical tools. The comprehensive interpretation of the chemical and isotope data consistently showed different origins for groundwater in the northern and southern areas of the investigated aquifers. Groundwaters in the northern part have younger 3H/3He ages, are less mineralized, and have suffered a stronger evaporation than groundwaters in the southern part of the aquifer. Overall, our results are consistent with the hydrogeological situation of the investigated area, namely shallow groundwaters and a spatially extended recharge. 3H/3He apparent ages indicated that young groundwater (<50 years) is present in all the investigated wells. Elevated concentrations of some pollutants (nitrate and phosphate) in parts of the aquifer evidenced a relatively high vulnerability of the aquifer to surface pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - O Occarach
- Department of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanachawan Hunyek
- Department of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Wongsit
- Department of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Saengkorakot
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Chanruang
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Polee
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Khaweerat
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ioannis Matiatos
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Seltzer AM, Ng J, Danskin WR, Kulongoski JT, Gannon RS, Stute M, Severinghaus JP. Deglacial water-table decline in Southern California recorded by noble gas isotopes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5739. [PMID: 31844053 PMCID: PMC6915717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraining the magnitude of past hydrological change may improve understanding and predictions of future shifts in water availability. Here we demonstrate that water-table depth, a sensitive indicator of hydroclimate, can be quantitatively reconstructed using Kr and Xe isotopes in groundwater. We present the first-ever measurements of these dissolved noble gas isotopes in groundwater at high precision (≤0.005‰ amu-1; 1σ), which reveal depth-proportional signals set by gravitational settling in soil air at the time of recharge. Analyses of California groundwater successfully reproduce modern groundwater levels and indicate a 17.9 ± 1.3 m (±1 SE) decline in water-table depth in Southern California during the last deglaciation. This hydroclimatic transition from the wetter glacial period to more arid Holocene accompanies a surface warming of 6.2 ± 0.6 °C (±1 SE). This new hydroclimate proxy builds upon an existing paleo-temperature application of noble gases and may identify regions prone to future hydrological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Seltzer
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jessica Ng
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wesley R Danskin
- California Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Justin T Kulongoski
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- California Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Riley S Gannon
- California Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Martin Stute
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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5
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Abstract
We show by molecular dynamics simulations that the friction constant of a freely diffusing methane molecule in explicit water increases with the methane mass by a factor of up to 1.8 in the infinite mass limit compared to the massless limit. This effect is rationalized by the mass dependence of the friction memory kernel which is extracted from the simulation data by mapping on the generalized Langevin equation. On the basis of the mass-dependent memory kernels, we obtain perfect agreement between simulation results and analytic predictions for both mean-square displacements and force autocorrelation functions. The memory kernels, which account for methane interactions with the solvent, decay significantly slower with increasing methane mass. The mass-dependent friction is correlated with the mean escape time of water molecules from the first hydration shell, which increases monotonically with the methane mass by a factor of 3 over the mass range considered. Our proposed scaling expression allows the direct prediction of diffusion constants for stable methane isotopes, which will help to better understand bacterial methane isotope fractionation. Our scaling analysis suggests that mass-dependent friction will be relevant also for larger solutes in sufficiently viscous solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Daldrop
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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6
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Tomonaga Y, Brennwald MS, Livingstone DM, Kwiecien O, Randlett MÈ, Stockhecke M, Unwin K, Anselmetti FS, Beer J, Haug GH, Schubert CJ, Sturm M, Kipfer R. Porewater salinity reveals past lake-level changes in Lake Van, the Earth's largest soda lake. Sci Rep 2017; 7:313. [PMID: 28331216 PMCID: PMC5428207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In closed-basin lakes, sediment porewater salinity can potentially be used as a conservative tracer to reconstruct past fluctuations in lake level. However, until now, porewater salinity profiles did not allow quantitative estimates of past lake-level changes because, in contrast to the oceans, significant salinity changes (e.g., local concentration minima and maxima) had never been observed in lacustrine sediments. Here we show that the salinity measured in the sediment pore water of Lake Van (Turkey) allows straightforward reconstruction of two major transgressions and a major regression that occurred during the last 250 ka. We observed strong changes in the vertical salinity profiles of the pore water of the uppermost 100 m of the sediments in Lake Van. As the salinity balance of Lake Van is almost at steady-state, these salinity changes indicate major lake-level changes in the past. In line with previous studies on lake terraces and with seismic and sedimentological surveys, we identify two major transgressions of up to +105 m with respect to the current lake level at about 135 ka BP and 248 ka BP starting at the onset of the two previous interglacials (MIS5e and MIS7), and a major regression of about −200 m at about 30 ka BP during the last ice age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yama Tomonaga
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and DrinkingWater, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan. .,Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and DrinkingWater, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - David M Livingstone
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and DrinkingWater, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Olga Kwiecien
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and DrinkingWater, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Geological Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Ève Randlett
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Seestrasse 79, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mona Stockhecke
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Katie Unwin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Flavio S Anselmetti
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Beer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gerald H Haug
- Geological Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten J Schubert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Seestrasse 79, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Sturm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Surface Water Research and Management, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and DrinkingWater, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Brennwald MS, Schmidt M, Oser J, Kipfer R. A Portable and Autonomous Mass Spectrometric System for On-Site Environmental Gas Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13455-13463. [PMID: 27993051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a portable mass spectrometric system ("miniRuedi") for quantificaton of the partial pressures of He, Ne (in dry gas), Ar, Kr, N2, O2, CO2, and CH4 in gaseous and aqueous matrices in environmental systems with an analytical uncertainty of 1-3%. The miniRuedi does not require any purification or other preparation of the sampled gases and therefore allows maintenance-free and autonomous operation. The apparatus is most suitable for on-site gas analysis during field work and at remote locations due to its small size (60 cm × 40 cm × 14 cm), low weight (13 kg), and low power consumption (50 W). The gases are continuously sampled and transferred through a capillary pressure reduction system into a vacuum chamber, where they are analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a time resolution of ≲1 min. The low gas consumption rate (<0.1 mL/min) minimizes interference with the natural mass balance of gases in environmental systems, and allows the unbiased quantification of dissolved-gas concentrations in water by gas/water equilibration using membrane contractors (gas-equilibrium membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, GE-MIMS). The performance of the miniRuedi is demonstrated in laboratory and field tests, and its utility is illustrated in field applications related to soil-gas formation, lake/atmosphere gas exchange, and seafloor gas emanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Brennwald
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mark Schmidt
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julian Oser
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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8
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Flude S, Johnson G, Gilfillan SMV, Haszeldine RS. Inherent Tracers for Carbon Capture and Storage in Sedimentary Formations: Composition and Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7939-7955. [PMID: 27379462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inherent tracers-the "natural" isotopic and trace gas composition of captured CO2 streams-are potentially powerful tracers for use in CCS technology. This review outlines for the first time the expected carbon isotope and noble gas compositions of captured CO2 streams from a range of feedstocks, CO2-generating processes, and carbon capture techniques. The C-isotope composition of captured CO2 will be most strongly controlled by the feedstock, but significant isotope fractionation is possible during capture; noble gas concentrations will be controlled by the capture technique employed. Comparison with likely baseline data suggests that CO2 generated from fossil fuel feedstocks will often have δ(13)C distinguishable from storage reservoir CO2. Noble gases in amine-captured CO2 streams are likely to be low concentration, with isotopic ratios dependent on the feedstock, but CO2 captured from oxyfuel plants may be strongly enriched in Kr and Xe which are potentially valuable subsurface tracers. CO2 streams derived from fossil fuels will have noble gas isotope ratios reflecting a radiogenic component that will be difficult to distinguish in the storage reservoir, but inheritance of radiogenic components will provide an easily recognizable signature in the case of any unplanned migration into shallow aquifers or to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Flude
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute , King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K
- Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre , Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride G75 0QF, U.K
| | - Gareth Johnson
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute , King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K
| | - Stuart M V Gilfillan
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute , King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K
| | - R Stuart Haszeldine
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute , King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K
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9
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Manning CC, Stanley RHR, Lott DE. Continuous Measurements of Dissolved Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe Ratios with a Field-Deployable Gas Equilibration Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3040-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara C. Manning
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Rachel H. R. Stanley
- Department
of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Dempsey E. Lott
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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10
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Sander T, Marx T, Engel J, Aeschbach-Hertig W. Reproducibility and accuracy of noble gas measurements on water samples in the microlitre range. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:42-48. [PMID: 24285389 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to derive meaningful noble gas temperatures (NGTs) from speleothem fluid inclusions, precise and accurate measurements of noble gas concentrations on very small water samples are necessary. To optimise these measurements and their reliability, an investigation of the reproducibility and accuracy of the analytical procedure is essential. METHODS Water equilibrated with air under controlled conditions was filled into copper capillaries to produce small (about 1 μL) air-equilibrated water samples (so-called μAEWs). As speleothem samples, the μAEWs were opened in a crusher and the released noble gases analysed with an electron ionisation sector field mass spectrometer run in static mode. For better comparability with speleothem samples, a defined amount of air was added to the noble gases derived from one group of μAEWs. RESULTS The reproducibility of the experimental procedure was found to be better than 2.2% for all relevant noble gases. Within these uncertainties, the measured noble gas concentrations of μAEWs agree with expectations. The corresponding NGTs reproduce within 0.5°C and deviate by less than 1°C from the equilibration temperature. In the case of air addition, the air to water ratio was determined accurately and, excluding one outlier, the NGTs were determined with a reproducibility and accuracy well below 1°C. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the used measurement procedure is generally suitable to reveal major climatic temperature changes, for which an overall NGT error of less than 1°C is desirable, from very small water samples as obtained from speleothem fluid inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sander
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Brennwald MS, Hofer M, Kipfer R. Simultaneous analysis of noble gases, sulfur hexafluoride, and other dissolved gases in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8599-8608. [PMID: 23826704 DOI: 10.1021/es401698p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed an analytical method for the simultaneous measurement of dissolved He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, SF6, N2, and O2 concentrations in a single water sample. The gases are extracted from the water using a head space technique and are transferred into a vacuum system for purification and separation into different fractions using a series of cold traps. Helium is analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). The remaining gas species are analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for analysis of Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, and O2 and an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for SF6 analysis. Standard errors of the gas concentrations are approximately 8% for He and 2-5% for the remaining gas species. The method can be extended to also measure concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Tests of the method in Lake Lucerne (Switzerland) showed that dissolved gas concentrations agree with measurements from other methods and concentrations of air saturated water. In a small artificial pond, we observed systematic gas supersaturations, which seem to be linked to adsorption of solar irradiation in the pond and to water circulation through a gravel bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Brennwald
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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