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Kuitio C, Rasri N, Kiriwan D, Unajak S, Choowongkomon K. Development of a biosensor from aptamers for detection of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e79. [PMID: 33016024 PMCID: PMC7533388 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the pork industry of Thailand faced an epidemic of highly virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which spread throughout Southeast Asia, including the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Cambodia. Hence, the rapid and on-site screening of infected pigs on a farm is essential. OBJECTIVES To develop the new aptamer as a biosensor for detection PRRSV which are rapid and on-site screening of infected pig. METHODS New aptamers against PRSSV were identified using the combined techniques of capillary electrophoresis, colorimetric assay by gold nanoparticles, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). RESULTS Thirty-six candidate aptamers of the PRRSV were identified from the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) by capillary electrophoresis. Only 8 out of 36 aptamers could bind to the PRSSV, as shown in a colorimetric assay. Of the 8 aptamers tested, only the 1F aptamer could bind specifically to the PRSSV when presented with the classical swine fever virus and a pseudo rabies virus. The QCM was used to confirm the specificity and sensitivity of the 1F aptamer with a detection limit of 1.87 × 1010 particles. CONCLUSIONS SELEX screening of the aptamer equipped with capillary electrophoresis potentially revealed promising candidates for detecting the PRRSV. The 1F aptamer exhibited the highest specificity and selectivity against the PRRSV. These findings suggest that 1F is a promising aptamer for further developing a novel PRRSV rapid detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakpetch Kuitio
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Natchaya Rasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Kiriwan
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Moxley RA, Francis DH, Tamura M, Marx DB, Santiago-Mateo K, Zhao M. Efficacy of Urtoxazumab (TMA-15 Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Shiga Toxin 2) Against Post-Diarrheal Neurological Sequelae Caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in the Neonatal Gnotobiotic Piglet Model. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020049. [PMID: 28134751 PMCID: PMC5331429 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in human patients, with brain damage and dysfunction the main cause of acute death. We evaluated the efficacy of urtoxazumab (TMA-15, Teijin Pharma Limited), a humanized monoclonal antibody against Shiga toxin (Stx) 2 for the prevention of brain damage, dysfunction, and death in a piglet EHEC infection model. Forty-five neonatal gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated orally with 3 × 109 colony-forming units of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 (Stx1+, Stx2+) when 22–24 h old. At 24 h post-inoculation, piglets were intraperitoneally administered placebo or TMA-15 (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg body weight). Compared to placebo (n = 10), TMA-15 (n = 35) yielded a significantly greater probability of survival, length of survival, and weight gain (p <0.05). The efficacy of TMA-15 against brain lesions and death was 62.9% (p = 0.0004) and 71.4% (p = 0.0004), respectively. These results suggest that TMA-15 may potentially prevent or reduce vascular necrosis and infarction of the brain attributable to Stx2 in human patients acutely infected with EHEC. However, we do not infer that TMA-15 treatment will completely protect human patients infected with EHEC O157:H7 strains that produce both Stx1 and Stx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Mizuho Tamura
- Teijin Pharma Limited, Pharmacology Research Department, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
| | - David B Marx
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Kristina Santiago-Mateo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Box 640 TWP Rd 9-1, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Mojun Zhao
- Valley Pathologists, Inc., 1100 South Main Street, Suite 308, Dayton, OH 45409, USA.
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Meyerholz DK. Lessons learned from the cystic fibrosis pig. Theriogenology 2016; 86:427-32. [PMID: 27142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Deficient function in the anion channel cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator is the fundamental cause for CF. This is a monogenic condition that causes lesions in several organs including the respiratory tract, pancreas, liver, intestines, and reproductive tract. Lung disease is most notable, given it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with CF. Shortly after the identification of CF transmembrane conductance regulator, CF mouse models were developed that did not show spontaneous lung disease as seen in humans, and this spurred development of additional CF animal models. Pig models were considered a leading choice for several reasons including their similarity to humans in respiratory anatomy, physiology, and in size for translational imaging. The first CF pig models were reported in 2008 and have been extremely valuable to help clarify persistent questions in the field and advance understanding of disease pathogenesis. Because CF pigs are susceptible to lung disease like humans, they have direct utility in translational research. In addition, CF pig models are useful to compare and contrast with current CF mouse models, human clinical studies, and even newer CF animal models being characterized. This "triangulation" strategy could help identify genetic differences that underlie phenotypic variations, so as to focus and accelerate translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Crapo PM, Medberry CJ, Reing JE, Tottey S, van der Merwe Y, Jones KE, Badylak SF. Biologic scaffolds composed of central nervous system extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3539-47. [PMID: 22341938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Acellular biologic scaffolds are commonly used to facilitate the constructive remodeling of three of the four traditional tissue types: connective, epithelial, and muscle tissues. However, the application of extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds to neural tissue has been limited, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS) where intrinsic regenerative potential is low. The ability of decellularized liver, lung, muscle, and other tissues to support tissue-specific cell phenotype and function suggests that CNS-derived biologic scaffolds may help to overcome barriers to mammalian CNS repair. A method was developed to create CNS ECM scaffolds from porcine optic nerve, spinal cord, and brain, with decellularization verified against established criteria. CNS ECM scaffolds retained neurosupportive proteins and growth factors and, when tested with the PC12 cell line in vitro, were cytocompatible and stimulated proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Urinary bladder ECM (a non-CNS ECM scaffold) was also cytocompatible and stimulated PC12 proliferation but inhibited migration rather than acting as a chemoattractant over the same concentration range while inducing greater rates of PC12 differentiation compared to CNS ECM. These results suggest that CNS ECM may provide tissue-specific advantages in CNS regenerative medicine applications and that ECM scaffolds in general may aid functional recovery after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Crapo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Resendes AR, Majó N, van den Ingh TSGAM, Mateu E, Domingo M, Calsamiglia M, Segalés J. Apoptosis in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) hepatitis in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Vet J 2010; 189:72-6. [PMID: 20817515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The degree of apoptosis in the livers of pigs with hepatitis due to naturally-occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemical detection of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 (CCasp3). The amount and distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virus in the liver was evaluated using in situ hybridisation. Livers with mild, stage I hepatitis exhibited similar degrees of apoptosis to controls; those with stage II lesions had variable apoptotic rates, ranging from mild to high, and in livers with more severe, stage III hepatitis, high levels of hepatocyte apoptosis was a feature. Statistical analyses indicated a positive association between the rate of apoptosis, the severity of the hepatitis and the amount of PCV2 DNA in the liver. Double immunolabelling for CCasp3 and PCV2 DNA revealed a predominance of cells labelling only for PCV2, followed by fewer cells labelling only for CCasp3, and the least number labelling for both. The findings suggest that apoptosis, possibly triggered by PCV2 infection and/or hepatic inflammation, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis in pigs with naturally-occurring PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Resendes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Myers SE, LaRue R, Shaw DP, Love BC, M KN, Njenga MK. Pathogenesis of coxsackievirus-B5 acquired from intra-renal porcine islet cell xenografts in diabetic mice. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:91-8. [PMID: 19392724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated the ability of a human isolate of coxsackievirus-B5 (CVB5) to infect productively adult porcine islet cells (PICs) in vitro. PICs infected with CVB5 remain viable, and upon transplantation reversed diabetes in C56BL/6 mice for up to 5 days. METHODS In the present work, we expanded this graft-to-host xenozoonosis model by examining the long-term functionality of CVB5-infected PIC xenografts in immunosuppressed mice. And, we characterized the pathogenesis of CVB5 infection in mice resulting from directional transmission of the virus from PIC xenografts to surrounding tissues in a mouse model for immunosuppressed human PIC xenograft recipients. RESULTS Both acutely (12 h) and chronically (72 h) infected PIC xenografts functioned in vivo to reverse diabetes in mice. The efficacy of both infected and un-infected PICs was transient beyond 5 days post-inoculation and the long-term functionality of the grafts was compromised by host-to-graft rejection. CVB5-infected PIC xenografts transmitted infectious virus to immunosuppressed recipient mice resulting in extensive histopathologic changes. The virus replicated in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, brain and skeletal muscle in higher levels in severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice that were directly inoculated with virus when compared to controls. In addition, infectious virus was recovered for up to 22 days after inoculation in SCID mice whereas it was only detected up to Day 4 PI in non-SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS Immunosuppressed PIC xenograft recipients may be more susceptible to infection with CVB5 which could target the xenograft leading to disseminated infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Myers
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Rogers CS, Abraham WM, Brogden KA, Engelhardt JF, Fisher JT, McCray PB, McLennan G, Meyerholz DK, Namati E, Ostedgaard LS, Prather RS, Sabater JR, Stoltz DA, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. The porcine lung as a potential model for cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L240-63. [PMID: 18487356 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90203.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway disease currently causes most of the morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, understanding the pathogenesis of CF lung disease and developing novel therapeutic strategies have been hampered by the limitations of current models. Although the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been targeted in mice, CF mice fail to develop lung or pancreatic disease like that in humans. In many respects, the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, size, and genetics of pigs resemble those of humans. Thus pigs with a targeted CFTR gene might provide a good model for CF. Here, we review aspects of porcine airways and lung that are relevant to CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Lee CS, Moon HJ, Yang JS, Park SJ, Song DS, Kang BK, Park BK. Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus, porcine cytomegalovirus, and porcine circovirus in pigs. J Virol Methods 2007; 139:39-43. [PMID: 17034871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of porcine organs is being developed as a means to alleviate the shortage of human organs for transplantation. Recommendations have been published for the microbiological specifications of organ-source pigs to reduce the possibility of a microorganism from pigs being inadvertently transferred to the recipient of the xenograft. The pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), and porcine circovirus (PCV) are infectious agents in pigs that are considered to be of significance for the microbiological safety of xenotransplantation. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) was developed to detect and differentiate among PRV, PCMV, and PCV. The sensitivities of the multiplex PCR were 10(2.5) TCID(50)/ml for PRV, 10(1.8) TCID(50)/ml for PCMV, and 10(1.8) TCID(50)/ml for PCV. The lowest viral concentrations detected by single PCR were 10(1.5) TCID(50)/ml for PRV, 10(1.0) TCID(50)/ml for PCMV, and 10(1.4) TCID(50)/ml for PCV2. Non-specific reactions were not observed when other viruses, bacteria, and Vero cells were used to assess the multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR was effective in detecting various combinations of one or more of these viruses in pig specimens collected for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Seung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laborotory, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies of Paget's disease of bone (PDB) suggest a pronounced geographical variation in the prevalence of the disease and a decrease in prevalence and clinical severity over time. To analyze epidemiological and clinical features of PDB in Italy, we recently established a registry of Italian PDB cases and performed radiological, biochemical, and bone scan surveys in the towns of Siena and Turin. The overall prevalence of PDB in Italy varied between 0.7% and 2.4%. Prevalence rates increased with age and were higher in men than in women. We observed clinically confirmed familial aggregation in 15-26% of cases. Pedigree analysis indicated an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with variable penetrance. SQSTM1 gene analysis in two Italian studies revealed the presence of at least three different mutations accounting for both familial and sporadic cases. Interestingly, no decrease in the prevalence of PDB over time was observed, the opposite of what is described in populations of British descent. However, clinical severity of PDB cases included in the Registry in 2002-2004 seemed reduced with respect to that of PDB patients from the previous epidemiological studies, including a 1950-1956 Italian study. Of interest, a consistent association between PDB and animal-related factors and a significantly higher prevalence of the disease in rural than in urban districts were observed. These findings are in keeping with an important role of the environment in the pathogenesis of PDB, perhaps facilitating the expression of the disease in genetically susceptible subjects. Finally, there was also preliminary evidence indicating regional clustering of PDB in Italy, with a concentration of cases in rural districts of Campania and Tuscany. These districts may represent high prevalence areas of PDB in Italy, similar to what has been observed in other countries. Extrapolation estimates suggest that approximately 150,000-300,000 subjects may be affected with PDB in our country. These results confirm PDB to be the most common bone remodeling disorder in elderly people in Italy, excluding osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Hattermann K, Maerz A, Slanina H, Schmitt C, Mankertz A. Assessing the risk potential of porcine circoviruses for xenotransplantation: consensus primer-PCR-based search for a human circovirus. Xenotransplantation 2005; 11:547-50. [PMID: 15479465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important issue with respect to virus safety in xenotransplantation is the search for human analogues of porcine viruses, because transmission of a porcine virus followed by recombination with a related human virus may lead to a new emerging virus of unknown pathogenicity, host range and virulence. In case of circoviruses, two types of porcine circovirus (PCV1 and PCV2) are described, but the existence of an analogous human circovirus has not yet been investigated. METHODS This study describes the analysis of human samples with a consensus primer-PCR approach designed to amplify conserved regions from the rep gene of circoviruses from the genus Circovirus. DNA from human sera, lymph nodes, blood and urine was extracted and investigated with this method that has led previously to the identification of a new avian circovirus. RESULTS By screening 1101 samples (there of 168 from immunocompromised patients), no evidence for the existence of a human circovirus related to the genus Circovirus was obtained. CONCLUSIONS This result renders the existence of a human circovirus related to the porcine circoviruses more unlikely, nevertheless the presence of such a virus cannot be ruled out.
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Myers SE, Brewer L, Shaw DP, Greene WH, Love BC, Hering B, Spiller OB, Njenga MK. Prevalent human coxsackie B-5 virus infects porcine islet cells primarily using the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:536-46. [PMID: 15479464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that transplanting porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-infected porcine islet cells (PICs) results in transmission of the virus to recipient mice, which is manifested by acute fatal infection within 5 to 8 days. Here, we determined PIC susceptibility to a related and highly prevalent human picornavirus, coxsackie B-5 virus (CVB-5). METHODS PICs were inoculated with CVB-5 in vitro for up to 96 hours and infectivity, level of virus replication, and cellular function determined. Subsequently, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody blocking experiments were used to investigate the receptor CVB-5 uses to enter PICs, and the ability of CVB-5-infected islets to reverse diabetes analyzed in mice. RESULTS Adult pig islets inoculated with CVB-5 in vitro showed a typical picornaviral replication cycle with a 2-h lag phase followed by a 4-h exponential phase during which the virus titer increased by 4 logs. However, CVB-5 was less cytolytic to PICs than EMCV, resulting in a persistent productive infection lasting for up to 96 h, with minimal evidence of cell lysis. Double immunostaining confirmed the presence of CVB-5 antigens in insulin-producing islets. Infection of PICs in the presence of antibodies against human coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) resulted in near complete blockage in production of infectious virus particles whereas blocking with anti-porcine decay-accelerating factor (DAF, also called CD55) or anti-porcine membrane cofactor protein (MCP, also called CD46) only slightly decreased the number of infectious CVB-5 particles produced. Immunofluoresence staining showed CAR and MCP expression on the islet surface, but not DAF. Transplanting CVB-5-infected PICs into diabetic C57BL/6 mice resulted in reversal of diabetes. CONCLUSION Although PICs are susceptible to human CVB-5, the infection does not appear to affect xenograft function in vitro or in vivo in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Myers
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Veterinary Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Buhler L. Xenotransplantation literature update. January-October, 2003. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:3-10. [PMID: 14962287 DOI: 10.1046/j.1399-3089.2003.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Buhler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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