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Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Becker D, Luedde T, Gohlke H, Münk C. Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction. Viruses 2021; 13:504. [PMID: 33803830 PMCID: PMC8003144 DOI: 10.3390/v13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV-host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Daniel Becker
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre & Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Okamoto M, Oguma K, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Ichijo T, Hatama S, Endo M, Ishikawa M, Haga T. Genomic characterization and distribution of bovine foamy virus in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1607-1613. [PMID: 32921656 PMCID: PMC7719878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is distributed through worldwide cattle herds. Although the biological features of BFV are not well understood, appearance of clinical
manifestation by superinfection with other microorganisms is inferred. In Japan, reports of genomic characterizations and epidemiology of this virus are
limited. In this study, we performed whole genomic sequencing of BFV strains Ibaraki and No.43, which were isolated in this country. Additionally, we
investigated BFV in geographically distant four daily farms in Japan, to estimate the distribution of BFV and its correlation to bovine leukemia virus (BLV).
BFV was distributed throughout Japan; the average positive rate was 12.7%. The nucleotide sequence identities of the isolates were 99.6% when compared with BFV
strain isolated in the USA. The phylogenetic tree using env gene sequence showed strains Ibaraki, No.43 and Kagoshima were sorted in the same
cluster including the USA and Chinese strains, while Hokkaido strain was in the other cluster including European strains. Although no clear correlation between
BFV and BLV could be found, BFV and BLV infections were likely to increase with ages. Our data on epidemiology and characteristics of BFV will provide important
information to reveal biological features of BFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Okamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oguma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- Iwate University Faculty of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Maiko Endo
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 3145 Yorii, Kasama, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
| | - Maya Ishikawa
- Private investigator, Izumimachi, Shikaoi, Katogun, Hokkaido 081-0212, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Iwasaki R, Nakagiri Y, Yaguchi Y, Oguma K, Ono M, Horikita T, Sentsui H. Survey of bovine foamy virus infection among cattle in Japan and comparison with bovine leukemia virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:615-618. [PMID: 32201403 PMCID: PMC7273609 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of bovine foamy virus (BFV) infections in cattle on farms in the Kanto region of Japan was determined using agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). Six out of 20 farms contained BFV-positive cattle. Furthermore, 16.7% (91/545) of all cattle tested positive for BFV. This suggested that BFV-infected cattle are widely prevalent in
Japan. Positive results for BFV infection were consistent between AGID and PCR tests. Additionally, we tested for bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections at nine farms, primarily those
containing BFV-infected cows. At each farm, the infection rate of BFV was lower than that of BLV. Further, cattle that were PCR-positive but antibody-negative, indicating immune tolerance to
BFV, were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yu Nakagiri
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuji Yaguchi
- Ibaraki Kenhoku Animal Hygiene Service Station, Nakakawauchi 966-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oguma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ono
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horikita
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Dannemiller NG, Kechejian S, Kraberger S, Logan K, Alldredge M, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S, Carver S. Diagnostic Uncertainty and the Epidemiology of Feline Foamy Virus in Pumas (Puma concolor). Sci Rep 2020; 10:1587. [PMID: 32005906 PMCID: PMC6994588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline foamy virus (FFV) is a contact-dependent retrovirus forming chronic, largely apathogenic, infections in domestic and wild felid populations worldwide. Given there is no current ‘gold standard’ diagnostic test for FFV, efforts to elucidate the ecology and epidemiology of the virus may be complicated by unknown sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests. Using Bayesian Latent Class Analysis, we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of the only two FFV diagnostic tests available—ELISA and qPCR—as well as the prevalence of FFV in a large cohort of pumas from Colorado. We evaluated the diagnostic agreement of ELISA and qPCR, and whether differences in their diagnostic accuracy impacted risk factor analyses for FFV infection. Our results suggest ELISA and qPCR did not have strong diagnostic agreement, despite FFV causing a persistent infection. While both tests had similar sensitivity, ELISA had higher specificity. ELISA, but not qPCR, identified age to be a significant risk factor, whereas neither qPCR nor ELISA identified sex to be a risk factor. This suggests FFV transmission in pumas may primarily be via non-antagonistic, social interactions between adult conspecifics. Our study highlights that combined use of qPCR and ELISA for FFV may enhance estimates of the true prevalence of FFV and epidemiological inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Sarah Kechejian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Logan
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Montrose, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Murray SM, Linial ML. Simian Foamy Virus Co-Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100902. [PMID: 31569704 PMCID: PMC6833048 DOI: 10.3390/v11100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses that are seemingly nonpathogenic in natural hosts. In natural hosts, which include felines, bovines, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), a large percentage of adults are infected with FVs. For this reason, the effect of FVs on infections with other viruses (co-infections) cannot be easily studied in natural populations. Most of what is known about interactions between FVs and other viruses is based on studies of NHPs in artificial settings such as research facilities. In these settings, there is some indication that FVs can exacerbate infections with lentiviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Nonhuman primate (NHP) simian FVs (SFVs) have been shown to infect people without any apparent pathogenicity. Humans zoonotically infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) are often co-infected with other viruses. Thus, it is important to know whether SFV co-infections affect human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Murray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Kechejian S, Dannemiller N, Kraberger S, Ledesma Feliciano C, Löchelt M, Carver S, VandeWoude S. Feline foamy virus seroprevalence and demographic risk factors in stray domestic cat populations in Colorado, Southern California and Florida, USA. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919873736. [PMID: 31555460 PMCID: PMC6747863 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919873736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our study aim was to document the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of feline foamy virus (FFV) infection in domestic cat populations presented to animal shelters located in Southern California, Colorado and Florida, USA. Methods We used a glutathione S-transferase capture ELISA targeting the FFV Gag antigen to screen domestic cat serum collected from cats with unknown owners at eight different animal shelters from Colorado (n = 105, three shelters), Southern California (n = 172, three shelters) and Florida (n = 31, two shelters). χ2 statistics determined location effect on seroprevalence. Bayesian generalized linear models were used to explore age and sex as potential risk factors for infection. Results FFV seroprevalence was 64.0% across all locations. Seroprevalence by location was as follows: Southern California 75.0%, Colorado 52.4% and Florida 41.9%, with Southern California’s seroprevalence being significantly higher. Age had a significant effect on model fit for all locations, with adults having a higher probability of being infected. In Colorado, sex also had a significant effect on model fit, with males having a higher probability of being infected. Conclusions and relevance We have documented that FFV is extremely common in stray domestic cat populations across varied geographic and ecological niches throughout the USA. Adult cats are at a higher FFV infection risk than young cats. FFV has been associated with a higher risk of other retroviral infections and has been implicated in several chronic diseases of cats. Additional epidemiological and clinical studies are warranted to investigate the potential impacts of FFV on domestic cat health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kechejian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nick Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carmen Ledesma Feliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Isolation of an Equine Foamy Virus and Sero-Epidemiology of the Viral Infection in Horses in Japan. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070613. [PMID: 31284407 PMCID: PMC6669534 DOI: 10.3390/v11070613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An equine foamy virus (EFV) was isolated for the first time in Japan from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a broodmare that showed wobbler syndrome after surgery for intestinal volvulus and the isolate was designated as EFVeca_LM. Complete nucleotide sequences of EFVeca_LM were determined. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region, gag, pol, env, tas, and bel2 genes revealed that EFVeca_LM and the EFV reference strain had 97.2% to 99.1% identities. For a sero-epidemiological survey, indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests were carried out using EFVeca_LM-infected cells as an antigen against 166 sera of horses in five farms collected in 2001 to 2002 and 293 sera of horses in eight farms collected in 2014 to 2016 in Hokkaido, Japan. All of the farms had EFV antibody-positive horses, and average positive rates were 24.6% in sera obtained in 2001 to 2002 and 25.6% in sera obtained in 2014 to 2016 from broodmare farms. The positive rate in a stallion farm (Farm A) in 2002 was 10.7%, and the positive rates in two stallion farms, Farms A and B, in 2015 were 40.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The results suggested that EFV infection is maintained widely in horses in Japan.
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Kechejian SR, Dannemiller N, Kraberger S, Ledesma-Feliciano C, Malmberg J, Roelke Parker M, Cunningham M, McBride R, Riley SPD, Vickers WT, Logan K, Alldredge M, Crooks K, Löchelt M, Carver S, VandeWoude S. Feline Foamy Virus is Highly Prevalent in Free-Ranging Puma concolor from Colorado, Florida and Southern California. Viruses 2019; 11:E359. [PMID: 31010173 PMCID: PMC6521117 DOI: 10.3390/v11040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline foamy virus (FFV) is a retrovirus that has been detected in multiple feline species, including domestic cats (Felis catus) and pumas (Puma concolor). FFV results in persistent infection but is generally thought to be apathogenic. Sero-prevalence in domestic cat populations has been documented in several countries, but the extent of viral infections in nondomestic felids has not been reported. In this study, we screened sera from 348 individual pumas from Colorado, Southern California and Florida for FFV exposure by assessing sero-reactivity using an FFV anti-Gag ELISA. We documented a sero-prevalence of 78.6% across all sampled subpopulations, representing 69.1% in Southern California, 77.3% in Colorado, and 83.5% in Florida. Age was a significant risk factor for FFV infection when analyzing the combined populations. This high prevalence in geographically distinct populations reveals widespread exposure of puma to FFV and suggests efficient shedding and transmission in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Kechejian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Nick Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jennifer Malmberg
- Wyoming State Vet Lab, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82072, USA.
| | - Melody Roelke Parker
- Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Roy McBride
- Rancher's Supply Inc., Alpine, TX 79830, USA.
| | - Seth P D Riley
- National Park Service, Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, CA 90265, USA.
| | - Winston T Vickers
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ken Logan
- Wildlife Researcher Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 2300 S. Townsend Avenue, Montrose, CO 80203, USA.
| | - Mat Alldredge
- Colorado Division of Wildlife Office, Mammals Research, 317 W. Prospect Rd, For Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Kevin Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University 115 Wagar, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Hachiya Y, Kimura K, Oguma K, Ono M, Horikita T, Sentsui H. Isolation of bovine foamy virus in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1604-1609. [PMID: 30175751 PMCID: PMC6207520 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is endemic in many countries, but has not been reported in
Japan. A syncytium-forming virus was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of
clinically healthy cattle on a farm in Kanagawa prefecture during a periodic
epidemiological survey of viral diseases. The isolate was propagated in primary fetal
bovine muscle cells and subsequently passaged in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. Since
the isolate appeared to be distinct from the viruses with syncytium-forming ability
previously isolated in Japan, we attempted to identify it using genomic analyses and
electron microscopy. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belongs to the
bovine foamy virus cluster and is highly similar to a BFV strain isolated in China. A
sero-epidemiological survey was performed using agar gel immunodiffusion test with the
isolated virus as the antigen, and five of the 57 cattle tested were found to be
seropositive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Hachiya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kimura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oguma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horikita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Ball NJ, Nicastro G, Dutta M, Pollard DJ, Goldstone DC, Sanz-Ramos M, Ramos A, Müllers E, Stirnnagel K, Stanke N, Lindemann D, Stoye JP, Taylor WR, Rosenthal PB, Taylor IA. Structure of a Spumaretrovirus Gag Central Domain Reveals an Ancient Retroviral Capsid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005981. [PMID: 27829070 PMCID: PMC5102385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spumaretrovirinae, or foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that infect many species of monkey and ape. Despite little sequence homology, FV and orthoretroviral Gag proteins perform equivalent functions, including genome packaging, virion assembly, trafficking and membrane targeting. However, there is a paucity of structural information for FVs and it is unclear how disparate FV and orthoretroviral Gag molecules share the same function. To probe the functional overlap of FV and orthoretroviral Gag we have determined the structure of a central region of Gag from the Prototype FV (PFV). The structure comprises two all α-helical domains NtDCEN and CtDCEN that although they have no sequence similarity, we show they share the same core fold as the N- (NtDCA) and C-terminal domains (CtDCA) of archetypal orthoretroviral capsid protein (CA). Moreover, structural comparisons with orthoretroviral CA align PFV NtDCEN and CtDCEN with NtDCA and CtDCA respectively. Further in vitro and functional virological assays reveal that residues making inter-domain NtDCEN-CtDCEN interactions are required for PFV capsid assembly and that intact capsid is required for PFV reverse transcription. These data provide the first information that relates the Gag proteins of Spuma and Orthoretrovirinae and suggests a common ancestor for both lineages containing an ancient CA fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Ball
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Nicastro
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J. Pollard
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Goldstone
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Sanz-Ramos
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Ramos
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Müllers
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, DE
| | | | - Nicole Stanke
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, DE
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, DE
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Taylor
- Computational Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang S, Cui X, Li J, Liang Z, Qiao W, Tan J. Lysine residues K66, K109, and K110 in the bovine foamy virus transactivator protein are required for transactivation and viral replication. Virol Sin 2016; 31:142-9. [PMID: 26980333 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a complex retrovirus that infects cattle. Like all retroviruses, BFV encodes a transactivator Tas protein (BTas) that increases gene transcription from viral promoters. BFV encodes two promoters that can interact with BTas, a conserved promoter in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and a unique internal promoter (IP). Our previous study showed that BTas is acetylated by p300 at residues K66, K109, and K110, which markedly enhanced the ability of BTas to bind to DNA. However, whether these residues are important for BFV replication was not determined. Therefore, in this study we provide direct evidence that BTas is required for BFV replication and demonstrate that residues K66, K109, and K110 are critical for BTas function and BFV replication. Full-length infectious clones were generated, which were BTas deficient or contained lysine to arginine (K→R) mutations at position 66, 109, and/or 110. In vivo data indicated that K→R mutations at positions 66, 109, and 110 in BTas impaired transactivation of both the LTR and IP promoters. In addition, the K→R mutations in full-length infectious clones reduced expression of viral proteins, and the triple mutant and BTas deletion completely abrogated viral replication. Taken together, these results indicate that lysine residues at positions 66, 109, and 110 in the BTas protein are crucial for BFV replication and suggest a potential role for BTas acetylation in regulating the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhibin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Hamann MV, Müllers E, Reh J, Stanke N, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W, Lindemann D. The cooperative function of arginine residues in the Prototype Foamy Virus Gag C-terminus mediates viral and cellular RNA encapsidation. Retrovirology 2014; 11:87. [PMID: 25292281 PMCID: PMC4198681 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One unique feature of the foamy virus (FV) capsid protein Gag is the absence of Cys-His motifs, which in orthoretroviruses are irreplaceable for multitude functions including viral RNA genome recognition and packaging. Instead, FV Gag contains glycine-arginine-rich (GR) sequences at its C-terminus. In case of prototype FV (PFV) these are historically grouped in three boxes, which have been shown to play essential functions in genome reverse transcription, virion infectivity and particle morphogenesis. Additional functions for RNA packaging and Pol encapsidation were suggested, but have not been conclusively addressed. RESULTS Here we show that released wild type PFV particles, like orthoretroviruses, contain various cellular RNAs in addition to viral genome. Unlike orthoretroviruses, the content of selected cellular RNAs in capsids of PFV vector particles was not altered by viral genome encapsidation. Deletion of individual GR boxes had only minor negative effects (2 to 4-fold) on viral and cellular RNA encapsidation over a wide range of cellular Gag to viral genome ratios examined. Only the concurrent deletion of all three PFV Gag GR boxes, or the substitution of multiple arginine residues residing in the C-terminal GR box region by alanine, abolished both viral and cellular RNA encapsidation (>50 to >3,000-fold reduced), independent of the viral production system used. Consequently, those mutants also lacked detectable amounts of encapsidated Pol and were non-infectious. In contrast, particle release was reduced to a much lower extent (3 to 20-fold). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data provides the first identification of a full-length PFV Gag mutant devoid in genome packaging and the first report of cellular RNA encapsidation into PFV particles. Our results suggest that the cooperative action of C-terminal clustered positively charged residues, present in all FV Gag proteins, is the main viral protein determinant for viral and cellular RNA encapsidation. The viral genome independent efficiency of cellular RNA encapsidation suggests differential packaging mechanisms for both types of RNAs. Finally, this study indicates that analogous to orthoretroviruses, Gag - nucleic acid interactions are required for FV capsid assembly and efficient particle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin V Hamann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Erik Müllers
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Juliane Reh
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nicole Stanke
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Rethwilm A, Bodem J. Evolution of foamy viruses: the most ancient of all retroviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2349-74. [PMID: 24072062 PMCID: PMC3814592 DOI: 10.3390/v5102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that foamy viruses (FVs) are the oldest retroviruses (RVs) that we know and coevolved with their hosts for several hundred million years. This coevolution may have contributed to the non-pathogenicity of FVs, an important factor in development of foamy viral vectors in gene therapy. However, various questions on the molecular evolution of FVs remain still unanswered. The analysis of the spectrum of animal species infected by exogenous FVs or harboring endogenous FV elements in their genome is pivotal. Furthermore, animal studies might reveal important issues, such as the identification of the FV in vivo target cells, which than require a detailed characterization, to resolve the molecular basis of the accuracy with which FVs copy their genome. The issues of the extent of FV viremia and of the nature of the virion genome (RNA vs. DNA) also need to be experimentally addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rethwilm
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str.7, Würzburg 97078, Germany.
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14
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Kehl T, Tan J, Materniak M. Non-simian foamy viruses: molecular virology, tropism and prevalence and zoonotic/interspecies transmission. Viruses 2013; 5:2169-209. [PMID: 24064793 PMCID: PMC3798896 DOI: 10.3390/v5092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of retrovirus, our knowledge of foamy viruses (FV) is still limited. Their unique replication strategy and mechanism of viral persistency needs further research to gain understanding of the virus-host interactions, especially in the light of the recent findings suggesting their ancient origin and long co-evolution with their nonhuman hosts. Unquestionably, the most studied member is the primate/prototype foamy virus (PFV) which was originally isolated from a human (designated as human foamy virus, HFV), but later identified as chimpanzee origin; phylogenetic analysis clearly places it among other Old World primates. Additionally, the study of non-simian animal FVs can contribute to a deeper understanding of FV-host interactions and development of other animal models. The review aims at highlighting areas of special interest regarding the structure, biology, virus-host interactions and interspecies transmission potential of primate as well as non-primate foamy viruses for gaining new insights into FV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kehl
- German Cancer Research Center, INF242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-42-4935; Fax: +49-6221-42-4932
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; E-Mail:
| | - Magdalena Materniak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Ave. 57, Pulawy 24-100, Poland; E-Mail:
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15
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Mouinga-Ondémé A, Kazanji M. Simian foamy virus in non-human primates and cross-species transmission to humans in Gabon: an emerging zoonotic disease in central Africa? Viruses 2013; 5:1536-52. [PMID: 23783811 PMCID: PMC3717720 DOI: 10.3390/v5061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now known that all human retroviruses have a non-human primate counterpart. It has been reported that the presence of these retroviruses in humans is the result of interspecies transmission. Several authors have described the passage of a simian retrovirus, simian foamy virus (SFV), from primates to humans. To better understand this retroviral “zoonosis” in natural settings, we evaluated the presence of SFV in both captive and wild non-human primates and in humans at high risk, such as hunters and people bitten by a non-human primate, in Gabon, central Africa. A high prevalence of SFV was found in blood samples from non-human primates and in bush meat collected across the country. Mandrills were found to be highly infected with two distinct strains of SFV, depending on their geographical location. Furthermore, samples collected from hunters and non-human primate laboratory workers showed clear, extensive cross-species transmission of SFV. People who had been bitten by mandrills, gorillas and chimpanzees had persistent SFV infection with low genetic drift. Thus, SFV is presumed to be transmitted from non-human primates mainly through severe bites, involving contact between infected saliva and blood. In this review, we summarize and discuss our five-year observations on the prevalence and dissemination of SFV in humans and non-human primates in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +236-21-61-0866; Fax: +236-21-61-0109
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16
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Goldstone DC, Flower TG, Ball NJ, Sanz-Ramos M, Yap MW, Ogrodowicz RW, Stanke N, Reh J, Lindemann D, Stoye JP, Taylor IA. A unique spumavirus Gag N-terminal domain with functional properties of orthoretroviral matrix and capsid. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003376. [PMID: 23675305 PMCID: PMC3649970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spumaretrovirinae, or foamyviruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that infect many species of monkey and ape. Although FV infection is apparently benign, trans-species zoonosis is commonplace and has resulted in the isolation of the Prototypic Foamy Virus (PFV) from human sources and the potential for germ-line transmission. Despite little sequence homology, FV and orthoretroviral Gag proteins perform equivalent functions, including genome packaging, virion assembly, trafficking and membrane targeting. In addition, PFV Gag interacts with the FV Envelope (Env) protein to facilitate budding of infectious particles. Presently, there is a paucity of structural information with regards FVs and it is unclear how disparate FV and orthoretroviral Gag molecules share the same function. Therefore, in order to probe the functional overlap of FV and orthoretroviral Gag and learn more about FV egress and replication we have undertaken a structural, biophysical and virological study of PFV-Gag. We present the crystal structure of a dimeric amino terminal domain from PFV, Gag-NtD, both free and in complex with the leader peptide of PFV Env. The structure comprises a head domain together with a coiled coil that forms the dimer interface and despite the shared function it is entirely unrelated to either the capsid or matrix of Gag from other retroviruses. Furthermore, we present structural, biochemical and virological data that reveal the molecular details of the essential Gag-Env interaction and in addition we also examine the specificity of Trim5α restriction of PFV. These data provide the first information with regards to FV structural proteins and suggest a model for convergent evolution of gag genes where structurally unrelated molecules have become functionally equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Goldstone
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G. Flower
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Ball
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Sanz-Ramos
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melvyn W. Yap
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roksana W. Ogrodowicz
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Stanke
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Reh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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The foamy virus Gag proteins: what makes them different? Viruses 2013; 5:1023-41. [PMID: 23531622 PMCID: PMC3705263 DOI: 10.3390/v5041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gag proteins play an important role in many stages of the retroviral replication cycle. They orchestrate viral assembly, interact with numerous host cell proteins, engage in regulation of viral gene expression, and provide the main driving force for virus intracellular trafficking and budding. Foamy Viruses (FV), also known as spumaviruses, display a number of unique features among retroviruses. Many of these features can be attributed to their Gag proteins. FV Gag proteins lack characteristic orthoretroviral domains like membrane-binding domains (M domains), the major homology region (MHR), and the hallmark Cys-His motifs. In contrast, they contain several distinct domains such as the essential Gag-Env interaction domain and the glycine and arginine rich boxes (GR boxes). Furthermore, FV Gag only undergoes limited maturation and follows an unusual pathway for nuclear translocation. This review summarizes the known FV Gag domains and motifs and their functions. In particular, it provides an overview of the unique structural and functional properties that distinguish FV Gag proteins from orthoretroviral Gag proteins.
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18
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Novel Puma concolor Foamy Viruses from California. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:e0020112. [PMID: 23516229 PMCID: PMC3622991 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00201-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report two complete foamy retrovirus (FV) genomes isolated from Puma concolor, a large cat native to the Americas. Due to high overall genetic relatedness to known feline foamy viruses (FFVs), we propose the name Puma concolor FFV (FFVPc). The data confirm that felines are infected with distinct but closely related FVs.
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Gessain A, Rua R, Betsem E, Turpin J, Mahieux R. HTLV-3/4 and simian foamy retroviruses in humans: discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology. Virology 2013; 435:187-99. [PMID: 23217627 PMCID: PMC7111966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates are considered to be likely sources of viruses that can infect humans and thus pose a significant threat to human population. This is well illustrated by some retroviruses, as the simian immunodeficiency viruses and the simian T lymphotropic viruses, which have the ability to cross-species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread. This leads to a pandemic situation for HIV-1 or an endemic one for HTLV-1. Here, we present the available data on the discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology of the recently discovered HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 deltaretroviruses, as well as the simian foamy retroviruses present in different human populations at risk, especially in central African hunters. We discuss also the natural history in humans of these retroviruses of zoonotic origin (magnitude and geographical distribution, possible inter-human transmission). In Central Africa, the increase of the bushmeat trade during the last decades has opened new possibilities for retroviral emergence in humans, especially in immuno-compromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
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20
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Yoo GW, Shin CG. Biochemical characteristics of functional domains using feline foamy virus integrase mutants. BMB Rep 2013; 46:53-8. [PMID: 23351385 PMCID: PMC4133822 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed deletion mutants and seven point mutants by polymerase chain reaction to investigate the specificity of feline foamy virus integrase functional domains. Complementation reactions were performed for three enzymatic activities such as 3'-end processing, strand transfer, and disintegration. The complementation reactions with deletion mutants showed several activities for 3'-end processing and strand transfer. The conserved central domain and the combination of the N-terminal or C-terminal domains increased disintegration activity significantly. In the complementation reactions between deletion and point mutants, the combination between D107V and deletion mutants revealed 3'-end processing activities, but the combination with others did not have any activity, including strand transfer activities. Disintegration activity increased evenly, except the combination with glutamic acid 200. These results suggest that an intact central domain mediates enzymatic activities but fails to show these activities in the absence of the N-terminal or C-terminal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-woong Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Korea
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21
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Similar patterns of infection with bovine foamy virus in experimentally inoculated calves and sheep. J Virol 2013; 87:3516-25. [PMID: 23325680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02447-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are the least known retroviruses commonly found in primates, cats, horses, and cattle. Although FVs are considered apathogenic, simian and feline FVs have been shown to be associated with some transient health abnormalities in animal models. Currently, data regarding the course of infection with bovine FV (BFV) are not available. In this study, we conducted experimental infections of natural (cattle) and heterologous (sheep) hosts with the BFV(100) isolate and monitored infection patterns in both hosts during the early phase postinoculation as well as after long-term infection. Four calves and six sheep inoculated with BFV(100) showed no signs of pathology but developed persistent infection, as confirmed by virus rescue, consistent detection of BFV-specific antibodies, and presence of viral DNA. In both hosts, antibodies against BFV Gag and Bet appeared early after infection and persisted at high and stable levels while seroreactivity toward Env was consistently detectable only in BFV-infected sheep. Interestingly, the BFV proviral DNA load was highest in lung, spleen, and liver and moderate in leukocytes, while salivary glands contained either low or undetectable DNA loads in calves or sheep, respectively. Additionally, comparison of partial BFV sequences from inoculum and infected animals demonstrated very limited changes after long-term infection in the heterologous host, clearly less than those found in BFV field isolates. The persistence of BFV infection in both hosts suggests full replication competence of the BFV(100) isolate with no requirement of genetic adaptation for productive replication in the authentic and even in a heterologous host.
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Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are retroviruses that are widespread among nonhuman primates (NHPs). SFVs actively replicate in their oral cavity and can be transmitted to humans after NHP bites, giving rise to a persistent infection even decades after primary infection. Very few data on the genetic structure of such SFVs found in humans are available. In the framework of ongoing studies searching for SFV-infected humans in south Cameroon rainforest villages, we studied 38 SFV-infected hunters whose times of infection had presumably been determined. By long-term cocultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with BHK-21 cells, we isolated five new SFV strains and obtained complete genomes of SFV strains from chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes; strains BAD327 and AG15), monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans; strain AG16), and gorilla (Gorilla gorilla; strains BAK74 and BAD468). These zoonotic strains share a very high degree of similarity with their NHP counterparts and have a high degree of conservation of the genetic elements important for viral replication. Interestingly, analysis of FV DNA sequences obtained before cultivation revealed variants with deletions in both the U3 region and tas that may correlate with in vivo chronicity in humans. Genomic changes in bet (a premature stop codon) and gag were also observed. To determine if such changes were specific to zoonotic strains, we studied local SFV-infected chimpanzees and found the same genomic changes. Our study reveals that natural polymorphism of SFV strains does exist at both the intersubspecies level (gag, bet) and the intrasubspecies (U3, tas) levels but does not seem to reflect a viral adaptation specific to zoonotic SFV strains.
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Abstract
The cellular receptor of foamy viruses (FVs) is unknown. The broad spectrum of permissive cells suggests that the cellular receptor is a molecular structure with almost ubiquitous prevalence. Here, we investigated the ability of heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present on the extracellular matrix of many cells, to bind FV particles and to permit prototype FV (PFV) and feline FV (FFV) entry. Permissivity of different cell lines for FV entry correlated with the amount of heparan sulfate present on the cell surface. The resulting 50% cell culture infectious doses (CCID(50)s) were distributed over a range of 4 logs, which means that the most susceptible cell line tested (HT1080) was more than 10,000 times more susceptible for PFV infection than the least susceptible cell line (CRL-2242). HS surface expression varied over a range of 2 logs. HS expression and FV susceptibility were positively correlated (P < 0.001). Enzymatic digestion of heparan sulfate on HT1080 cells diminished permissivity for PFV entry by a factor of at least 500. Using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), we demonstrated binding of FV vector particles to a gel filtration column packed with heparin, a molecule structurally related to heparan sulfate, allowing for the purification of infectious particles. Both PFV and FFV infection were inhibited by soluble heparin. Our results show that FVs bind to HS and that this interaction is a pivotal step for viral entry, suggesting that HS is a cellular attachment factor for FVs.
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Betsem E, Rua R, Tortevoye P, Froment A, Gessain A. Frequent and recent human acquisition of simian foamy viruses through apes' bites in central Africa. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002306. [PMID: 22046126 PMCID: PMC3203161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. This study aimed at getting better knowledge on SFV transmission dynamics, risk factors for such a zoonotic infection and, searching for intra-familial dissemination and the level of peripheral blood (pro)viral loads in infected individuals. We studied 1,321 people from the general adult population (mean age 49 yrs, 640 women and 681 men) and 198 individuals, mostly men, all of whom had encountered a NHP with a resulting bite or scratch. All of these, either Pygmies (436) or Bantus (1085) live in villages in South Cameroon. A specific SFV Western blot was used and two nested PCRs (polymerase, and LTR) were done on all the positive/borderline samples by serology. In the general population, 2/1,321 (0.2%) persons were found to be infected. In the second group, 37/198 (18.6%) persons were SFV positive. They were mostly infected by apes (37/39) FV (mainly gorilla). Infection by monkey FV was less frequent (2/39). The viral origin of the amplified sequences matched with the history reported by the hunters, most of which (83%) are aged 20 to 40 years and acquired the infection during the last twenty years. The (pro)viral load in 33 individuals infected by a gorilla FV was quite low (<1 to 145 copies per 105 cells) in the peripheral blood leucocytes. Of the 30 wives and 12 children from families of FV infected persons, only one woman was seropositive in WB without subsequent viral DNA amplification. We demonstrate a high level of recent transmission of SFVs to humans in natural settings specifically following severe gorilla bites during hunting activities. The virus was found to persist over several years, with low SFV loads in infected persons. Secondary transmission remains an open question. Most of the viral pathogens that have emerged in humans during the last decades have a zoonotic origin. After the initial interspecies transmission, these viruses have followed different evolutionary routes and have spread among humans through distinct mechanisms. The understanding of the initial steps of the emergence of several viruses and associated diseases often remains quite poor. Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. Epidemiological and microbiological studies in specific high-risk populations are necessary to gain new insights into the early events of the emergence process, and the potential to spread or cause disease among humans. The present study found that hunting is still a very common and risky activity for SFV infection in forest areas of South Cameroon. Indeed, recent interspecies transmission of SFVs to young adults is still very frequent, as 1 person out of 5 among the hunters who have reported a bite or scratch by a non-human primate and 2 persons out of a thousand in the general population are persistently infected by a SFV, mostly from an ape. Secondary transmission to other family members and presence of a disease in infected persons are still open questions that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Betsem
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun
- * E-mail: (AG); (EB)
| | - Réjane Rua
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Tortevoye
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Alain Froment
- Institute of Research for Development, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AG); (EB)
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Pattern of seroreactivity against feline foamy virus proteins in domestic cats from Germany. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lindemann D, Rethwilm A. Foamy virus biology and its application for vector development. Viruses 2011; 3:561-85. [PMID: 21994746 PMCID: PMC3185757 DOI: 10.3390/v3050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spuma- or foamy viruses (FV), endemic in most non-human primates, cats, cattle and horses, comprise a special type of retrovirus that has developed a replication strategy combining features of both retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Unique features of FVs include an apparent apathogenicity in natural hosts as well as zoonotically infected humans, a reverse transcription of the packaged viral RNA genome late during viral replication resulting in an infectious DNA genome in released FV particles and a special particle release strategy depending capsid and glycoprotein coexpression and specific interaction between both components. In addition, particular features with respect to the integration profile into the host genomic DNA discriminate FV from orthoretroviruses. It appears that some inherent properties of FV vectors set them favorably apart from orthoretroviral vectors and ask for additional basic research on the viruses as well as on the application in Gene Therapy. This review will summarize the current knowledge of FV biology and the development as a gene transfer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lindemann
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Fakultät “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD)—Cluster of Excellence, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Rethwilm
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; E-Mail:
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Mouinga-Ondémé A, Betsem E, Caron M, Makuwa M, Sallé B, Renault N, Saib A, Telfer P, Marx P, Gessain A, Kazanji M. Two distinct variants of simian foamy virus in naturally infected mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and cross-species transmission to humans. Retrovirology 2010; 7:105. [PMID: 21156043 PMCID: PMC3009703 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Each of the pathogenic human retroviruses (HIV-1/2 and HTLV-1) has a nonhuman primate counterpart, and the presence of these retroviruses in humans results from interspecies transmission. The passage of another simian retrovirus, simian foamy virus (SFV), from apes or monkeys to humans has been reported. Mandrillus sphinx, a monkey species living in central Africa, is naturally infected with SFV. We evaluated the natural history of the virus in a free-ranging colony of mandrills and investigated possible transmission of mandrill SFV to humans. Results We studied 84 semi-free-ranging captive mandrills at the Primate Centre of the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (Gabon) and 15 wild mandrills caught in various areas of the country. The presence of SFV was also evaluated in 20 people who worked closely with mandrills and other nonhuman primates. SFV infection was determined by specific serological (Western blot) and molecular (nested PCR of the integrase region in the polymerase gene) assays. Seropositivity for SFV was found in 70/84 (83%) captive and 9/15 (60%) wild-caught mandrills and in 2/20 (10%) humans. The 425-bp SFV integrase fragment was detected in peripheral blood DNA from 53 captive and 8 wild-caught mandrills and in two personnel. Sequence and phylogenetic studies demonstrated the presence of two distinct strains of mandrill SFV, one clade including SFVs from mandrills living in the northern part of Gabon and the second consisting of SFV from animals living in the south. One man who had been bitten 10 years earlier by a mandrill and another bitten 22 years earlier by a macaque were found to be SFV infected, both at the Primate Centre. The second man had a sequence close to SFVmac sequences. Comparative sequence analysis of the virus from the first man and from the mandrill showed nearly identical sequences, indicating genetic stability of SFV over time. Conclusion Our results show a high prevalence of SFV infection in a semi-free-ranging colony of mandrills, with the presence of two different strains. We also showed transmission of SFV from a mandrill and a macaque to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
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Novel functions of prototype foamy virus Gag glycine- arginine-rich boxes in reverse transcription and particle morphogenesis. J Virol 2010; 85:1452-63. [PMID: 21106749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01731-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) Gag lacks the characteristic orthoretroviral Cys-His motifs that are essential for various steps of the orthoretroviral replication cycle, such as RNA packaging, reverse transcription, infectivity, integration, and viral assembly. Instead, it contains three glycine-arginine-rich boxes (GR boxes) in its C terminus that putatively represent a functional equivalent. We used a four-plasmid replication-deficient PFV vector system, with uncoupled RNA genome packaging and structural protein translation, to analyze the effects of deletion and various substitution mutations within each GR box on particle release, particle-associated protein composition, RNA packaging, DNA content, infectivity, particle morphology, and intracellular localization. The degree of viral particle release by all mutants was similar to that of the wild type. Only minimal effects on Pol encapsidation, exogenous reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and genomic viral RNA packaging were observed. In contrast, particle-associated DNA content and infectivity were drastically reduced for all deletion mutants and were undetectable for all alanine substitution mutants. Furthermore, GR box I mutants had significant changes in particle morphology, and GR box II mutants lacked the typical nuclear localization pattern of PFV Gag. Finally, it could be shown that GR boxes I and III, but not GR box II, can functionally complement each other. It therefore appears that, similar to the orthoretroviral Cys-His motifs, the PFV Gag GR boxes are important for RNA encapsidation, genome reverse transcription, and virion infectivity as well as for particle morphogenesis.
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Münk C, Hechler T, Chareza S, Löchelt M. Restriction of feline retroviruses: lessons from cat APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases and TRIM5alpha proteins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:14-24. [PMID: 19896724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between viral and cellular factors determines the outcome of an initial contact between a given virus and its natural host or upon encounter of a novel host. Thus, the potential of inducing disease as well as crossing host species barriers are the consequences of the molecular interactions between the parasite and its susceptible, tolerant or resistant host. Cellular restriction factors, for instance APOBEC3 and TRIM5 proteins, targeting defined pathogens or groups of pathogens as well as viral genes counter-acting these cellular defense systems are of prime importance in this respect and may even represent novel targets for prevention and therapy of virus infections. Due to the importance of host-encoded antiviral restriction and viral counter-defense for pathogenicity and host tropism, the responsible molecular factors and mechanisms are currently under intense investigation. In this review we will introduce host restriction and retroviral counter-defense systems with a special emphasis on the cat and its naturally occurring exogenous retroviruses which is a valid model for human disease, a model that will contribute to increase our basic understanding and potential applications of these important aspects of host-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gasteroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Calattini S, Betsem EBA, Froment A, Mauclère P, Tortevoye P, Schmitt C, Njouom R, Saib A, Gessain A. Simian foamy virus transmission from apes to humans, rural Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1314-20. [PMID: 18252101 PMCID: PMC2857270 DOI: 10.3201/eid1309.061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bites from apes efficiently transmit the foamy virus to humans in natural settings in central Africa. Simian virus infections of humans are an increasing public health concern. Simian foamy virus (SFV) infections have been reported in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates and in a few hunters in Cameroon. To better understand this retroviral zoonosis in natural settings, we studied persons who lived in southern Cameroon, near nonhuman primate habitats. First we studied a general population of 1,164 adults; 4 were SFV positive according to serologic and molecular assays. Then we studied 85 persons who reported having been bitten or scratched by nonhuman primates; 7/29 (24.1%) of those who had contact with apes (gorillas or chimpanzees) were SFV positive, compared with only 2/56 (3.6%) of those who had had contact with monkeys. These data demonstrate efficient transmission of SFVs to humans in natural settings in central Africa, specifically following ape bites, and viral persistence in the human host.
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Gessain A, Calattini S. Emergence of simian foamy viruses in humans: facts and unanswered questions. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of viral pathogens that have emerged in humans are considered to have originated in animals. Simian viral infections of humans represent an increasing public health concern. This is well illustrated by retroviruses such as HIV-1/2 and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1, which have a unique ability to cross species, adapt to a new host and spread. In this short review, we will present the currently available data on the transmission of the simian foamy retroviruses (SFVs) to humans. Indeed, recent data indicate the presence of these exogenous retroviruses, of the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily and of the Spumavirus genus, in individuals occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (animal caretaker, veterinarian, zoo worker) and in individuals having contact with apes and monkeys, such as hunters in Central Africa. The main unanswered questions concerning the natural history of such SFVs in humans, for instance, their magnitude and geographical distribution, their interhuman transmissibility and their disease association and pathogenicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS URA 3015, Département de Virologie. Bâtiment Lwoff. Institut Pasteur, 25–28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Sara Calattini
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS URA 3015, Département de Virologie. Bâtiment Lwoff. Institut Pasteur, 25–28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France. Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Medical Virology Section, 10, Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jones-Engel L, Steinkraus KA, Murray SM, Engel GA, Grant R, Aggimarangsee N, Lee BPYH, May C, Schillaci MA, Somgird C, Sutthipat T, Vojtech L, Zhao J, Linial ML. Sensitive assays for simian foamy viruses reveal a high prevalence of infection in commensal, free-ranging Asian monkeys. J Virol 2007; 81:7330-7. [PMID: 17475645 PMCID: PMC1933339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00343-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FV) are retroviruses that naturally infect many hosts, including most nonhuman primates (NHPs). Zoonotic infection by primate FV has been documented in people in Asia who reported contact with free-ranging macaques. FV transmission in Asia is a concern, given abundant human-NHP contact, particularly at monkey temples and in urban settings. We have developed three assays capable of detecting the presence of FV in Asian NHP species that are commensal with humans: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot assays using recombinant viral Gag protein, and an indicator cell line that can detect macaque FV. The recombinant ELISA correlates very well with the presence of FV sequences detected by PCR. We have used these assays to demonstrate both that FV is highly prevalent among free-ranging NHPs and that seroconversion occurs at a young age in these animals. These assays should also prove useful for large-scale analysis of the prevalence of FV infections in human populations in Asia that are commensal with free-ranging NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jones-Engel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Calattini S, Wanert F, Thierry B, Schmitt C, Bassot S, Saib A, Herrenschmidt N, Gessain A. Modes of transmission and genetic diversity of foamy viruses in a Macaca tonkeana colony. Retrovirology 2006; 3:23. [PMID: 16608518 PMCID: PMC1533860 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses are exogenous complex retroviruses that are highly endemic in several animal species, including monkeys and apes, where they cause persistent infection. Simian foamy viral (SFV) infection has been reported in few persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) in zoos, primate centers and laboratories, and recently in few hunters from central Africa. Most of the epidemiological works performed among NHP populations concern cross-sectional studies without long-term follow-up. Therefore, the exact timing and the modes of transmission of SFVs remain not well known, although sexual and oral transmissions have been suspected. We have conducted a longitudinal study in a free-breeding colony of Macaca tonkeana in order (1) to determine the prevalence of the infection by foamy viruses, (2) to characterize molecularly the viruses infecting such animals, (3) to study their genetic variability overtime by long-term follow-up of several DNA samples in a series of specific animals, and (4) to get new insights concerning the timing and the modes of SFVs primary infection in these monkeys by combining serology and molecular means, as well as studies of familial structures and long-term behavioral observations. RESULTS/CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that this colony was highly endemic for SFVs, with a clear increase of seroprevalence with age. Only 4.7% of immatures, and 43,7% of sub-adults were found seropositive, while 89.5% of adults exhibited antibodies directed against SFV. We further showed that 6 different strains of foamy viruses (exhibiting a very low intra-strain and overtime genetic variability in the integrase gene) are circulating within this group. This suggests a possible infection by different strains within an animal. Lastly, we provide strong evidence that foamy viruses are mostly acquired through severe bites, mainly in sub-adults or young adults. Most cases of seroconversion occur after 7 years of age; from this age individuals competed for access to sexual partners, thus increasing the likelihood of being wounded. Furthermore, all the serological and molecular data, obtained in this free-breeding colony, argue against a significant transmission of SFVs from mother or father to infants as well as between siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calattini
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fanélie Wanert
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Thierry
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Platte-forme de Microscopie Electronique, Insitut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Bassot
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ali Saib
- CNRS UMR7151, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Herrenschmidt
- Centre de Primatologie, et CNRS UPR 9010, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Weikel J, Löchelt M, Truyen U. Demonstration of feline foamy virus in experimentally infected cats by immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:415-7. [PMID: 14633220 DOI: 10.1046/j.0931-184x.2003.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FV) are complex retroviruses which are commonly isolated from cats, cattle and non-human primates. The infection is persistent and infected animals have a sustained antibody response. The role of FV in diseases remains unclear, in cats, a possible association with uncharacterized renal symptoms remains to be confirmed. To demonstrate feline FV (FFV) in tissues of experimentally infected cats three polyclonal monospecific antisera from rabbits against three different viral proteins, the structural Gag and the non-structural Bel 1 and Bet proteins were tested for their applicability in immunohistochemistry with paraffin sections. Only the Bet antiserum allowed detection of FFV-specific proteins, the antibodies against Gag and Bel 1 did not work even after pre-treatment of the slides with proteinase K or cooking in a pressure cooking pot. The Bet-reactive antibodies were detected using a commercial streptavidin kit and revealed Bet in the cytoplasm of cells from different lymphoid tissues like lymphnodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen. The method described opens new ways to explore the in vivo replication and tissue specificity of FFV and its possible role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weikel
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V., Zentralinstitut (Leiter Dr J. Böttcher), Senator-Gerauer-Strasse 23, 85586 Poing, Germany.
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Abstract
The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human‐to‐human transmission pose a serious risk for world‐wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well‐documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bastone
- Addresses of authors: Abt. Genomveränderung und Carcinogenese, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektion und Krebs, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - U. Truyen
- Institut für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M. Löchelt
- Addresses of authors: Abt. Genomveränderung und Carcinogenese, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektion und Krebs, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg
- Corresponding author: Tel.: 49 6221 424853; fax: 49 6221 424865; E‐mail:
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Roy J, Rudolph W, Juretzek T, Gärtner K, Bock M, Herchenröder O, Lindemann D, Heinkelein M, Rethwilm A. Feline foamy virus genome and replication strategy. J Virol 2003; 77:11324-31. [PMID: 14557618 PMCID: PMC229293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11324-11331.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial aspects of the foamy virus (FV) replication strategy have so far only been investigated for the prototypic FV (PFV) isolate, which is supposed to be derived from nonhuman primates. To study whether the unusual features of this replication pathway also apply to more-distantly related FVs, we constructed feline FV (FFV) infectious molecular clones and vectors. It is shown by quantitative RNA and DNA PCR analysis that FFV virions contain more RNA than DNA. Full-length linear DNA was found in extracellular FFV by Southern blot analysis. Similar to PFV, azidothymidine inhibition experiments and the transfection of nucleic acids extracted from extracellular FFV indicated that DNA is the functional relevant FFV genome. Unlike PFV, no evidence was found indicating that FFV recycles its DNA into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Roy
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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