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Kim YC, Yoo HW, Park BG, Sarak S, Hahn JS, Kim BG, Yun H. One-Pot Biocatalytic Route from Alkanes to α,ω-Diamines by Whole-Cell Consortia of Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica and Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2024. [PMID: 38912892 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Metabolically engineered microbial consortia can contribute as a promising production platform for the supply of polyamide monomers. To date, the biosynthesis of long-chain α,ω-diamines from n-alkanes is challenging because of the inert nature of n-alkanes and the complexity of the overall synthesis pathway. We combined an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica module with Escherichia coli modules to obtain a mixed strain microbial consortium that could catalyze an efficient biotransformation of n-alkanes into corresponding α,ω-diamines. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain was constructed (YALI10) wherein the two genes responsible for β-oxidation and the five genes responsible for the overoxidation of fatty aldehydes were deleted. This newly constructed YALI10 strain expressing transaminase (TA) could produce 0.2 mM 1,12-dodecanediamine (40.1 mg/L) from 10 mM n-dodecane. The microbial consortia comprising engineered Y. lipolytica strains for the oxidation of n-alkanes (OM) and an E. coli amination module (AM) expressing an aldehyde reductase (AHR) and transaminase (TA) improved the production of 1,12-diamine up to 1.95 mM (391 mg/L) from 10 mM n-dodecane. Finally, combining the E. coli reduction module (RM) expressing a carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and an sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase with OM and AM further improved the production of 1,12-diamine by catalyzing the reduction of undesired 1,12-diacids into 1,12-diols, which further undergo amination to give 1,12-diamine as the target product. This newly constructed mixed strain consortium comprising three modules in one pot gave 4.1 mM (41%; 816 mg/L) 1,12-diaminododecane from 10 mM n-dodecane. The whole-cell consortia reported herein present an elegant "greener" alternative for the biosynthesis of various α,ω-diamines (C8, C10, C12, and C14) from corresponding n-alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- Manufacfuring development, Pyeongtaek plant, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Pyeontaek 17118, South Korea
| | - Beom Gi Park
- CutisBio Co., Ltd., 8F Apgujeong B/D, 842 Nonhyeon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sharad Sarak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul campus, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States of America
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Utilization of n-alkane and roles of lipid transfer proteins in Yarrowia lipolytica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:97. [PMID: 36781616 PMCID: PMC9925530 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica, a dimorphic yeast belonging to the Ascomycota, has potent abilities to utilize hydrophobic compounds, such as n-alkanes and fatty acids, as carbon and energy sources. Yarrowia lipolytica can synthesize and accumulate large amounts of lipids, making it a promising host to produce various lipids and convert n-alkanes to useful compounds. For advanced use of Y. lipolytica in these applications, it is necessary to understand the metabolism of these hydrophobic compounds in this yeast and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, current knowledge on the n-alkane metabolism and how this is regulated in Y. lipolytica is summarized. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lipid transfer proteins are involved in the utilization of n-alkanes and the regulation of cell morphology in response to n-alkanes. This review discusses the roles of membrane lipids in these processes in Y. lipolytica.
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OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6522173. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Tenagy, Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Shiwa Y, Yoshikawa H, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R, Kajiwara S. Acyl-CoA synthetases, Aal4 and Aal7, are involved in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids in Yarrowia lipolytica. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:9-14. [PMID: 33100277 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica assimilates hydrophobic compounds, such as n-alkanes and fatty acids, as sole carbon and energy sources. It has been shown that the acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) genes, FAT1 and FAA1, are involved in the activation of fatty acids produced during the metabolism of n-alkanes, but the ACS genes that are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids from the culture medium remains to be identified. In this paper, we have identified the ACS genes involved in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that the transcript levels of the peroxisomal ACS-like protein-encoding genes AAL4 and AAL7 were increased in the presence of oleic acid. The single deletion mutant of AAL4 or AAL7 and double deletion mutant of AAL4 and AAL7 did not show any defects in the growth on the medium containing glucose, glycerol, n-alkanes, or fatty acids. In contrast, the mutant with deletion of seven genes, FAA1, FAT1-FAT4, AAL4, and AAL7, showed severe growth defects on the medium containing dodecanoic acid or oleic acid. These results suggest that Aal4p and Aal7p play important roles in the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in collaboration with Faa1p and Fat1p-Fat4p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenagy
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Ryo Iwama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Yuh Shiwa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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A 37-amino acid loop in the Yarrowia lipolytica hexokinase impacts its activity and affinity and modulates gene expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6412. [PMID: 33742083 PMCID: PMC7979807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a potent cell factory as it is able to use a wide variety of carbon sources to convert waste materials into value-added products. Nonetheless, there are still gaps in our understanding of its central carbon metabolism. Here we present an in-depth study of Y. lipolytica hexokinase (YlHxk1), a structurally unique protein. The greatest peculiarity of YlHxk1 is a 37-amino acid loop region, a structure not found in any other known hexokinases. By combining bioinformatic and experimental methods we showed that the loop in YlHxk1 is essential for activity of this protein and through that on growth of Y. lipolytica on glucose and fructose. We further proved that the loop in YlHxk1 hinders binding with trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), a glycolysis inhibitor, as hexokinase with partial deletion of this region is 4.7-fold less sensitive to this molecule. We also found that YlHxk1 devoid of the loop causes strong repressive effect on lipase-encoding genes LIP2 and LIP8 and that the hexokinase overexpression in Y. lipolytica changes glycerol over glucose preference when cultivated in media containing both substrates.
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Mamaev D, Zvyagilskaya R. Yarrowia lipolytica: a multitalented yeast species of ecological significance. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6141120. [PMID: 33595651 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is characterized by GRAS (Generally regarded as safe) status, the versatile substrate utilization profile, rapid utilization rates, metabolic diversity and flexibility, the unique abilities to tolerate to extreme environments (acidic, alkaline, hypersaline, heavy metal-pollutions and others) and elevated biosynthesis and secreting capacities. These advantages of Y. lipolytica allow us to consider it as having great ecological significance. Unfortunately, there is still a paucity of relevant review data. This mini-review highlights ecological ubiquity of Y. lipolytica species, their ability to diversify and colonize specialized niches. Different Y. lipolytica strains, native and engineered, are beneficial in degrading many environmental pollutants causing serious ecological problems worldwide. In agriculture has a potential to be a bio-control agent by stimulating plant defense response, and an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer. Engineered strains of Y. lipolytica have become a very promising platform for eco-friendly production of biofuel, commodities, chemicals and secondary metabolites of plant origin, obtaining which by other method were limited or economically infeasible, or were accompanied by stringent environmental problems. Perspectives to use potential of Y. lipolytica's capacities for industrial scale production of valuable compounds in an eco-friendly manner are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Mamaev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Renata Zvyagilskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
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Theron CW, Labuschagné M, Albertyn J, Smit MS. Heterologous coexpression of the benzoate-para-hydroxylase CYP53B1 with different cytochrome P450 reductases in various yeasts. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1126-1138. [PMID: 30341814 PMCID: PMC6801163 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are enzymes with high potential as biocatalysts for industrial applications. Their large-scale applications are, however, limited by instability and requirement for coproteins and/or expensive cofactors. These problems are largely overcome when whole cells are used as biocatalysts. We previously screened various yeast species heterologously expressing self-sufficient P450s for their potential as whole-cell biocatalysts. Most P450s are, however, not self-sufficient and consist of two or three protein component systems. Therefore, in the present study, we screened different yeast species for coexpression of P450 and P450-reductase (CPR) partners, using CYP53B1 from Rhodotorula minuta as an exemplary P450. The abilities of three different coexpressed CPR partners to support P450 activity were investigated, two from basidiomycetous origin and one from an ascomycete. The various P450-CPR combinations were cloned into strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica and Arxula adeninivorans, using a broad-range yeast expression vector. The results obtained supported the previous finding that recombinant A. adeninivorans strains perform excellently as whole-cell biocatalysts. This study also demonstrated for the first time the P450 reductase activity of the CPRs from R. minuta and U. maydis. A very interesting observation was the variation in the supportive activity provided by the different reductase partners tested and demonstrated better P450 activity enhancement by a heterologous CPR compared to its natural partner CPR. This study highlights reductase selection as a critical variable for consideration in the pursuit of optimal P450-based catalytic systems. The usefulness of A. adeninivorans as both a host for recombinant P450s and whole-cell biocatalyst was emphasized, supporting earlier findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispian W. Theron
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- South African DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*changeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Michel Labuschagné
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Martha S. Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- South African DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*changeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Qiu S, Zeng B. Advances in understanding of the oxysterol-binding protein homologous in yeast and filamentous fungi. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:169-179. [PMID: 30810998 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein is an important non-vesicular trafficking protein involved in the transportation of lipids in eukaryotic cells. Oxysterol-binding protein is identified as oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) in mammals and oxysterol-binding protein homologue (Osh) in yeast. Research has described the function and structure of oxysterol-binding protein in mammals and yeast, but little information about the protein's structure and function in filamentous fungi has been reported. This article focuses on recent advances in the research of Osh proteins in yeast and filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus nidulans, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, we point out some problems in the field, summarizing the membrane contact sites (MCS) of Osh proteins in yeast, and consider the future of Osh protein development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Abdala AF, Gallardo AP, Olvera LG, Silva EME. Hydrolysis of carotenoid esters from Tagetes erecta by the action of lipases from Yarrowia lipolytica. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017; 4:5. [PMID: 28133596 PMCID: PMC5236077 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-016-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of carotenoid esters from Tagetes erecta using lipases from the yeast of Yarrowia lipolytica, with the aim of obtaining free lutein. The optimal concentrations of seven nutrients, considering the production of lipases relative to biomass (Yp/x) as the response variable, were determined in flask fermentations. In addition, we studied the effect on hydrolysis of growing Y. lipolytica in the presence of the oleoresin of the marigold flower in flask and stirred tank. Furthermore, hydrolysis of the oleoresin using the lipases from this microorganism was compared with the hydrolysis using lipases from Rhizopus oryzae. Cultured in the presence of marigold oleoresin, Y. lipolytica showed an increase in free carotenoids of 12.41% in flask and 8.8% in stirred tank, representing a fourfold and a threefold increase compared to the initial value in the fermentation, respectively. When lipases from the supernatant from both microorganisms were used for only 14 h hydrolysis experiments, a slight increase was achieved compared to a blank. We concluded that carotenoid esters of the oleoresin could not be completely hydrolyzed in 14 h by these lipases, but that growing Y. lipolytica in the presence of marigold oleoresin gives until fourfold production of free carotenoids in 72 h fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Figueiras Abdala
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A.G. Cubas s/n, 38010 Celaya, Gto Mexico
| | - Alfonso Pérez Gallardo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, 76010 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro de Arteaga Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Guevara Olvera
- Departamento de ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A.G. Cubas s/n, 38010 Celaya, Gto Mexico
| | - Eleazar Máximo Escamilla Silva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A.G. Cubas s/n, 38010 Celaya, Gto Mexico
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Kobayashi S, Tezaki S, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R, Ohta A. Acidic phospholipid-independent interaction of Yas3p, an Opi1-family transcriptional repressor ofYarrowia lipolytica, with the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast 2015; 32:691-701. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Tezaki
- Department of Biotechnology; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Akinori Ohta
- Department of Biotechnology; The University of Tokyo; Japan
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Tenagy, Park JS, Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Ohta A, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R. Involvement of acyl-CoA synthetase genes in n-alkane assimilation and fatty acid utilization in yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov031. [PMID: 26019148 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the roles of YAL1 (FAA1) and FAT1 encoding acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) and three additional orthologs of ACS genes FAT2-FAT4 of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in the assimilation or utilization of n-alkanes and fatty acids. ACS deletion mutants were generated to characterize their function. The FAT1 deletion mutant exhibited decreased growth on n-alkanes of 10-18 carbons, whereas the FAA1 mutant showed growth reduction on n-alkane of 16 carbons. However, FAT2-FAT4 deletion mutants did not show any growth defects, suggesting that FAT1 and FAA1 are involved in the activation of fatty acids produced during the metabolism of n-alkanes. In contrast, deletions of FAA1 and FAT1-FAT4 conferred no defect in growth on fatty acids. The wild-type strain grew in the presence of cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, by utilizing exogenously added fatty acid or fatty acid derived from n-alkane when oleic acid or n-alkane of 18 carbons was supplemented. However, the FAA1 deletion mutant did not grow, indicating a critical role for FAA1 in the utilization of fatty acids. Fluorescent microscopic observation and biochemical analyses suggested that Fat1p is present in the peroxisome and Faa1p is localized in the cytosol and to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenagy
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Seok Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akinori Ohta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Lane S, Zhang S, Wei N, Rao C, Jin YS. Development and physiological characterization of cellobiose-consuming Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1012-22. [PMID: 25421388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising production host for a wide range of molecules, but limited sugar consumption abilities prevent utilization of an abundant source of renewable feedstocks. In this study we created a Y. lipolytica strain capable of utilizing cellobiose as a sole carbon source by using endogenous promoters to express the cellodextrin transporter cdt-1 and intracellular β-glucosidase gh1-1 from Neurospora crassa. The engineered strain was also capable of simultaneous co-consumption of glucose and cellobiose. Although cellobiose was consumed slower than glucose when engineered strains were cultured with excess nitrogen, culturing with limited nitrogen led to cellobiose consumption rates comparable to those of glucose. Under limited nitrogen conditions, the engineered strain produced citric acid as a major product and we observed greater citric acid yields from cellobiose (0.37 g/g) than glucose (0.28 g/g). Culturing with a sole carbon source of either glucose or cellobiose induced additional differences on cell physiology and metabolism and a link is suggested to evasion of glucose-sensing mechanisms through intracellular creation and consumption of glucose. We ultimately applied this cellobiose-utilization system to produce citric acid from bioconversion of crystalline cellulose through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lane
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801; Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinios, 61801; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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