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Sekiguchi A, Inoue Y, Yamazaki S, Uchiyama A, Endo Y, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Demographic and clinical characteristics of cytomegalovirus reactivation in dermatomyositis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:876-881. [PMID: 32458498 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) patients are known to have various infectious complications, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, due to immune dysfunction caused by DM itself and immunosuppressants used for treatment. Although CMV reactivation has been known to be a major cause of mortality in immunocompromised hosts, there has not been sufficient study of CMV reactivation in DM patients. The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of CMV reactivation in DM patients and to investigate risk factors potentially associated with development of CMV reactivation. We analyzed 52 Japanese DM patients, and CMV reactivation was observed in 21 (40.4%). The mean duration from the initiation of prednisolone (PSL) to the diagnosis of CMV reactivation was 6.1 ± 0.5 weeks. The total amount of oral PSL before the diagnosis of CMV reactivation was 2000.3 ± 169.3 mg. Using a univariate analysis, we found that the prevalence of interstitial lung disease and the frequency of diabetes mellitus complications in DM patients with CMV reactivation was significantly higher than that in DM patients without CMV. We identified that low lymphocytes (<900/μL) in DM patients was significantly associated with developing CMV reactivation. The use of immunosuppressants, including tacrolimus, cyclosporin and/or i.v. cyclophosphamide, was significantly associated with CMV reactivation in DM patients. Using a multivariate analysis, low lymphocytes at the time of DM diagnosis was found to be a risk factor for CMV reactivation. In addition, there was a tendency for diabetes mellitus to be a risk factor for CMV reactivation in DM patients. There was no difference in the prognosis for those with or without CMV reactivation in this study. These results suggest that in the DM patients with risk factors such as low lymphocytes and diabetes mellitus complications, regularly monitoring CMV reactivation and adequate treatment with antiviral agents may be necessary to prevent a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sahori Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yukie Endo
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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2
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Kaneshita S, Kida T, Yokota I, Nagahara H, Seno T, Wada M, Kohno M, Kawahito Y. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus disease with cytomegalovirus re-activation in patients with rheumatic disease. Mod Rheumatol 2018; 30:109-115. [PMID: 30472908 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1551264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease with CMV re-activation in patients with rheumatic disease.Methods: The clinical data of consecutive patients with rheumatic disease who experienced CMV re-activation were examined. We evaluated the difference in various baseline factors at the first detection of CMV pp65 antigenemia on the development of CMV disease using logistic regression models. The changes of laboratory data in the 4 weeks before CMV re-activation were also assessed.Results: We identified 80 patients (median age [interquartile range] = 65.0 years [51.5-74.0]) with CMV re-activation. Oral candidiasis, serum albumin ≤30 g/L, and CMV pp65-positive cell count >5.6/105 polymorphonuclear leukocyte cells were found to be associated with CMV disease (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI] = 9.99 [2.02-49.50], 11.4 [1.94-67.40] and 6.80 [1.63-28.30], respectively). Moreover, decreases in serum albumin level and blood lymphocyte count in the 4 weeks before CMV re-activation also predicted CMV disease (OR [95% CI] = 2.02 [1.07-3.8] and 1.96 [1.09-3.54], respectively).Conclusion: In CMV re-activation patients with rheumatic disease, the presence of oral candidiasis, high CMV pp65 positive cell count, and hypoalbuminemia are possible risk factors for CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Kaneshita
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kida
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetake Nagahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Wada
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kohno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawahito
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Fortin C, Yang Y, Huang X. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate T-cell responses against vaccinia virus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1022-1031. [PMID: 28383204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) can potently activate NK- and T-cell responses, leading to efficient viral control and generation of long-lasting protective immunity. However, immune responses against viral infections are often tightly controlled to avoid collateral damage and systemic inflammation. We have previously shown that granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (g-MDSCs) can suppress the NK-cell response to VV infection. It remains unknown what regulates T-cell responses to VV infection in vivo. In this study, we first showed that monocytic MDSCs (m-MDSCs), but not g-MDSCs, from VV-infected mice could directly suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation in vitro. We then demonstrated that defective recruitment of m-MDSCs to the site of VV infection in CCR2-/- mice enhanced VV-specific CD8+ T-cell response and that adoptive transfer of m-MDSCs into VV-infected mice suppressed VV-specific CD8+ T-cell activation, leading to a delay in viral clearance. Mechanistically, we further showed that T-cell suppression by m-MDSCs is mediated by indication of iNOS and production of NO upon VV infection, and that IFN-γ is required for activation of m-MDSCs. Collectively, our results highlight a critical role for m-MDSCs in regulating T-cell responses against VV infection and may suggest potential strategies using m-MDSCs to modulate T-cell responses during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Fortin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaopei Huang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Zhu J, Chen H, Huang X, Jiang S, Yang Y. Ly6C hi monocytes regulate T cell responses in viral hepatitis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89880. [PMID: 27777980 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis remains a global health challenge despite recent progress in the development of more effective therapies. Although virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses are essential for viral clearance, it remains largely unknown what regulates T cell-mediated viral clearance. Thus, a better understanding of the regulation of anti-viral T cell immunity would be critical for the design of more effective therapies for viral hepatitis. Using a model of adenovirus-induced hepatitis, here we showed that adenoviral infection induced recruitment of Ly6Chi monocytes to the liver in a CCR2-dependent manner. These recruited Ly6Chi monocytes suppressed CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to adenoviral infection, leading to a delay in viral clearance. In vivo depletion of Ly6Chi monocytes markedly enhanced anti-viral T cell responses and promoted viral clearance. Mechanistically, we showed that induction of iNOS and the production of NO by Ly6Chi monocytes are critical for the suppression of T cell responses. In addition, a contact-dependent mechanism mediated by PD-1 and PD-L1 interaction is also required for T cell suppression by Ly6Chi monocytes. These findings suggest a critical role for Ly6Chi monocytes in the regulation of T cell immunity in viral hepatitis and may provide new insights into development of more effective therapies for treating viral hepatitis based on targeting the immunosuppressing monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangao Zhu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Huiyao Chen
- Department of Hematology,First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaopei Huang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology,First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Crosby LN, McCormick AL, Mocarski ES. Gene products of the embedded m41/m41.1 locus of murine cytomegalovirus differentially influence replication and pathogenesis. Virology 2013; 436:274-83. [PMID: 23295021 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses utilize overlapping and embedded reading frames as a way to efficiently package and express all genes necessary to carry out a complex lifecycle. Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a mitochondrial-localized inhibitor of Bak oligomerization (vIBO) from m41.1, a reading frame that is embedded within the m41 gene. The m41.1-encoded mitochondrial protein and m41-encoded Golgi-localized protein have both been implicated in cell death suppression; however, their contribution to viral infection within the host has not been investigated. Here, we report that mitochondrial-localized m41.1 (vIBO) is required for optimal viral replication in macrophages and has a modest impact on dissemination in infected mice. In contrast, Golgi-localized m41 protein is dispensable during acute infection and dissemination as well as for latency. All together, these data indicate that the primary evolutionary focus of this locus is to maintain mitochondrial function through inhibition of Bak-mediated death pathways in support of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey N Crosby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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6
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Cytomegalovirus impairs antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity by recruiting inflammatory monocytes. Immunity 2012; 37:122-33. [PMID: 22840843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes are key early responders to infection that contribute to pathogen-host interactions in diverse ways. Here, we report that the murine cytomegalovirus-encoded CC chemokine, MCK2, enhanced CCR2-dependent recruitment of these cells to modulate antiviral immunity, impairing virus-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion and differentiation into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus reducing the capacity to eliminate viral antigen-bearing cells and slowing viral clearance. Adoptive transfer of inflammatory monocytes into Ccr2(-/-)Ccl2(-/-) mice impaired virus antigen-specific clearance. Cytomegalovirus therefore enhances a natural CCR2-dependent immune regulatory network to modulate adaptive immunity via nitric oxide production, reminiscent of the monocytic subtype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells primarily implicated in cancer immunomodulation.
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7
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Gaddi PJ, Crane MJ, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, Yap GS, Salazar-Mather TP. IL-10 mediated regulation of liver inflammation during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42850. [PMID: 22880122 PMCID: PMC3411849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cell types in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. The functions of IL-10 in the liver during acute infection and the cells that generate this cytokine at this site have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that the production of IL-10 in the liver is elevated in C57BL/6 mice during late acute MCMV infection. Using IL-10 green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter knock-in mice, designated IL-10-internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-GFP-enhanced reporter (tiger), NK cells are identified as major IL-10 expressing cells in the liver after infection, along with T cells and other leukocytes. In the absence of IL-10, mice exhibit marked elevations in proinflammatory cytokines and in the numbers of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes infiltrating the liver during this infection. IL-10-deficiency also enhances liver injury without improving viral clearance from this site. Collectively, the results indicate that IL-10-producing cells in the liver provide protection from collateral injury by modulating the inflammatory response associated with MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Gaddi
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Meredith J. Crane
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Masahito Kamanaka
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thais P. Salazar-Mather
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Tsai WP, Chen MH, Lee MH, Yu KH, Wu MW, Liou LB. Cytomegalovirus infection causes morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus: in a Chinese population in Taiwan. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2901-8. [PMID: 21898057 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the clinical outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in febrile hospitalized patients with autoimmune diseases, mostly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fifty-four febrile patients were analyzed retrospectively. Half were diagnosed as CMV infection, by positive CMV pp65 antigenemia assay. Clinical and laboratory data between two groups were compared. Correlation between laboratory data and SELENA-SLEDAI scores/mortality were analyzed in the CMV infection group. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the cutoff points of different parameters for predicting mortality or morbidity. The CMV infection group received a higher corticosteroid dosage (mean 26.3 mg/day) and a higher percentage of azathioprine use before admission than the non-CMV infection group. In the former, the deceased subgroup had a significantly higher number of infected leukocytes for CMV (shortened as CMV counts, P = 0.013), more cases of bacterial infection (P = 0.090), and a higher SLE disease activity index score (P = 0.072) than the alive subgroup. The CMV infection group had lower lymphocyte count and more positive bacterial infection than the non-CMV infection group did (P = 0.013 and P = 0.027, respectively). A level of 25 CMV particles/5 × 10(5) polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was the best cutoff point for predicting CMV-associated mortality, with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 72.2%. Moderate dose (30 mg/day) of prednisolone or azathioprine use predisposes patients with autoimmune diseases to CMV infection with concurrent bacterial infection. In particular, peak CMV counts at 25/5 × 10(5) PMN or low lymphocyte counts predict mortality or morbidity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tsai
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Lin-kou, Tao-yuan, Taiwan
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9
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Orr MT, Murphy WJ, Lanier LL. 'Unlicensed' natural killer cells dominate the response to cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:321-7. [PMID: 20190757 PMCID: PMC2842453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells expressing inhibitory receptors that bind to self-MHC class I are “licensed” or rendered functionally more responsive to stimulation, whereas “unlicensed” NK cells lacking receptors for self-MHC class I are hyporesponsive. Here we show that, contrary to the licensing hypothesis, unlicensed NK cells were the primary mediators of NK cell-mediated control of mouse cytomegalovirus infection in vivo. Depletion of unlicensed, but not licensed, NK cells impaired control of viral titers. Transfer of unlicensed NK cells was more protective than licensed NK cells. SHP-1 signaling limited proliferation of licensed, but not unlicensed NK cells during infection. Thus, “unlicensed” NK cells are critical for protection against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Orr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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The roles of interferon-gamma and perforin in antiviral immunity in mice that differ in genetically determined NK-cell-mediated antiviral activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:559-66. [PMID: 19564888 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of effective antiviral immunotherapies depends on a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in generating and maintaining immune responses. Control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection requires the concerted activities of both innate and adaptive immune effectors. In the mouse, immunity to acute murine CMV (MCMV) infection depends on natural killer (NK) cells and/or CD8(+) T cells. The relative importance of NK and CD8(+) T cells varies in different mouse strains. In C57BL/6 mice, early viral infection is controlled by Ly49H(+) NK cells, whereas in BALB/c mice, CD8(+) T cells exert the principal antiviral activities. Although the role of NK and CD8(+) T cells is defined, the molecular mechanisms they utilize to limit acute infection are poorly understood. Here, we define the specific roles of perforin (pfp) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the context of NK- or T-cell-mediated immunity to MCMV during acute infection. We show that pfp is essential for both NK- and T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity during the early stages of infection. The relative importance of IFN-gamma is more pronounced in Ly49H(-) mice. Using BALB/c background mice congenic for Ly49H and lacking pfp, we show that Ly49H-regulated NK-cell control of MCMV infection is dependent on pfp-mediated cytolysis.
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11
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Takizawa Y, Inokuma S, Tanaka Y, Saito K, Atsumi T, Hirakata M, Kameda H, Hirohata S, Kondo H, Kumagai S, Tanaka Y. Clinical characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in rheumatic diseases: multicentre survey in a large patient population. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1373-8. [PMID: 18577548 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To survey and elucidate the clinical characteristics of CMV infection in rheumatic disease patients. METHODS A detailed questionnaire survey on CMV infection was carried out against rheumatic disease patients hospitalized in member hospitals, and the obtained clinical and/or laboratory data were analysed. RESULTS Out of 7377 patients, 151 were diagnosed as having CMV infection. The underlying diseases ranged broadly, but SLE, microscopic polyangiitis, and dermatomyositis were the most common. Four were diagnosed histopathologically, and the others via positive CMV antigenaemia. In addition to oral corticosteroid for all but one patient, 81 were treated with pulsed methylprednisolone (MPSL), 64 with cyclophosphamide (CYC) and 36 with other immunosuppressants. Forty-four had a fatal outcome, for which presence of clinical symptoms, other infectious complications, lymphopenia, an older age (>59.3 yrs) and the use of pulsed MPSL were significant risk factors (P < 0.05) by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis retained the first three (P < 0.05). The CMV antigenaemia count was significantly higher for the symptomatic than asymptomatic [10.1 (0.0-2998.0) vs 4.0 (1.3-1144.4)/10(5) PMNs, respectively, P < 0.05; threshold count: 5.6/10(5) PMNs]. No treatment benefit by anti-viral agent was observed as for survival. CONCLUSION CMV infection was mostly diagnosed by antigenaemia, and occurred among patients under strong immunosuppressive therapy using pulsed MPSL and/or immunosuppressants. Lymphopenia, presence of symptoms and other infections are significant risk factors for a poor outcome and pulsed MPSL and an older age may predict it. Patients were prone to be symptomatic with anti-genaemia count over 5.6/10(5) PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takizawa
- Department of Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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12
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Hokeness KL, Deweerd ES, Munks MW, Lewis CA, Gladue RP, Salazar-Mather TP. CXCR3-dependent recruitment of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to the liver during murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol 2006; 81:1241-50. [PMID: 17108043 PMCID: PMC1797530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01937-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate inflammatory events promoting antiviral defense in the liver against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection have been characterized. However, the mechanisms that regulate the selective recruitment of inflammatory T lymphocytes to the liver during MCMV infection have not been defined. The studies presented here demonstrate the expression of monokine induced by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma; Mig/CXCL9) and IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in liver leukocytes and correlate their production with the infiltration of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells into the liver. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CXCL9 and CXCL10 and studies using mice deficient in CXCR3, the primary known receptor for these chemokines, revealed that CXCR3-dependent mechanisms promote the infiltration of virus-specific CD8 T cells into the liver during acute infection with MCMV. Furthermore, CXCR3 functions augmented the hepatic accumulation of CD8 T-cell IFN-gamma responses to MCMV. Evaluation of protective functions demonstrated enhanced pathology that overlapped with transient increases in virus titers in CXCR3-deficient mice. However, ultimate viral clearance and survival were not compromised. Thus, CXCR3-mediated signals support the accumulation of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells that contribute to, but are not exclusively required for, protective responses in a virus-infected tissue site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Hokeness
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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13
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Lu X, Pinto AK, Kelly AM, Cho KS, Hill AB. Murine cytomegalovirus interference with antigen presentation contributes to the inability of CD8 T cells to control virus in the salivary gland. J Virol 2006; 80:4200-2. [PMID: 16571839 PMCID: PMC1440476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.4200-4202.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to other organs, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication in the salivary gland is uniquely resistant to CD8 T-cell control. The contribution of viral genes that interfere with antigen presentation (VIPRs) to this resistance was assessed using a mutant lacking MCMV's known VIPRs. Salivary gland titers of the VIPR-deficient virus were at least 10-fold lower than those of the wild type during the persistent phase of infection; the defect was reversed by depleting CD8 T cells. Thus, VIPRs contribute to CD8 T cells' inability to control virus in the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, L220, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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14
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He R, Ruan Q, Qi Y, Ma YP, Huang YJ, Sun ZR, Ji YH. Sequence variability of human cytomegalovirus UL146 and UL147 genes in low-passage clinical isolates. Intervirology 2006; 49:215-23. [PMID: 16491016 DOI: 10.1159/000091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a number of organs and cell types in vivo. The different symptoms and tissue tropisms of HCMV infection perhaps result from the genetic polymorphism. A new region of DNA containing at least 19 open reading frames (ORFs - denoted UL133-151) was found in the low-passage HCMV clinical strain Toledo and several other low-passage clinical isolates, but not present in the HCMV laboratory strain AD169. Two of these genes, UL146 and UL147, encode proteins with sequence characteristics of CXC (alpha) chemokines, suggesting that they might influence the behavior of neutrophils during infection. This research was to study the sequence variability of UL146 and UL147 ORFs in HCMV clinical isolates and examine the possible associations between gene variability and the outcome of HCMV infection. METHODS UL146 and UL147 genes from strains obtained from suspected congenitally HCMV-infected infants were PCR amplified and sequenced. RESULTS High variability was found in UL146 and UL147 gene among HCMV clinical strains. However, the alpha chemokine motif in UL146 and UL147 genes was conserved in almost all sequences. According to the phylogenetic analysis, all sequences of UL146 in clinical isolates could be divided into three groups. All strains from congenital megacolon infants existed in G2A only, and all from asymptomatic infants existed in G2B peculiarly. CONCLUSIONS Sequence variability among HCMV clinical strains may affect the ability of UL146 and UL147 to attract human neutrophils and influence viral dissemination. No obvious linkage was observed between UL146 polymorphisms and outcome of suspected congenital HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- Virus Laboratory, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Cheeran MCJ, Gekker G, Hu S, Palmquist JM, Lokensgard JR. T cell-mediated restriction of intracerebral murine cytomegalovirus infection displays dependence upon perforin but not interferon-gamma. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:274-80. [PMID: 16036807 PMCID: PMC7095405 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590952808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The authors have previously reported that adoptive transfer of splenocytes suppresses murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) brain infection following intracerebroventricular injection of immunodeficient mice and that depletion of Thy 1.2+ T lymphocytes abolishes this suppressive effect. Here the authors report that splenocytes depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes prior to adoptive transfer retained their ability to control viral expression in the brain. In sharp contrast, depletion of the CD8+ T-cell population prior to transfer abolished the suppressive effect, with sixfold greater expression in the brain than when undepleted splenocytes were used. The authors went on to examine the contributions of cytokine- and perforin-mediated mechanisms in controlling MCMV brain infection using splenocytes from major histocompatibility (MHC)-matched IFN-γ-knockout (GKO), and perforin-knockout (PKO) mice. When used in adoptive transfer studies, splenocytes from GKO mice controlled viral expression; however, cells from PKO mice could not control reporter gene expression or viral DNA replication in brain tissues. The authors have previously reported that the levels of the T-cell chemoattractant CXCL10 are highly elevated in the brains of MCMV-infected mice. Here the authors found that the receptor for this ligand, CXCR3, was not essential in mediating the suppressive effects of adoptive transfer. These data indicate that peripheral CD8+ T cells control MCMV brain infection through a perforin-mediated mechanism and that neither IFN-γ nor CXCR3 play a critical role in this neuroprotective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim C. -J. Cheeran
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Building D-3, 55404 Minneapolis, MN USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Genya Gekker
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Building D-3, 55404 Minneapolis, MN USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Building D-3, 55404 Minneapolis, MN USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Joseph M. Palmquist
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Building D-3, 55404 Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - James R. Lokensgard
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, Building D-3, 55404 Minneapolis, MN USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
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16
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Cheeran MCJ, Gekker G, Hu S, Min X, Cox D, Lokensgard JR. Intracerebral infection with murine cytomegalovirus induces CXCL10 and is restricted by adoptive transfer of splenocytes. J Neurovirol 2004; 10:152-62. [PMID: 15204920 DOI: 10.1080/13550280490441130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain's intrinsic immune system consists of glial cells that produce cytokines and chemokines in response to stimulation with cytomegalovirus (CMV). The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether this intrinsic glial cell response alone is sufficient to control CMV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) or whether effector cells from the somatic immune system are also required. Following stereotactic, intracerebroventricular (icv), injection of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into immunocompetent (C.B-17) mice, viral spread in the brain was limited to the cells of the ventricular walls and the infection was resolved by 10 days post infection (p.i.). In contrast, icv infection of immunodeficient (C.B-17 SCID/bg) mice resulted in viral spread from the ventricles throughout the brain parenchyma and these mice succumbed to lethal disease. Adoptive transfer of total splenocytes from major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched, MCMV-primed animals restricted intracerebral viral infection to the periventricular cells and reduced levels of reporter gene expression from the viral genome. Peripheral immune cell transfer also protected immunodeficient animals from lethal disease. Depletion of Thy 1.2(+) cells from MCMV-primed splenocytes abolished the protective effect of adoptive transfer. Viral expression was found to be fourfold greater in the brains of animals given Thy 1.2-depleted splenocytes than from those receiving total undepleted cells. As MCMV infection proceeded in the brains of immunodeficient mice, levels of the T-cell chemoattractants CXCL10 and CCL2 remained elevated, whereas CXCL10 levels waned in the brains of animals receiving transferred splenocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the ability of T lymphocytes to restrict intracerebral viral spread and indicate that intrinsic glial cell responses alone are insufficient to control MCMV brain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, USA
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17
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Lembo D, Donalisio M, Hofer A, Cornaglia M, Brune W, Koszinowski U, Thelander L, Landolfo S. The ribonucleotide reductase R1 homolog of murine cytomegalovirus is not a functional enzyme subunit but is required for pathogenesis. J Virol 2004; 78:4278-88. [PMID: 15047841 PMCID: PMC374293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.4278-4288.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Alpha- and gammaherpesviruses express a functional enzyme, since they code for both the R1 and the R2 subunits. By contrast, betaherpesviruses contain an open reading frame (ORF) with homology to R1, but an ORF for R2 is absent, suggesting that they do not express a functional RNR. The M45 protein of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) exhibits the sequence features of a class Ia RNR R1 subunit but lacks certain amino acid residues believed to be critical for enzymatic function. It starts to be expressed independently upon the onset of viral DNA synthesis at 12 h after infection and accumulates at later times in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Moreover, it is associated with the virion particle. To investigate direct involvement of the virally encoded R1 subunit in ribonucleotide reduction, recombinant M45 was tested in enzyme activity assays together with cellular R1 and R2. The results indicate that M45 neither is a functional equivalent of an R1 subunit nor affects the activity or the allosteric control of the mouse enzyme. To replicate in quiescent cells, MCMV induces the expression and activity of the cellular RNR. Mutant viruses in which the M45 gene has been inactivated are avirulent in immunodeficient SCID mice and fail to replicate in their target organs. These results suggest that M45 has evolved a new function that is indispensable for virus replication and pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lembo
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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18
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Cavanaugh VJ, Deng Y, Birkenbach MP, Slater JS, Campbell AE. Vigorous innate and virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to murine cytomegalovirus in the submaxillary salivary gland. J Virol 2003; 77:1703-17. [PMID: 12525604 PMCID: PMC140858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.1703-1717.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the immunological mechanisms that permit prolonged shedding of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) from the salivary gland, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of leukocytes infiltrating the submaxillary gland (SMG) were analyzed in infected BALB/c mice. A robust innate immune response, comprised of CD11c+ major histocompatibility complex class II+ CD11b- CD8alpha+ dendritic cells and gamma/delta T-cell receptor-bearing CD3+ T cells was prominent through at least 28 days postinfection. Concurrently, a dramatic increase in pan-NK (DX5+) CD3+ and CD8+ T cells was observed, while CD4+ T cells, known to be essential for viral clearance from this tissue, increased slightly. The expression particularly of gamma interferon but also of interleukin-10 and CC chemokines was extraordinarily high in the SMG in response to MCMV infection. The gamma interferon was produced primarily by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and DX5+ CD3+ T cells. The SMG CD8+ T cells were highly cytolytic ex vivo, and a significant proportion of these cells were specific to an immunodominant MCMV peptide. These peptide-specific clones were not exhausted by the presence of high virus titers, which persisted in the SMG despite the strength of the cell-mediated responses. In contrast, MCMV replication was efficiently cleared from the draining cervical and periglandular lymph nodes, a tissue displaying a substantially weaker antiviral response. Our data indicated that vigorous innate and acquired immune responses are elicited, activated, and retained in response to mucosal inflammation from persistent MCMV infection of the submaxillary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Cavanaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501, USA
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19
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Saederup N, Aguirre SA, Sparer TE, Bouley DM, Mocarski ES. Murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m131-129) is a determinant of dissemination that increases inflammation at initial sites of infection. J Virol 2001; 75:9966-76. [PMID: 11559829 PMCID: PMC114568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9966-9976.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m131-129) is an important determinant of dissemination during primary infection. Reduced peak levels of viremia at day 5 were followed by reduced levels of virus in salivary glands starting at day 7 when mck insertion (RM461) and point (RM4511) mutants were compared to mck-expressing viruses. A dramatic MCK-2-enhanced inflammation occurred at the inoculation site over the first few days of infection, preceding viremia. The data further reinforce the role of MCK-2 as a proinflammatory signal that recruits leukocytes to increase the efficiency of viral dissemination in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saederup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124, USA
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20
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Balkow S, Kersten A, Tran TT, Stehle T, Grosse P, Museteanu C, Utermöhlen O, Pircher H, von Weizsäcker F, Wallich R, Müllbacher A, Simon MM. Concerted action of the FasL/Fas and perforin/granzyme A and B pathways is mandatory for the development of early viral hepatitis but not for recovery from viral infection. J Virol 2001; 75:8781-91. [PMID: 11507223 PMCID: PMC115123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8781-8791.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a major role in the recovery from primary viral infections and the accompanying tissue injuries. However, it is unclear to what extent the two main cytolytic pathways, perforin-granzyme A and B exocytosis and Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas interaction, contribute to these processes. Here we have employed mouse strains with either spontaneous mutations or targeted gene defects in one or more components of either of the two cytolytic pathways to analyze the molecular basis of viral clearance and induction of hepatitis during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Our results reveal that viral clearance is solely dependent on perforin but that virus-induced liver damage only occurs when both the FasL/Fas and the perforin pathways, including granzymes A and B, are simultaneously activated. The finding that development of hepatitis but not viral clearance is dependent on the concomitant activation of FasL-Fas and perforin-granzymes may be helpful in designing novel strategies to prevent hepatic failures during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balkow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, 79108 Freiburg, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Bunjes D. T cell depletion of allogeneic stem cell grafts with anti-CD 52 monoclonal antibodies: the Ulm experience from 1983-1999. TRANSFUSION SCIENCE 2000; 23:151-62. [PMID: 11035276 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-3886(00)00079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD52 Antigen
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Graft Rejection
- Graft Survival
- Graft vs Host Disease/epidemiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Humans
- Incidence
- Leukemia/therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Recurrence
- Remission Induction
- Retrospective Studies
- Safety
- Salvage Therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transplantation Conditioning
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bunjes
- Stem Cell Transplantation Programme, Department of Haematology/Oncology, Ulm University Hospital, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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22
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Burns WH. Advances in the control of cytomegalovirus disease in bone marrow transplant patients. Cancer Treat Res 2000; 101:185-201. [PMID: 10800650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4987-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Burns
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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23
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Saederup N, Lin YC, Dairaghi DJ, Schall TJ, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus-encoded beta chemokine promotes monocyte-associated viremia in the host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10881-6. [PMID: 10485920 PMCID: PMC17977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine homologs are encoded by many large DNA viruses, suggesting that they contribute to control of host leukocyte transmigration and trafficking during viral infection. Murine cytomegalovirus carries a CC (beta) chemokine homolog gene giving rise to two related proteins, murine cytomegalovirus chemokine 1 and 2 (MCK-1 and MCK-2). MCK-1 peptide was found to induce calcium signaling and adherence in murine peritoneal macrophages. Cells bearing human chemokine receptor CCR3 and the human macrophage THP1 cell line were responsive to MCK-1. This pattern suggested that MCK-1 might act as an agonist, promoting leukocyte trafficking during viral infection. Consistent with this prediction, MCK-1/MCK-2 mutant viruses exhibit dramatically reduced peak levels of monocyte-associated viremia in experimentally infected mice. Thus, MCK-1/MCK-2 appears to promote host leukocyte migration to initial sites of infection and may be responsible for attracting monocytes or macrophages that efficiently disseminate virus in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saederup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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24
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Hanson LK, Slater JS, Karabekian Z, Virgin HW, Biron CA, Ruzek MC, van Rooijen N, Ciavarra RP, Stenberg RM, Campbell AE. Replication of murine cytomegalovirus in differentiated macrophages as a determinant of viral pathogenesis. J Virol 1999; 73:5970-80. [PMID: 10364349 PMCID: PMC112658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.5970-5980.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood monocytes or tissue macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, providing functions beneficial to both the virus and the host. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that differentiated macrophages support MCMV replication, are target cells for MCMV infection within tissues, and harbor latent MCMV DNA. However, this cell type presumably initiates early, antiviral immune responses as well. In addressing this paradoxical role of macrophages, we provide evidence that the proficiency of MCMV replication in macrophages positively correlates with virulence in vivo. An MCMV mutant from which the open reading frames M139, M140, and M141 had been deleted (RV10) was defective in its ability to replicate in macrophages in vitro and was highly attenuated for growth in vivo. However, depletion of splenic macrophages significantly enhanced, rather than deterred, replication of both wild-type (WT) virus and RV10 in the spleen. The ability of RV10 to replicate in intact or macrophage-depleted spleens was independent of cytokine production, as this mutant virus was a poor inducer of cytokines compared to WT virus in both intact organs and macrophage-depleted organs. Macrophages were, however, a major contributor to the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon in response to WT virus infection. Thus, the data indicate that tissue macrophages serve a net protective role and may function as "filters" in protecting other highly permissive cell types from MCMV infection. The magnitude of virus replication in tissue macrophages may dictate the amount of virus accessible to the other cells. Concomitantly, infection of this cell type initiates the production of antiviral immune responses to guarantee efficient clearance of acute MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Hanson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA
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25
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Alterio de Goss M, Holtappels R, Steffens HP, Podlech J, Angele P, Dreher L, Thomas D, Reddehase MJ. Control of cytomegalovirus in bone marrow transplantation chimeras lacking the prevailing antigen-presenting molecule in recipient tissues rests primarily on recipient-derived CD8 T cells. J Virol 1998; 72:7733-44. [PMID: 9733809 PMCID: PMC110079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.7733-7744.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during the transient immunodeficiency after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) develops into disease unless antiviral CD8 T cells are restored in due course. Histoincompatibility between donor and recipient is associated with increased risk. Complications may include a rejection response against the foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and a lack of antiviral control resulting from a misfit between donor-derived T cells and the antigenic viral peptides presented in recipient tissues. Here we have established a murine model of CMV disease after experimental BMT performed across a single MHC class I disparity. Specifically, BALB/c bone marrow cells expressing the prevailing antigen-presenting molecule Ld were transplanted into the Ld gene deletion mutant BALB/c-H-2(dm2), an experimental setting that entails a selective risk of host-versus-graft but not graft-versus-host response. The reconstituted T-cell population proved to be chimeric in that it consisted of Ld-positive donor-derived and Ld-negative recipient-derived cells. Pulmonary infiltrates did not include cytolytic T cells directed against Ld. This finding implies that the infection did not trigger a host-versus-graft response. Notably, upon adoptive transfer, donor-derived CD8 T cells preferentially protected tissues of donor genotype, whereas recipient-derived CD8 T cells protected tissues of either genotype. We infer from these data that the focus on immunodominant antigens presented by Ld within the donor cell population distracted the donor T cells from protecting recipient tissues and that protection in the chimeras was therefore primarily based on recipient T cells. As a consequence, T-cell chimerism after BMT should give a positive prognosis with respect to control of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alterio de Goss
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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26
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Holtappels R, Podlech J, Geginat G, Steffens HP, Thomas D, Reddehase MJ. Control of murine cytomegalovirus in the lungs: relative but not absolute immunodominance of the immediate-early 1 nonapeptide during the antiviral cytolytic T-lymphocyte response in pulmonary infiltrates. J Virol 1998; 72:7201-12. [PMID: 9696814 PMCID: PMC109942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7201-7212.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1998] [Accepted: 06/12/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are a major organ site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, pathogenesis, and latency. Interstitial CMV pneumonia represents a critical manifestation of CMV disease, in particular in recipients of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have employed a murine model for studying the immune response to CMV in the lungs in the specific scenario of immune reconstitution after syngeneic BMT. Control of pulmonary infection was associated with a vigorous infiltration of the lungs, which was characterized by a preferential recruitment and massive expansion of the CD8 subset of alpha/beta T cells. The infiltrate provided a microenvironment in which the CD8 T cells differentiated into mature effector cells, that is, into functionally active cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). This gave us the opportunity for an ex vivo testing of the antigen specificities of CTL present at a relevant organ site of viral pathogenesis. The contribution of the previously identified immediate-early 1 (IE1) nonapeptide of murine CMV was evaluated by comparison with the CD3epsilon-redirected cytolytic activity used as a measure of the overall CTL response in the lungs. The IE1 peptide was detected by pulmonary CTL, but it accounted for a minor part of the response. Interestingly, no additional viral or virus-induced antigenic peptides were detectable among naturally processed peptides derived from infected lungs, even though infected fibroblasts were recognized in a major histocompatibility complex-restricted manner. We conclude that the antiviral pulmonary immune response is a collaborative function that involves many antigenic peptides, among which the IE1 peptide is immunodominant in a relative sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holtappels
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Steffens HP, Podlech J, Kurz S, Angele P, Dreis D, Reddehase MJ. Cytomegalovirus inhibits the engraftment of donor bone marrow cells by downregulation of hemopoietin gene expression in recipient stroma. J Virol 1998; 72:5006-15. [PMID: 9573270 PMCID: PMC110063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.5006-5015.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after bone marrow (BM) transplantation is often associated with BM graft failure. There are two possible reasons for such a correlation. First, a poor hematopoietic reconstitution of unrelated etiology could promote the progression of CMV infection by the lack of immune control. Alternatively, CMV infection could interfere with the engraftment of donor BM cells in recipient BM stroma. Evidence for a causative role of CMV in BM aplasia came from studies in long-term BM cultures and from the murine in vivo model of CMV-induced aplastic anemia. A deficiency in the expression of essential stromal hemopoietins, such as stem cell factor (SCF), has indicated a functional insufficiency of the stromal microenvironment. It remained open to question whether CMV mediates a negative regulation of hemopoietin gene expression (the downregulation model) or whether it causes the default of a positive regulator (the lack-of-induction model). Further, even though implicitly assumed, it has never been formally documented that CMV directly interferes with the engraftment of a BM cell transplant. We addressed these problems in a murine model of CMV infection after experimental male-into-female BM transplantation. The data indicate that the downregulation model applies. Quantitation of the male-sex-determining gene tdy demonstrated an impaired engraftment of donor BM cells in the BM stroma of the female recipients. This graft failure was reflected by a diminished population of SCF-receptor-expressing hematopoietic progenitor cells and correlated with a reduced level of stromal SCF gene expression. Interestingly, high doses of BM cells protected against stromal insufficiency by a mechanism unrelated to control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Steffens
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Cavanaugh VJ, Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication during adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infections in transgenic mice. J Virol 1998; 72:2630-7. [PMID: 9525579 PMCID: PMC109701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.2630-2637.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1997] [Accepted: 12/16/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and gene expression are abolished in the livers of HBV transgenic mice by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, stimuli that trigger the production of alpha/beta interferon, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the liver. We now report that hepatic HBV replication and gene expression are inhibited by the local induction of these cytokines during adenovirus- and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced hepatitis. Further, we show that MCMV also blocks HBV replication and gene expression in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney by causing interstitial nephritis and inducing the same cytokines in the renal parenchyma. These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines probably contribute to viral clearance during acute viral hepatitis in humans, and they imply that induction of these cytokines in the liver and other infected tissues of chronically infected patients might have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Cavanaugh
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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29
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Lehner PJ, Karttunen JT, Wilkinson GW, Cresswell P. The human cytomegalovirus US6 glycoprotein inhibits transporter associated with antigen processing-dependent peptide translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:6904-9. [PMID: 9192664 PMCID: PMC21257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/1997] [Accepted: 04/21/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In its attempt to evade cytotoxic T cell recognition, human cytomegalovirus encodes several genes that target MHC class I molecules at different points in their assembly pathway. We show here that the human cytomegalovirus US6 gene encodes a 22-kDa glycoprotein that binds the transporter-associated with antigen processing (TAP)/class I complex and inhibits translocation of peptide from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum. Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are therefore unable to load TAP-dependent peptides, resulting in the retention of MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, with a consequent reduction in class I at the cell surface. Interferon-gamma treatment of US6 transfected cells overcomes this inhibition of peptide translocation and restores class I at the cell surface to wild type levels. The functional consequence of TAP inhibition is that US6 transfected cells are unable to present endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and are therefore resistant to cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lehner
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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30
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Mayer A, Podlech J, Kurz S, Steffens HP, Maiberger S, Thalmeier K, Angele P, Dreher L, Reddehase MJ. Bone marrow failure by cytomegalovirus is associated with an in vivo deficiency in the expression of essential stromal hemopoietin genes. J Virol 1997; 71:4589-98. [PMID: 9151853 PMCID: PMC191681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4589-4598.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) failure associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a feared complication after clinical BM transplantation. Experiments in long-term BM cultures have indicated that BM stromal cells (BMSC) are targets of productive CMV infection, but an in situ infection of BM stroma remained to be documented, and the pathomechanism is open to question. Here we describe a murine in vivo model of lethal CMV aplastic anemia (CMV-AA). The reconstitution of hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing stem cell factor (SCF) receptor was found to be defective in CMV-AA. While murine CMV replication in permissive parenchymal tissues is cytolytic, the hematopoietic cord was found to be a site of very limited virus production with foci of reticular BMSC expressing the intranuclear viral IE1 protein, but with only a few BMSC positive for viral genome in the in situ hybridization. XX-XY BM chimeras were established in order to quantitate Y-chromosome-tagged BMSC by a PCR specific for the male-sex-determining gene Tdy. This approach revealed that murine CMV infection is not associated with a significant loss of BMSC. Despite the physical integrity of the stromal network, the functional integrity of the stroma was impaired. While housekeeping genes were expressed normally in BMSC of infected mice, the expression of genes encoding the essential hemopoietins SCF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-6 was markedly reduced. In conclusion, the mechanism of BM failure is not a stromal lesion but an insufficient stromal function. These findings explain CMV-AA as a manifestation of multiple hemopoietin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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31
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Palmon A, Blagerman S, Tel-Or S, Pecht M, Trainin N, Burstein Y, Rager-Zisman B. Treatment of murine cytomegalovirus salivary-gland infection by combined therapy with ganciclovir and thymic humoral factor gamma 2. Antiviral Res 1996; 33:55-64. [PMID: 8955853 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(96)00996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An optimal therapeutic regimen against primary CMV salivary-gland infection has not yet been developed. We used a murine CMV (MCMV) model system to assess the ability of combined thymic humoral factor THF-gamma 2 immunotherapy and ganciclovir (GCV) antiviral chemotherapy to eliminate detectable viral DNA from salivary glands of infected animals. Mice in different experimental groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with MCMV, treated, and then sacrificed either 2 weeks or 3 months later. To amplify and detect MCMV DNA in infected salivary-gland tissue, we developed a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a glycoprotein B gene primer pair that amplifies a 356 bp segment. During the acute phase of the infection, the detection of high titers of infectious virus in the salivary glands correlated with a strong PCR amplification signal. Although active virions could not be recovered from untreated animals 3 months after viral inoculation, the PCR assay detected a latent MCMV genome. Treatment with either GCV alone or THF-gamma 2 alone had little or no effect on the presence of MCMV DNA. By contrast, combined treatment with THF-gamma 2 and GCV significantly reduced the amount of salivary-gland MCMV DNA to below the limit of PCR detection. The results presented here, and experimental data from previous MCMV research in our laboratories, imply that elimination of the virus from the salivary glands could be due in part to THF-gamma 2 restoration of the various MCMV-suppressed, cell mediated immune-responses. Combining THF-gamma 2 immunotherapy and GCV antiviral chemotherapy may be an important step toward an effective therapeutic regimen that has the potential to prevent the establishment of viral latency ensuing from primary MCMV salivary-gland infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palmon
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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Wills MR, Carmichael AJ, Mynard K, Jin X, Weekes MP, Plachter B, Sissons JG. The human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to cytomegalovirus is dominated by structural protein pp65: frequency, specificity, and T-cell receptor usage of pp65-specific CTL. J Virol 1996; 70:7569-79. [PMID: 8892876 PMCID: PMC190825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7569-7579.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) appear to play an important role in the control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the normal virus carrier: previous studies have identified peripheral blood CD8+ CTL specific for the HCMV major immediate-early gene product (IE1) and more recently, by bulk culture and cloning techniques, have identified CTL specific for a structural gene product, the lower matrix protein pp65. In order to determine the relative contributions of CTL which recognize the HCMV proteins IE1, pp65, and glycoprotein B (gB) to the total HCMV-specific CTL response, we have used a limiting-dilution analysis system to quantify HCMV-specific CTL precursors with different specificities, allowing the antigenic specificity of multiple short-term CTL clones to be assessed, in a group of six healthy seropositive donors. All donors showed high frequencies of HCMV-specific major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTL precursors. There was a very high frequency of CTL specific for pp65 (lower matrix protein); IE1-specific CTL were also detectable at lower frequencies in three of five donors, while CTL directed to gB were undetectable. A pp65 gene deletion mutant of HCMV was then used to estimate the contribution of pp65-specific CTL to the total HCMV-specific CTL response; this showed that between 70 and 90% of all CTL recognizing HCMV-infected cells were pp65 specific. Analysis of the peptide specificity of pp65-specific CTL showed that some donors have a highly focused response recognizing a single peptide; the T-cell receptor Vbeta gene usage in these two donors was shown to be remarkably restricted, with over half of the responding CD8+ T cells utilizing a single Vbeta gene rearrangement. Other subjects recognized multiple pp65 peptides: nine new pp65 CTL peptide epitopes were defined, and for five of these the HLA-presenting allele has been identified. All four of the HLA A2 donors tested in this study recognized the same peptide. This apparent domination of the CTL response to HCMV during persistent infection by a single structural protein, irrespective of major histocompatibility complex haplotype, is not clearly described for other persistent virus infections, and the mechanism requires further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/blood
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, United Kingdom.
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33
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Shimizu K, Matsuzawa H, Okada K, Tazume S, Dosako S, Kawasaki Y, Hashimoto K, Koga Y. Lactoferrin-mediated protection of the host from murine cytomegalovirus infection by a T-cell-dependent augmentation of natural killer cell activity. Arch Virol 1996; 141:1875-89. [PMID: 8920822 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The administration of bovine lactoferrin (LF) with 1 mg/g body weight before the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection completely protected the BALB/c mice from death due to the infection. In these LF-treated mice, a significant increase in the activity was found in the NK cells but not in the cytolytic T lymphocytes which recognized an MCMV-derived peptide. Moreover, the elimination of the NK cell activity by an injection with anti-asialo GM1 antibody abrogated such augmented resistance, thus supporting the hypothesis that the LF-mediated antiviral effect in vivo is performed through the augmentation of NK cell activity. No such LF-mediated antiviral effect in vivo with the increased NK cell activity was found in athymic nude mice, whereas it was restored completely by the transfer of splenic T cells from LF-treated donors. These findings therefore suggest that T lymphocytes induce both the augmentation of NK cell activity and the resultant antiviral effect in the LF-treated hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimizu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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34
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Cavanaugh VJ, Stenberg RM, Staley TL, Virgin HW, MacDonald MR, Paetzold S, Farrell HE, Rawlinson WD, Campbell AE. Murine cytomegalovirus with a deletion of genes spanning HindIII-J and -I displays altered cell and tissue tropism. J Virol 1996; 70:1365-74. [PMID: 8627652 PMCID: PMC189955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1365-1374.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) gene products dispensable for growth in cell culture are likely to have important functions within the infected host, influencing tissue tropism, dissemination, or immunological responses against the virus. To identify such genes, our strategy was to delete large regions of the MCMV genome likely to contain genes nonessential for virus replication in NIH 3T3 cells. Mutant virus RV7 contained a deletion of 7.7 kb spanning portions of MCMV HindIII-J and -I. This virus grew comparably to wild-type (WT) virus in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, primary embryo fibroblasts, and bone marrow macrophages. However, RV7 failed to replicate in target organs of immunocompetent BALB/c mice and severe combined immunodeficient mice, which are exquisitely sensitive to MCMV infection. This defect in vivo growth may be related to the observation that RV7 grew poorly in the peritoneal macrophage cell line IC-21, which is highly permissive for growth of WT MCMV. Two other mutant viruses with an insertion or smaller deletion in the region common to the RV7 deletion grew comparably to WT virus in the macrophage cell line and replicated in salivary gland tissue. The poor growth of RV7 in IC-21 cells was due to a block in immediate-early gene expression, as levels of RNA from immediate-early gene IE1 were reduced eightfold compared with levels for WT virus in macrophages infected with RV7. Consequently, levels of RNA from early and late genes were also reduced. The lower expression of IE1 in RV7-infected IC-21 macrophages was not due to defective entry of virus into the cells, as equal amounts of viral DNA were present in cells 3 h after infection with RV7 or WT MCMV. These studies demonstrate that deletion of sequences in HindIII-J and -I confer altered cell and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Cavanaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA
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35
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de la Torre JC, Oldstone MB. Anatomy of viral persistence: mechanisms of persistence and associated disease. Adv Virus Res 1996; 46:311-43. [PMID: 8824703 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C de la Torre
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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36
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Plachter B, Sinzger C, Jahn G. Cell types involved in replication and distribution of human cytomegalovirus. Adv Virus Res 1996; 46:195-261. [PMID: 8824701 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the number of patients suffering from severe HCMV infections has steadily increased, there is a growing need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which the virus causes disease. The factors that control infection at one time and the events leading to virus multiplication at another time are only beginning to be understood. The interaction of HCMV with different host cells is one key for elucidating these processes. Through modern techniques, much has been learned about the biology of HCMV infections in culture systems. In addition to endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts are one cell population preferentially infected in solid tissues in vivo. From these sites of multiplication, the virus may be carried by peripheral monocytes and circulating endothelial cells to reach distant sites of the body. This would explain the multiorgan involvement in acute HCMV infection and the modes of viral transmission. From what has been learned mainly from human fibroblast culture systems, future studies will focus on how HCMV regulates the expression of its putative 200 genes in different host cells at different stages of cell differentiation and activation to result in viral latency and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Plachter
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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37
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Hayashi K, Suwa Y, Shimomura Y, Ohashi Y. Pathogenesis of ocular cytomegalovirus infection in the immunocompromised host. J Med Virol 1995; 47:364-9. [PMID: 8636704 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890470412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Balb/C nude and C.B-17 SCID mice were inoculated with salivary gland passaged cytomegalovirus (SG-MCMV) intraperitoneally. Dissemination of the virus in the systemic and ocular tissues was studied by the direct immunofluorescence test, and the virus growth in each tissue was titrated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The mode of viral spread was assessed by inhibiting macrophage function by silica and administering polyclonal murine anti-MCMV antibody in the circulation. The virus first reached the eyelid, conjunctiva, and cornea. Subsequently, it spread in the outer ocular muscles and chorioretinal layer. Ocular tissues were involved as part of a generalized infection. Abrogation of macrophage function by silica did not affect the outcome of the viral distribution. Administration of antibody prior to and 3 days after the viral infection prevented virus dissemination. Ocular CMV infection occurred initially at the anterior segment of the eye in an immunocompromised host. Free virus, not macrophage-bound virus, disseminated via the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hayashi
- Public Health Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
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38
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Matsuzawa H, Shimizu K, Okada K, Ando K, Hashimoto K, Koga Y. Analysis of target organs for the latency of murine cytomegalovirus DNA using specific pathogen free and germfree mice. Arch Virol 1995; 140:853-64. [PMID: 7605198 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes a latent infection in its host; however, the organ sites of viral latency and its mechanism still remain to be fully clarified. To elucidate this issue, a latent infection with murine (M) CMV was attempted to induce in mice and the organ sites of the latent viral genome were examined for more than one year by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a result, latent MCMV DNA was detectable in both the lung and the spleen as late as 59 weeks after infection. The heart was also observed to be a target organ of latent MCMV DNA, though the amount of viral DNA was much less than that seen in the lung and spleen. In germfree (GF) mice, on the other hand, no such latent viral DNA was observed in the spleens, while it was seen, but to a significantly smaller degree, in the lungs and the hearts than in the same organs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. The amount of infectious virions generated in the host appeared to be almost equal between the GF and SPF mice. The above findings therefore suggest that the spleen, lung and heart are target organs for MCMV latency and the indigenous bacterial flora, which are not colonizing in GF mice, play an important role in the establishment of such viral latency in SPF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuzawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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39
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Messerle M, Rapp M, Lucin P, Koszinowski UH. Characterization of a conserved gene block in the murine cytomegalovirus genome. Virus Genes 1995; 10:73-80. [PMID: 7483291 DOI: 10.1007/bf01724298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence between the lytic origin and the gH gene of the murine cytomegalovirus genome (map units 0.416-0.455) was determined. Five of the 15 open reading frames identified encode polypeptides, which exhibit significant homology to polypeptides of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (UL69, UL71, and UL73) and to polypeptides of several other herpesviruses (dUTPase and helicase/primase). The location in the genome of the five open reading frames and their direction of transcription is perfectly conserved between murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and HCMV. These data suggest that MCMV and HCMV have a highly related genome organization. Thus, MCMV offers a good model for molecular and functional analysis of cytomegalovirus genes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Messerle
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Heidelberg, FRG
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40
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Lagenaur LA, Manning WC, Vieira J, Martens CL, Mocarski ES. Structure and function of the murine cytomegalovirus sgg1 gene: a determinant of viral growth in salivary gland acinar cells. J Virol 1994; 68:7717-27. [PMID: 7966561 PMCID: PMC237233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.7717-7727.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland has long been recognized as an important target organ for cytomegalovirus replication in the infected host. A viral gene, denoted sgg1, plays an important role for replication in the salivary gland even though it is dispensable for growth in other organs or in cultured cells. The nucleotide sequence of this gene and of cDNA clones representing two spliced transcripts (1.5 and 1.8 kb in size) has been determined. The more abundant 1.5-kb transcript contains a 312-amino-acid (aa) open reading frame (ORF) and encodes the corresponding 37-kDa protein (Sgg1) when expressed in transfected COS-7 cells. The 1.8-kb transcript initiates upstream of the 1.5-kb transcript and contains a 108-aa ORF in addition to the 312-aa ORF. This longer cDNA also encodes the 37-kDa protein Sgg1, although at lower abundance than the 1.5-kb cDNA. Sgg1 localizes to the cytoplasm of COS-7 cells, which is consistent with the predicted structural characteristics of the 312-aa ORF: a type 1 integral membrane protein. During viral infection, expression of both sgg1 transcripts is highest at early times (8 to 12 h) after infection; only the 1.5-kb transcript is present, at low levels, late in infection. A recombinant virus, RM868, carrying a lacZ-gpt insertion within sgg1, fails to express Sgg1 protein and exhibits reduced growth in the salivary gland. RM868 retains the capacity to disseminate in the infected mouse and to enter serous acinar cells, although it fails to replicate efficiently in this cell type. These results suggest that sgg1 is critical for high levels of viral replication in the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lagenaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402
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41
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Stoddart CA, Cardin RD, Boname JM, Manning WC, Abenes GB, Mocarski ES. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes mediate dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1994; 68:6243-53. [PMID: 8083964 PMCID: PMC237044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6243-6253.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is transmitted with blood and organs from seropositive individuals, although the particular leukocyte population harboring latent or persistent virus remains poorly characterized. Murine cytomegalovirus, tagged with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, was used to identify cells in which virus replicates during acute infection of immunocompetent mice. Recombinant murine cytomegaloviruses, RM461, RM460, and RM427, were constructed to express beta-galactosidase under control of the human cytomegalovirus ie1/ie2 promoter/enhancer. The lacZ gene was inserted between the ie2 and sgg1 genes in RM461 and RM460, disrupting a 0.85-kb late transcript that was found to be dispensable for replication in cultured cells as well as for infection of mice. In BALB/c mice, lacZ-tagged and wild-type viruses exhibited a similar 50% lethal dose and all had the capacity to latently infect the spleen. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes were the major infected leukocyte cell type, as demonstrated by the ability of infected cells to adhere to glass and to phagocytize latex beads; however, these cells did not exhibit typical monocyte markers. Plaque assay for virus and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining of frozen sections of organs from infected mice revealed that the major target organs included the spleen, adrenal glands, liver, and salivary glands, although tissues as diverse as brown fat and lungs were also involved. Individual blue-staining cells were readily identified in all infected tissues. These studies identified a mononuclear phagocyte, possibly a macrophage or dendritic cell precursor, as the vehicle of virus dissemination during acute infection, and demonstrate the utility of using lacZ-tagged murine cytomegalovirus for tropism, pathogenesis, and latency studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402
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42
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Vieira J, Farrell HE, Rawlinson WD, Mocarski ES. Genes in the HindIII J fragment of the murine cytomegalovirus genome are dispensable for growth in cultured cells: insertion mutagenesis with a lacZ/gpt cassette. J Virol 1994; 68:4837-46. [PMID: 8035482 PMCID: PMC236423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.8.4837-4846.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization and function of the genes encoded within the HindIII J region of the murine cytomegalovirus genome were analyzed by transcript mapping and cDNA isolation, nucleotide sequence analysis and identification of open reading frames (ORFs), and construction of recombinant viruses carrying insertions disrupting five of the seven ORFs. This region was found to encode five beta transcripts and one gamma transcript in addition to two beta transcripts previously mapped to the sgg1 locus. Seven open reading frames were identified, and one was recognized as a homolog of a human cytomegalovirus US22 gene family. The five largest ORFs contained within the HindIII J fragment (sgg1, HJ4, HJ5, HJ6, and HJ7) were each disrupted by the insertion of a lacZ/gpt genetic marker cassette. The growth kinetics of all recombinant viruses were investigated and found to be the same as wild-type parental virus, indicating that these five ORFs were dispensable for growth in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vieira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402
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43
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Schildroth AN. Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Deafness. Am J Audiol 1994; 3:27-38. [PMID: 26661605 DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889.0302.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1993] [Accepted: 12/15/1993] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of medical and neurological problems resulting from congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is relatively low, the widespread and indiscriminate nature of this infection and the severity of these conditions when they do occur are such that it warrants the close attention of medical specialists, audiologists, and educators. The identification of congenital CMV is especially difficult because of its largely nonsymptomatic character, and because conditions associated with it, including hearing impairment, can be either progressive in nature or occur only later in life. Data reviewed in this study resemble those reported for children with impaired hearing from the 1964-65 maternal rubella epidemic: hearing loss in the severe to profound range, often accompanied by serious additional disabilities, especially mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Depressed achievement test results of children with CMV-induced hearing loss are further indications of the serious nature of this disease.The presence of any symptoms of CMV infection in infants or of risk factors associated with it-e.g., purplish skin rash, severe asphyxia, jaundice, low birth weight, swollen lymph glands, and other mononucleosis-like symptoms-signals the need for immediate testing, including audiological evaluation, and, if results are positive, the initiation of early medical and educational intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur N. Schildroth
- Center for Assessment and Demographic Studies, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20002
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44
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45
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McLaughlin-Taylor E, Pande H, Forman SJ, Tanamachi B, Li CR, Zaia JA, Greenberg PD, Riddell SR. Identification of the major late human cytomegalovirus matrix protein pp65 as a target antigen for CD8+ virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Med Virol 1994; 43:103-10. [PMID: 8083644 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890430119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and reactivation of persistent CMV are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Although recovery from CMV disease is correlated with the development of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), the major viral target antigens to which the response is directed are ill-defined, though they may comprise viral structural elements. We now identify the CMV matrix protein pp65 as a significant target antigen for CD8+ class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted CMV-specific CTL derived from the peripheral blood of four of five latently infected individuals. CMV-specific CTL recognition of pp65 on target cells occurs prior to the onset of viral gene expression and persists throughout the duration of the replicative cycle. Recognition in the absence of viral gene expression suggests that abundant viral protein enters the normal trafficking pathway upon viral penetration and is readily made available to MHC molecules for presentation at the cell surface. Thus pp65 specific CTL may represent an important effector population for early control and limitation of CMV infection and disease. The observation that CMV-specific CTL can be induced in vitro using peptide fragments derived from pp65 supports the future use and manipulation of this and similar effector populations in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E McLaughlin-Taylor
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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46
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Jonjić S, Pavić I, Polić B, Crnković I, Lucin P, Koszinowski UH. Antibodies are not essential for the resolution of primary cytomegalovirus infection but limit dissemination of recurrent virus. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1713-7. [PMID: 8163949 PMCID: PMC2191473 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus shedding from the epithelial cells of the serous acini of salivary glands is a major source for the horizontal transmission of cytomegalovirus. These cells are, different to other tissues, exempt from CD8 T lymphocyte control. CD4 T lymphocytes are essential to terminate the productive infection. Here, we prove that T-B cooperation and the production of antibodies are not required for this process. For the infection with murine cytomegalovirus, mutant mice were used which do not produce antibodies because of a disrupted membrane exon of the immunoglobulin mu chain gene. Also, in these mice the virus clearance from salivary glands is a function of CD4 T lymphocytes. However, these mice clear the virus and establish viral latency with a kinetics that is distinguishable from normal mice. Reactivation from virus latency is the only stage at which the absence of antibodies alters the phenotype of infection. In immunoglobulin-deficient mice, virus recurrence results in higher virus titers. The adoptive serum transfer proved that antibody is the limited factor that prevents virus dissemination in the immunodeficient host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jonjić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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Hengel H, Lucin P, Jonjić S, Ruppert T, Koszinowski UH. Restoration of cytomegalovirus antigen presentation by gamma interferon combats viral escape. J Virol 1994; 68:289-97. [PMID: 8254740 PMCID: PMC236288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.289-297.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An immediate-early protein of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), pp89, elicits an immunodominant and protective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I Ld-restricted CD8+ T-lymphocyte response. Remarkably, presentation of the naturally processed peptide of pp89, the nonapeptide YPHFMPTNL, is abolished during permissive MCMV infection in vitro. This defect in pp89 presentation is due to the expression of MCMV early gene functions that specifically block the transport of peptide-charged MHC class I complexes to the cell surface (M. Del Val, H. Hengel, H. Häcker, U. Hartlaub, T. Ruppert, P. Lucin, and U. H. Koszinowski, J. Exp. Med. 176:729-738, 1992). Here, we demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes can reconstitute pp89 presentation in a parakrine fashion. The lymphocytes mediate the restoration of antigen presentation by MCMV-infected cells by releasing gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma has no effect on synthesis and stability of the viral antigen pp89 nor does it interfere with the expression of viral early genes and their inhibitory effect on MHC class I molecular maturation. IFN-gamma results in a 25-fold increase in the synthesis of MHC class I molecules and a similar increase in the abundance of pp89-derived peptide. Many of the MHC molecules remain retained by the viral effect, but a surplus of MHC molecules escapes the effect and provides the effective surface presentation of the peptide. Adoptive cell transfer studies demonstrate the IFN-gamma dependence of CD8+ T-lymphocyte function in vivo. Altogether, these data reconcile the paradoxical findings of an impaired pp89 presentation in vitro in parallel with pp89-specific CD8+ T-cell protection in vivo. The results also imply a role of IFN-gamma in the T-lymphocyte-mediated control of cytomegalovirus infection. The known propensity of cytomegalovirus to cause serious disease in the immunocompromised host is discussed in the light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hengel
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Oldstone MB. The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infectious disease: history, criteria, and state of the art. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 189:1-8. [PMID: 7924432 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78530-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Oldstone
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Borysiewicz LK, Sissons JG. Cytotoxic T cells and human herpes virus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 189:123-50. [PMID: 7924434 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78530-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L K Borysiewicz
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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