1
|
Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31316537 PMCID: PMC6609884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traits and ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Central carbon metabolism, also known as primary metabolism, contributes to the synthesis of intermediate compounds that act as precursors for plant secondary metabolism. Specific and specialized metabolic pathways that evolved from primary metabolism play a key role in the plant's interaction with its environment. In particular, secondary metabolites present in the fruit serve to increase its attractiveness to seed dispersers and to protect it against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, several important organoleptic characteristics, such as aroma, color, and fruit nutritional value, rely upon secondary metabolite content. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds are large and diverse classes of secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit quality and have their origin in primary metabolic pathways, while the delicate aroma of ripe fruits is formed by a unique combination of hundreds of volatiles that are derived from primary metabolites. In this review, we show that the manipulation of primary metabolism is a powerful tool to engineer quality traits in fruits, such as the phenolic, terpenoid, and volatile content. The enzymatic reactions responsible for the accumulation of primary precursors are bottlenecks in the transfer of metabolic flux from central to specialized metabolism and should be taken into account to increase the yield of the final products of the biosynthetic pathways. In addition, understanding the connection and regulation of the carbon flow between primary and secondary metabolism is a key factor for the development of fruit cultivars with enhanced organoleptic and nutritional traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harðardóttir S, Wohlrab S, Hjort DM, Krock B, Nielsen TG, John U, Lundholm N. Transcriptomic responses to grazing reveal the metabolic pathway leading to the biosynthesis of domoic acid and highlight different defense strategies in diatoms. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30808304 PMCID: PMC6390554 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major cause of phytoplankton mortality is predation by zooplankton. Strategies to avoid grazers have probably played a major role in the evolution of phytoplankton and impacted bloom dynamics and trophic energy transport. Certain species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a response to the presence of copepod grazers, suggesting that DA is a defense compound. The biosynthesis of DA comprises fusion of two precursors, a C10 isoprenoid geranyl pyrophosphate and L-glutamate. Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) may derive from the mevalonate isoprenoid (MEV) pathway in the cytosol or from the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastid. L-glutamate is suggested to derive from the citric acid cycle. Fragilariopsis, a phylogenetically related but nontoxic genus of diatoms, does not appear to possess a similar defense mechanism. We acquired information on genes involved in biosynthesis, precursor pathways and regulatory functions for DA production in the toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, as well as genes involved in responses to grazers to resolve common responses for defense strategies in diatoms. RESULTS Several genes are expressed in cells of Pseudo-nitzschia when these are exposed to predator cues. No genes are expressed in Fragilariopsis when treated similarly, indicating that the two taxa have evolved different strategies to avoid predation. Genes involved in signal transduction indicate that Pseudo-nitzschia cells receive signals from copepods that transduce cascading molecular precursors leading to the formation of DA. Five out of seven genes in the MEP pathway for synthesis of GPP are upregulated, but none in the conventional MEV pathway. Five genes with known or suggested functions in later steps of DA formation are upregulated. We conclude that no gene regulation supports that L-glutamate derives from the citric acid cycle, and we suggest the proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor. CONCLUSIONS Pseudo-nitzschia cells, but not Fragilariopsis, receive and respond to copepod cues. The cellular route for the C10 isoprenoid product for biosynthesis of DA arises from the MEP metabolic pathway and we suggest proline metabolism to be a downstream precursor for L-glutamate. We suggest 13 genes with unknown function to be involved in diatom responses to grazers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Harðardóttir
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ditte Marie Hjort
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heestraße 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bustamante CA, Brotman Y, Monti LL, Gabilondo J, Budde CO, Lara MV, Fernie AR, Drincovich MF. Differential lipidome remodeling during postharvest of peach varieties with different susceptibility to chilling injury. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:2-17. [PMID: 29094760 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Peaches ripen and deteriorate rapidly at room temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is used to slow these processes and to extend fruit market life; however, many fruits develop chilling injury (CI) during storage at low temperature. Given that cell membranes are likely sites of the primary effects of chilling, the lipidome of six peach varieties with different susceptibility to CI was analyzed under different postharvest conditions. By using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 59 lipid species were detected, including diacyl- and triacylglycerides. The decreases in fruit firmness during postharvest ripening were accompanied by changes in the relative amount of several plastidic glycerolipid and triacylglyceride species, which may indicate their use as fuels prior to fruit senescence. In addition, levels of galactolipids were also modified in fruits stored at 0°C for short and long periods, reflecting the stabilization of plastidic membranes at low temperature. When comparing susceptible and resistant varieties, the relative abundance of certain species of the lipid classes phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and digalactosyldiacylglycerol correlated with the tolerance to CI, reflecting the importance of the plasma membrane in the development of CI symptoms and allowing the identification of possible lipid markers for chilling resistance. Finally, transcriptional analysis of genes involved in galactolipid metabolism revealed candidate genes responsible for the observed changes after cold exposure. When taken together, our results highlight the importance of plastids in the postharvest physiology of fruits and provide evidence that lipid composition and metabolism have a profound influence on the cold response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Bustamante
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Laura L Monti
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julieta Gabilondo
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional n° 9 Km 170, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Claudio O Budde
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional n° 9 Km 170, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - María V Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Germany
| | - María F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chaves JE, Melis A. Engineering isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2059-2069. [PMID: 29689603 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The renewable production of isoprene (Isp) hydrocarbons, to serve as fuel and synthetic chemistry feedstock, has attracted interest in the field recently. Isp (C5 H8 ) is naturally produced from sunlight, CO2 and H2 O photosynthetically in terrestrial plant chloroplasts via the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and emitted in the atmosphere as a response to heat stress. Efforts to institute a high capacity continuous and renewable process have included heterologous expression of the Isp synthesis pathway in photosynthetic microorganisms. This review examines the premise and promise emanating from this relatively new research effort. Also examined are the metabolic engineering approaches applied in the quest of renewable Isp hydrocarbons production, the progress achieved so far, and barriers encountered along the way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Chaves
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Jia M, Huh JH, Muchlinski A, Peters RJ, Tholl D. Identification of a Dolabellane Type Diterpene Synthase and other Root-Expressed Diterpene Synthases in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1761. [PMID: 27933080 PMCID: PMC5122590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana maintains a complex metabolism for the production of secondary or specialized metabolites. Such metabolites include volatile and semivolatile terpenes, which have been associated with direct and indirect defensive activities in flowers and leaves. In comparison, the structural diversity and function of terpenes in Arabidopsis roots has remained largely unexplored despite a substantial number of root-expressed genes in the Arabidopsis terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. We show that five root-expressed TPSs of an expanded subfamily-a type clade in the Arabidopsis TPS family function as class I diterpene synthases that predominantly convert geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to different semi-volatile diterpene products, which are in part detectable at low levels in the ecotypes Columbia (Col) and Cape Verde Island (Cvi). The enzyme TPS20 produces a macrocyclic dolabellane diterpene alcohol and a dolabellane-related diterpene olefin named dolathaliatriene with a so far unknown C6-C11 bicyclic scaffold besides several minor olefin products. The TPS20 compounds occur in all tissues of Cvi but are absent in the Col ecotype because of deletion and substitution mutations in the Col TPS20 sequence. The primary TPS20 diterpene products retard the growth of the root rot pathogen Pythium irregulare but only at concentrations exceeding those in planta. Together, our results demonstrate that divergence and pseudogenization in the Arabidopsis TPS gene family allow for structural plasticity in diterpene profiles of above- and belowground tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | | | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dorothea Tholl,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khadka M, Salem M, Leblond JD. Sterol Composition and Biosynthetic Genes of Vitrella brassicaformis
, a Recently Discovered Chromerid: Comparison to Chromera velia
and Phylogenetic Relationship with Apicomplexan Parasites. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:786-98. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khadka
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Jeffrey D. Leblond
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
- Ecology and Evolution Group; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Production of Industrially Relevant Isoprenoid Compounds in Engineered Microbes. MICROORGANISMS IN BIOREFINERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45209-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Fifty-Five Years of Research on Photosynthesis, Chloroplasts, and Stress Physiology of Plants: 1958–2013. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
9
|
Yang LE, Huang XQ, Hang Y, Deng YY, Lu QQ, Lu S. The P450-type carotene hydroxylase PuCHY1 from Porphyra suggests the evolution of carotenoid metabolism in red algae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:902-915. [PMID: 24942088 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotene hydroxylases catalyze the hydroxylation of α- and β-carotene hydrocarbons into xanthophylls. In red algae, β-carotene is a ubiquitously distributed carotenoid, and hydroxylated carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and lutein are also found. However, no enzyme with carotene hydroxylase activity had been previously identified in red algae. Here, we report the isolation of a gene encoding a cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylase (PuCHY1) from Porphyra umbilicalis, a red alga with an ancient origin. Sequence comparisons found PuCHY1 belongs to the CYP97B subfamily, which has members from different photosynthetic organisms ranging from red algae to land plants. Functional complementation in Escherichia coli suggested that PuCHY1 catalyzed the conversion from β-carotene to zeaxanthin. When we overexpressed PuCHY1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana chy2 mutant, pigment analysis showed a significant accumulation of hydroxylated carotenoids, including neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein in the leaves of transgenic plants. These results confirmed a β-hydroxylation activity of PuCHY1, and also suggested a possible ϵ-hydroxylation function. The pigment profile and gene expression analyses of the algal thallus under high-light stress suggested that P. umbilicalis is unlikely to operate a partial xanthophyll cycle for photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vickers CE, Bongers M, Liu Q, Delatte T, Bouwmeester H. Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1753-75. [PMID: 24588680 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical properties and diversity of volatile isoprenoids lends them to a broad variety of biological roles. It also lends them to a host of biotechnological applications, both by taking advantage of their natural functions and by using them as industrial chemicals/chemical feedstocks. Natural functions include roles as insect attractants and repellents, abiotic stress protectants in pathogen defense, etc. Industrial applications include use as pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, fuels, fuel additives, etc. Here we will examine the ways in which researchers have so far found to exploit volatile isoprenoids using biotechnology. Production and/or modification of volatiles using metabolic engineering in both plants and microorganisms are reviewed, including engineering through both mevalonate and methylerythritol diphosphate pathways. Recent advances are illustrated using several case studies (herbivores and bodyguards, isoprene, and monoterpene production in microbes). Systems and synthetic biology tools with particular utility for metabolic engineering are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the practical realities of various applications in modern biotechnology, explore possible future applications, and examine the challenges of moving these technologies forward so that they can deliver tangible benefits. While this review focuses on volatile isoprenoids, many of the engineering approaches described here are also applicable to non-isoprenoid volatiles and to non-volatile isoprenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Plastoglobuli, Thylakoids, Chloroplast Structure and Development of Plastids. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Consequences of the presence of 24-epibrassinolide, on cultures of a diatom, Asterionella formosa. Biochimie 2012; 94:1213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|